孤

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
孤 U+5B64, 孤
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B64
← 季
[U+5B63] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孥 →
[U+5B65]

Translingual

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

孤 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+5 in Chinese, 子+6 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓木竹女人 (NDHVO), four-corner 12430, composition ⿰子瓜)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 279, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6966
  • Dae Jaweon: page 547, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1014, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5B64

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 孤
simp. # 孤

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 孤
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓜 *kʷraː
坬 *kʷraːs
窊 *qʷraː, *qʷraːs
畖 *qʷraː
搲 *qʷraːs
攨 *qʷraːs
孤 *kʷaː
苽 *kʷaː
胍 *kʷaː
泒 *kʷaː
呱 *kʷaː
觚 *kʷaː
柧 *kʷaː
罛 *kʷaː
軱 *kʷaː
菰 *kʷaː
箛 *kʷaː
狐 *ɡʷaː
弧 *ɡʷlaː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaː) : semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).

Etymology

[edit]

Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 孤
Mandarin Beijing /ku⁵⁵/
Harbin /ku⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ku²¹/
Jinan /ku²¹³/
Qingdao /ku²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ku²⁴/
Xi'an /ku²¹/
Xining /kv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ku⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ku³¹/
Ürümqi /ku⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ku⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ku⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ku⁵⁵/
Kunming /ku⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ku³¹/
Hefei /ku²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ku¹¹/
Pingyao /ku¹³/
Hohhot /ku³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ku⁵³/
Suzhou /kəu⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ku³³/
Wenzhou /ku³³/
Hui Shexian /ku³¹/
Tunxi /ku¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ku³³/
Xiangtan /ku³³/
Gan Nanchang /ku⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /ku⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /ku⁵³/
Nanning /ku⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /ku⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kɔ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ku⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ku⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kou³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ku²³/ ～獨
/kɔu²³/ ～寒
Rime
Character 孤
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古胡切
Baxter ku
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ko/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɔ/
Li
Rong 		/ko/
Wang
Li 		/ku/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gu1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孤
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ku ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʷˁa/
English orphan

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孤
Reading # 1/1
No. 4347
Phonetic
component 		瓜
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		孤
Old
Chinese 		/*kʷaː/

Definitions

[edit]

孤

  1. orphaned; parentless
  2. alone; solitary
  3. orphan
  4. (usually by an emperor or a king) I

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
孤

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. solitude, alone
  2. orphan

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: みなしご (minashigo, 孤)、ひとり (hitori, 孤り)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
孤
こ
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 孤 (MC ku).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

孤(こ) • (ko) 

  1. an orphan
  2. solitude

Adjective

[edit]

孤(こ) • (ko) -na (adnominal 孤(こ)な (ko na), adverbial 孤(こ)に (ko ni))

  1. solitary

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
孤
みなしご
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 孤 – see the following entry.
【みなしご】
[noun] an orphan
Alternative spelling
孤児
(This term, 孤, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 孤 (MC ku). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: ko) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

孤 (eumhun 외로울 고 (oeroul go))

  1. hanja form? of 고 (“solitude; orphan”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

孤: Hán Nôm readings: cô, co, còi, côi, go, gò

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=孤&oldid=81611758"