堵

堵 U+5835, 堵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5835 ← 場 [U+5834] CJK Unified Ideographs 堶 → [U+5836]

Translingual

Han character

堵 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土十大日 (GJKA), four-corner 4416₀, composition ⿰土者)

Derived characters

• 𧹻

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5279
• Dae Jaweon: page 472, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 448, character 7
• Unihan data for U+5835

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堵
alternative forms		𡦡 𩫭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
觰	*rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸	*tjaː, *tja
者	*tjaːʔ
堵	*tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭	*tjaːʔ
撦	*l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯	*tʰjaːʔ
闍	*djaː, *taː
奢	*hljaː
鍺	*toːlʔ
都	*taː
醏	*taː
覩	*taːʔ
睹	*taːʔ
暏	*taːʔ
賭	*taːʔ
帾	*taːʔ
楮	*taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠	*daː, *da
瘏	*daː
廜	*daː
鷵	*daː
緒	*ljaʔ
豬	*ta
猪	*ta
瀦	*ta
藸	*ta, *da
櫫	*ta
褚	*taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著	*taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸	*tas, *das
儲	*da
躇	*da
櫧	*tja
藷	*tja, *djas
蠩	*tja
煮	*tjaʔ
渚	*tjaʔ
煑	*tjaʔ
陼	*tjaʔ
翥	*tjas
署	*djas
薯	*djas
曙	*djas
書	*hlja
暑	*hjaʔ
鐯	*taɡ
擆	*taɡ
櫡	*taɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ): semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dǔ (du³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dou²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): u²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tù
• Eastern Min (BUC): dū
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): du²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dǔ
    • Wade–Giles: tu³
    • Yale: dǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duu
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dou²
    • Yale: dóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: u²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tù
    • Hakka Romanization System: du^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: du²
    • Sinological IPA: /tu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tó͘
    • Tâi-lô: tóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: du²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tu
    • MiniDict: tu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tu³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: tuX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	當古切
Baxter	tuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/toX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɔX/
Li Rong	/toX/
Wang Li	/tuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*taːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堵	堵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǔ	dǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tuX ›	‹ tuX ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁaʔ/	/*tˁaʔ/
English	a row or set of bells or musical stones	measure of length of wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
No.	16975
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	覩
Old Chinese	/*taːʔ/

Definitions

堵

1. (obsolete) a unit of measure of the length and height of a wall
2. (literary) wall

   • 環堵蕭然，不蔽風日，短褐穿結，簞瓢屢空——晏如也。 [MSC, trad.]
     环堵萧然，不蔽风日，短褐穿结，箪瓢屡空——晏如也。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: c. 392 or 405~427, Tao Yuanming, 《五柳先生傳》, translation based on the work by A. R. Davis

     Huán dǔ xiāorán, bù bì fēng rì, duǎn hè chuān jié, dān piáo lǚ kōng — yànrú yě. [Pinyin]

     His house with surrounding walls is lonely and does not shelter him from wind or sun. His short coarse robe is torn and mended. His basket and gourd are often empty. Yet he takes all this at peace.

   • 昔王心逸嘗言：在都偶過市里，聞弦歌聲，觀者如堵。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     昔王心逸尝言：在都偶过市里，闻弦歌声，观者如堵。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1740 CE, Pu Songling, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio

     Xī Wáng Xīnyì cháng yán: zài dū ǒu guò shìlǐ, wén xiángē shēng, guān zhě rú dǔ. [Pinyin]

     Wang Xinyi once said he was passing through a marketplace in the capital when he heard a song accompanied by a string instrument. Onlookers were packed together as densely as a wall.

3. to block up; to stop up

   堵車／堵车  ―  dǔchē  ―  to be jammed with traffic

   堵上這個漏洞／堵上这个漏洞  ―  dǔ shàng zhège lòudòng  ―  to close this loophole

   下水管堵了。  ―  Xiàshuǐguǎn dǔ le.  ―  The drain pipe is clogged.

4. (Teochew) to encounter
5. stifled; suffocated

   心裡堵得慌／心里堵得慌  ―  xīnlǐ dǔ dé huāng  ―  to feel suffocated; to be depressed

6. (obsolete) An ancient unit of measure, denoting sixteen bells or chimes hanging on a bell pendant stand.
7. Classifier for walls. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
8. a surname

   姬申扶堵  ―  Jī Shēn Fú Dǔ  ―  (a verse from the Hundred Family Surnames)

Synonyms

• (to block up): 塞 (sāi)
• (to encounter):

Dialectal synonyms of 遇 (“to encounter”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		遇, 碰, 遭
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	遇, 碰
	Malaysia	遇, 碰
	Singapore	遇, 碰
Cantonese	Guangzhou	遇, 撞
	Hong Kong	遇, 撞
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	遇, 撞
	Singapore (Guangfu)	遇
Hakka	Meixian	遇, 撞
Southern Min	Xiamen	拄, 撞, 衝, 磅
	Quanzhou	拄, 撞, 衝
	Zhangzhou	拄, 衝
	Tainan	拄, 撞, 磅
	Penang (Hokkien)	拄
	Singapore (Hokkien)	拄
	Manila (Hokkien)	拄, 遇
	Chaozhou	遇, 堵
	Shantou	遇
	Jieyang	遇, 堵
	Singapore (Teochew)	堵
Wu	Shanghai	碰

• (classifier for walls):

Dialectal synonyms of 堵 (“(classifier for walls)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		堵, 面, 道
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	堵, 面, 道
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	堵
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	堵
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	堵
	Xi'an	堵
	Xining	堵
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	堵
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	堵
	Guiyang	堵
	Liuzhou	堵
Cantonese	Guangzhou	埲, 幅
	Hong Kong	埲, 幅
	Dongguan	條
Hakka	Meixian	皮
Huizhou	Jixi	堵, 面, 皮
Jin	Taiyuan	堵
	Xinzhou	堵
Northern Min	Jian'ou	板, 堵
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	堵
Southern Min	Xiamen	堵
	Quanzhou	堵
	Zhangzhou	堵
	Taipei (Wanhua)	片
	Kaohsiung	面
	Yilan	堵
	Changhua (Lukang)	面
	Taichung	片
	Taichung (Wuqi)	片
	Tainan	堵, 面
	Taitung	片
	Hsinchu	片
	Penghu (Magong)	片
	Jieyang	爿, 埤, 片
	Puning	方, 埤
	Haikou	幅
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	幅
Wu	Shanghai	堵
	Shanghai (Chongming)	堵
	Suzhou	堵
	Danyang	堵
	Hangzhou	堵
	Jinhua	堵
Xiang	Changsha	堵

Compounds

• 七堵 (Qīdǔ)
• 傳神阿堵 / 传神阿堵
• 八堵 (Bādǔ)
• 圍堵 / 围堵 (wéidǔ)
• 堵人
• 堵喪 / 堵丧
• 堵嘴 (dǔzuǐ)
• 堵城 (Dǔchéng)
• 堵塞
• 堵心 (dǔxīn)
• 堵牆 / 堵墙
• 堵門兒 / 堵门儿
• 堵頭 / 堵头
• 壁堵 (piah-tó͘) (Min Nan)
• 安堵 (āndǔ)
• 安堵如故
• 安堵樂業 / 安堵乐业
• 對堵 / 对堵
• 按堵如故
• 環堵 / 环堵
• 環堵蕭然 / 环堵萧然
• 當堵 / 当堵
• 百堵
• 百堵皆作
• 觀者如堵 / 观者如堵
• 防堵 (fángdǔ)
• 阿堵 (ādǔ)
• 阿堵物 (ādǔwù)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhě (zhe³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ze²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhě
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhě
    • Wade–Giles: chê³
    • Yale: jě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jee
    • Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ze²
    • Yale: jé
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dze²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zé²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛː³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyaeX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	章也切
Baxter	tsyaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciaX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiaX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭaX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ze2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjaːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
No.	16961
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	者
Old Chinese	/*tjaːʔ/

Definitions

堵

1. (～河) Zhe or Du River (river in Hubei Province, China)

References

• “堵”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	Shinjitai (extended)	堵󠄀 堵+󠄀? (Adobe-Japan1)
堵󠄂 堵+󠄂? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
Kyūjitai	堵
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

堵

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: つ (tsu)
• Kan-on: と (to)
• Kun: かき (kaki, 堵)

Korean

Hanja

堵 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堵: Hán Nôm readings: đổ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation