喪

See also: 丧

喪 U+55AA, 喪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55AA ← 喩 [U+55A9] CJK Unified Ideographs 喫 → [U+55AB]

Translingual

Han character

喪 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土口口女 (GRRV), four-corner 4073₂, composition ⿱⿻土吅⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿻土吅𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

Derived characters

• 𣾓, 𰘧, 𦅇, 𰷑, 𬦟, 𫟣, 𩦌, 𫛑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 200, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3985
• Dae Jaweon: page 421, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 650, character 3
• Unihan data for U+55AA

Chinese

trad.		喪
simp.		丧
alternative forms		䘮 𠸶 𠷔 𡂤 𡂧 䘮 𠸶 𠷔 𡂤 𡂧 𡴧 𦦦 𡚏 𦦭 𦱺

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 喪
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	*maːŋ, *maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	*maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒	*maːŋ, *maŋs
朚	*maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	*maːŋ, *maŋ
杗	*maːŋ, *maŋ
荒	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	*smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	*maŋ, *maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	*maŋ, *maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	*maŋ, *maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component.

In the seal script became ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives.

Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song¹
• Gan (Wiktionary): song¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sông

  (Meixian, Guangdong): sang¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): son¹
• Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): song / sng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): seng¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹saon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sang
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹
    • Yale: sāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
    • Palladius: сан (san)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: song¹
    • Yale: sōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: song¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: song¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
    • Hakka Romanization System: song^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song¹
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: sang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /saŋ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: son¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song / sng
    • Tâi-lô: song / sng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sofng, sngf
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³/, /sŋ̍³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/

Note:

• song - literary;
• sng - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: seng¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹saon
    • MiniDict: saon^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹saan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: sang

Rime
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	息郎切
Baxter	sang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›
Old Chinese	/*s-mˁaŋ/
English	mourning, burial
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
No.	12661
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	桑
Old Chinese	/*smaːŋ/

Definitions

喪

1. mourning; funeral ceremony
2. corpse; dead body
3. misfortune; misadventure
4. to mourn; to be in mourning
5. to grieve over the death of

Compounds

• 三年之喪／三年之丧 (sān nián zhī sāng)
• 伐喪／伐丧
• 停喪／停丧
• 免喪／免丧
• 出喪／出丧 (chūsāng)
• 初喪／初丧
• 匍匐奔喪／匍匐奔丧
• 匿喪／匿丧
• 告喪／告丧 (gàosāng)
• 告喪帖／告丧帖
• 哭喪棒／哭丧棒 (kūsāngbàng)
• 哭喪臉／哭丧脸
• 哭喪著臉／哭丧著脸 (kūsāng zhe liǎn)
• 喪主／丧主
• 喪亂／丧乱 (sāngluàn)
• 喪亂帖／丧乱帖
• 喪事／丧事 (sāngshì)
• 喪具／丧具
• 喪冢／丧冢
• 喪天害理／丧天害理
• 喪家／丧家 (sāngjiā)
• 喪居／丧居 (sāngjū)
• 喪服／丧服 (sāngfú)
• 喪榜／丧榜
• 喪煞／丧煞
• 喪祭／丧祭
• 喪禮／丧礼 (sānglǐ)
• 喪紀／丧纪
• 喪聲嚎氣／丧声嚎气
• 喪聲歪氣／丧声歪气
• 喪葬／丧葬 (sāngzàng)
• 喪鐘／丧钟 (sāngzhōng)
• 喪門／丧门
• 喪門星／丧门星 (sàngménxīng)
• 囚首喪面／囚首丧面
• 國喪／国丧 (guósāng)
• 執喪／执丧
• 報喪／报丧 (bàosāng)
• 報喪帖／报丧帖
• 大出喪／大出丧
• 大喪／大丧
• 奔喪／奔丧 (bēnsāng)
• 婚喪喜慶／婚丧喜庆 (hūnsāngxǐqìng)
• 守喪／守丧 (shǒusāng)
• 居喪／居丧 (jūsāng)
• 弔喪／吊丧 (diàosāng)
• 弔喪問疾／吊丧问疾
• 心喪／心丧
• 扛喪／扛丧
• 探喪／探丧
• 摔喪／摔丧
• 撞喪／撞丧
• 服喪／服丧 (fúsāng)
• 母喪／母丧
• 治喪／治丧 (zhìsāng)
• 浪子喪門／浪子丧门
• 無服之喪／无服之丧
• 父喪／父丧
• 發喪／发丧 (fāsāng)
• 號喪／号丧 (háosāng)
• 護喪／护丧
• 送喪／送丧 (sòngsāng)
• 開喪／开丧
• 闖喪／闯丧
• 除喪／除丧
• 頂喪駕靈／顶丧驾灵
• 鬧喪鼓兒／闹丧鼓儿

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (喪):

• → Japanese: 喪(そう) (sō)
• → Korean: 상(喪) (sang)
• → Vietnamese: tang (喪)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sàng (sang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): song
• Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sang³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵saon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sàng
    • Wade–Giles: sang⁴
    • Yale: sàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sanq
    • Palladius: сан (san)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: song³
    • Yale: song
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song³
    • Guangdong Romanization: song³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: song
    • Hakka Romanization System: song
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòng
    • Tâi-lô: sòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵saon
    • MiniDict: saon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²saan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: sangH

Rime
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇浪切
Baxter	sangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋH/
Li Rong	/sɑŋH/
Wang Li	/sɑŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/sɑŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sàng
Middle Chinese	‹ sangH ›
Old Chinese	/*s-mˁaŋ-s/
English	lose; destroy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
No.	12660
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	喪
Old Chinese	/*smaːŋs/
Notes	說文從亡亡亦聲， 甲文借桑字金文始加亡

Definitions

喪

1. to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of
2. to die; to pass away
3. to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish
4. to escape; to flee
5. to forget; to fail to remember
6. to be discouraged; to lose heart
7. (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely

Compounds

• 一言喪邦／一言丧邦
• 亡魂喪膽／亡魂丧胆
• 亡魂喪魄／亡魂丧魄
• 低頭喪氣／低头丧气
• 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng)
• 喪人／丧人
• 喪偶／丧偶 (sàng'ǒu)
• 喪元／丧元
• 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng)
• 喪失／丧失 (sàngshī)
• 喪家之犬／丧家之犬 (sàngjiāzhīquǎn)
• 喪家之狗／丧家之狗 (sàngjiāzhīgǒu)
• 喪家狗／丧家狗
• 喪師／丧师 (sàngshī)
• 喪心／丧心
• 喪心病狂／丧心病狂 (sàngxīnbìngkuáng)
• 喪志／丧志 (sàngzhì)
• 喪敗／丧败
• 喪明／丧明
• 喪明之痛／丧明之痛
• 喪權／丧权
• 喪權辱國／丧权辱国 (sàngquánrǔguó)
• 喪氣／丧气
• 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng)
• 喪盡天良／丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
• 喪膽／丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
• 喪膽亡魂／丧胆亡魂
• 喪膽銷魂／丧胆销魂
• 喪著臉／丧著脸
• 喪蕩游魂／丧荡游魂
• 喪謗／丧谤
• 喪身／丧身 (sàngshēn)
• 喪魂落魄／丧魂落魄
• 嗒喪／嗒丧
• 垂頭喪氣／垂头丧气 (chuítóusàngqì)
• 垂首喪氣／垂首丧气
• 失魂喪魄／失魂丧魄
• 彫喪／雕丧
• 心神喪失／心神丧失
• 心驚膽喪／心惊胆丧
• 懊喪／懊丧 (àosàng)
• 懷憂喪志／怀忧丧志
• 敗國喪家／败国丧家
• 斲喪／斲丧
• 本喪／本丧
• 氣喪／气丧
• 沮喪／沮丧 (jǔsàng)
• 淪喪／沦丧 (lúnsàng)
• 灰心喪意／灰心丧意
• 灰心喪氣／灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
• 玩人喪德／玩人丧德
• 玩物喪志／玩物丧志 (wànwùsàngzhì)
• 破膽喪魂／破胆丧魂
• 聞風喪膽／闻风丧胆 (wénfēngsàngdǎn)
• 膽喪心驚／胆丧心惊
• 蹙國喪師／蹙国丧师
• 頹喪／颓丧 (tuísàng)
• 魂飛魄喪／魂飞魄丧

 

References

• “喪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

喪

(Jōyō kanji)

1. mourning
2. loss

Readings

• Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kun: も (mo, 喪, Jōyō)、うしなう (ushinau, 喪う)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
喪
も Grade: S
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) も [mò] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) も [móꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [mo̞]

Noun

喪(も) • (mo) 

1. mourning
2. calamity; misfortune

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
喪
そう Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [so̞ː]

Noun

喪(そう) • (sō) ^{←さう (sau)?}

1. mourning

Korean

Hanja

喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

喪: Hán Nôm readings: tang, táng, tảng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.