功臣

Chinese

		merit; achievement; result merit; achievement; result; service; accomplishment	statesman; vassal; courtier statesman; vassal; courtier; minister; official
simp. and trad. (功臣)		功	臣

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gōngchén

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹ san⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kûng-sṳ̀n

  (Hailu, HRS): gung^ˋ shin

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-sîn / kong-chhîn

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gōngchén
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gongchén
    • Wade–Giles: kung¹-chʻên²
    • Yale: gūng-chén
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongchern
    • Palladius: гунчэнь (gunčɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gung¹ san⁴
    • Yale: gūng sàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹ san⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung¹ sen⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-sṳ̀n
    • Hakka Romanization System: gung^ˊ siin^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gung¹ sin²
    • Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ sɨn¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gung^ˋ shin
    • Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ ʃin⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-sîn
    • Tâi-lô: kong-sîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kongsiin
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ sin²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Longyan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chhîn
    • Tâi-lô: kong-tshîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kongchiin
    • IPA (Longyan): /koŋ³³⁴ t͡sʰin¹¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kuwng dzyin

Rime
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古紅切	植鄰切
Baxter	kuwng	dzyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑin/
Shao Rongfen	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəwŋ/	/d͡ʑin/
Li Rong	/kuŋ/	/ʑiĕn/
Wang Li	/kuŋ/	/ʑĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuŋ/	/ʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gōng	chén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung1	san4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ  [ɡ]i[ŋ]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ  ɡiŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gōng	chén
Middle Chinese	‹ kuwng ›	‹ dzyin ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁoŋ/	/*[ɡ]i[ŋ]/
English	work, effort	slave, subject
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4021	1342
Phonetic component	工	臣
Rime group	東	眞
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	公	辰
Old Chinese	/*koːŋ/	/*ɡiŋ/
Notes		甲文臧象以戈刺目爲奴， 省戈表不刺者則爲臣， 專指役使於家內者

Noun

功臣

1. person who has made an exceptional contribution
2. (historical) subject, minister or official who has rendered outstanding service

Synonyms

• (subject, minister or official): 勛臣／勋臣 (xūnchén)

References

• 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “功臣”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 486.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
功	臣
こう Grade: 4	しん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 功臣 (MC kuwng dzyin).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こーしん [kòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ːɕĩɴ]

Noun

功(こう)臣(しん) • (kōshin) 

1. a meritorious retainer

Korean

Hanja in this term
功	臣

Noun

功臣 • (gongsin) (hangeul 공신)

1. hanja form^? of 공신

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
功	臣

Noun

功臣

1. chữ Hán form of công thần.