凱

See also: 凯

凱 U+51F1, 凱 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F1 ← 凰 [U+51F0] CJK Unified Ideographs 凲 → [U+51F2]

Translingual

Han character

凱 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+10, 12 strokes, cangjie input 山廿竹弓 (UTHN), four-corner 2711₀, composition ⿰豈几)

Derived characters

• 𣾚, 𤩑, 𨬫(𮸢), 𦻻

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 134, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1790
• Dae Jaweon: page 300, character 17
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 278, character 13
• Unihan data for U+51F1

Chinese

trad.		凱
simp.		凯
alternative forms		豈／岂 愷／恺

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
獃	*tŋɯː, *ŋɯː
剴	*kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	*ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	*ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	*ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Two possibilities:

• Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ) : semantic 豈 (“drum”) + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ), in which case 豈 may have been the initial form of this character.
• Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ) : phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ) + semantic 几.

Originally used to mean “music of triumph; victory music”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǎi (kai³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi² / ngoi²
• Eastern Min (BUC): kāi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khái

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kai²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai³
    • Yale: kǎi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
    • Palladius: кай (kaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hoi² / ngoi²
    • Yale: hói / ngói
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi² / ngoi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi² / ngoi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵/, /ŋɔːi̯³⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khái
    • Tâi-lô: khái
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qae
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kai²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khái
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵²/

---

• Middle Chinese: khojX

Rime
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦亥切
Baxter	khojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌiX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəiX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəjX/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀiX/
Wang Li	/kʰɒiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ khojX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁəjʔ/
English	pleasant
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凱
Reading #	1/1
No.	10102
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	愷
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/
Notes	同愷，豈轉註字

Definitions

凱

1. music of triumph; paean
2. triumph; victory
3. triumphant; victorious
4. Alternative form of 愷／恺 (kǎi, “peaceful; harmonious”)
5. (Taiwan, colloquial) generous with money
6. a surname

Compounds

• 凱子／凯子 (kǎizi)
• 凱復／凯复
• 凱恩斯／凯恩斯 (Kǎi'ēnsī)
• 凱撒／凯撒
• 凱旋／凯旋 (kǎixuán)
• 凱旋門／凯旋门 (kǎixuánmén)
• 凱樂／凯乐
• 凱歌／凯歌 (kǎigē)
• 凱澤／凯泽
• 凱爾派／凯尔派 (kǎi'ěrpài)
• 凱爾特／凯尔特 (kǎi'ěrtè)
• 凱爾特人／凯尔特人 (kǎi'ěrtèrén)
• 凱瑟林／凯瑟林
• 凱薩琳／凯萨琳 (Kǎisàlín)
• 凱里 (Kǎilǐ)
• 凱門鰐／凯门鳄
• 凱風／凯风 (kǎifēng)
• 奏凱／奏凯
• 安凱／安凯 (Ānkǎi)
• 常凱申／常凯申 (Cháng Kǎishēn)
• 比什凱克／比什凯克 (Bǐshíkǎikè)
• 比斯凱克／比斯凯克 (Bǐsīkǎikè)
• 興凱湖／兴凯湖 (Xīngkǎi Hú)
• 陸凱／陆凯
• 魯凱族／鲁凯族 (Lǔkǎizú)

 

References

• “凱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

凱

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. triumph, victory

Readings

• Go-on: かい (kai)
• Kan-on: かい (kai)
• Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
• Kun: かちどき (kachidoki, 凱)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 凱らぐ)

Korean

Hanja

凱 (eum 개 (gae))

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Vietnamese

Han character

凱: Hán Nôm readings: khải, ngai

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.