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兜

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兜 U+515C, 兜
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-515C
← 兛
[U+515B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兝 →
[U+515D]

Translingual

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Han character

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兜 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹女竹山 (HVHU), four-corner 77217).

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 125, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 265, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 273, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+515C

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 兜
alternative forms 兠／兜 ancient

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 兜
s06217
Transcribed ancient scripts
L33694
L12173
L12174
L12175
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (兜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
兜 *toː
篼 *toː

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠑹 (“cover”) + 皃 (“head”): a helmet.

Etymology 1

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Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggests a connection to 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”). See there for more.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • tau - vernacular;
  • to͘ - literary.
Rime
Character 兜
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 當侯切
Baxter tuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/təu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/təu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/təu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/təw/
Li
Rong 		/tu/
Wang
Li 		/təu/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dōu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dau1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 兜
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dōu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tuw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁo/
English helmet, hood

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 兜
Reading # 1/1
No. 2449
Phonetic
component 		兜
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		兠
Old
Chinese 		/*toː/

Definitions

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兜

  1. helmet; hood
  2. helmet-shaped
  3. armor
  4. to wrap in a bag; to encase; to carry in a wrap
  5. bag; pouch; plastic bag
  6. pocket
  7. to pocket; to keep; to retain; to acquire dishonestly
  8. to reach
  9. to move around; to move in a circle
    兜嚟兜去 [Cantonese]  ―  dau1 lai4 dau1 heoi3 [Jyutping]  ―  to pace around; to walk around here and there
  10. to canvass; to solicit
    兜生意  ―  dōu shēngyi  ―  to solicit business
  11. to take responsibility for
  12. to relate in detail
  13. to peddle; to hawk
  14. (Hokkien) home
  15. (Hokkien) nearby
  16. (Singapore Hokkien) place; side; location
    這兜／这兜 [Hokkien]  ―  chit-tau [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  this place; this side; this location
  17. (Cantonese) flat or shallow container; flat or shallow bowl
    揸兜 [Cantonese]  ―  zaa1 dau1 [Jyutping]  ―  to beg on the streets (literally "to hold a shallow bowl")
    入啲餸落個兜 [Cantonese, trad.]
    入啲𩠌落个兜 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jap6 di1 sung3 lok6 go3 dau1 [Jyutping]
    put the food into the container
  18. (Cantonese) to contain; to hold in a container; to hold with one's hand(s) in a horizontal positional
    快啲搵個嘢嚟兜住啲水，等佢唔好再滴落嚟！ [Cantonese, trad.]
    快啲揾个嘢嚟兜住啲水，等佢唔好再滴落嚟！ [Cantonese, simp.]
    faai3 di1 wan2 go3 je5 lai4 dau1 zyu6 di1 seoi2, dang2 keoi5 m4 hou2 zoi3 dik6 lok6 lai4! [Jyutping]
    Quickly find something that could hold the water, so that it won't drip ever again!
  19. (Cantonese) to make a detour; to bypass; to deviate
  20. (Cantonese, of routes or journeys) indirect; lengthy; with detours or deviations
  21. (Cantonese) to explain one's way out of a bad situation
    你講到咁離譜，而家點兜都兜唔返。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    你讲到咁离谱，而家点兜都兜唔返。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 gong2 dou3 gam3 lei4 pou2, ji4 gaa1 dim2 dau1 dou1 dau1 m4 faan1. [Jyutping]
    You've gone too far with what you said. There's no way to get it right.
  22. (Cantonese) Classifier for things put in a flat or shallow container.
    兩兜冷飯／两兜冷饭 [Cantonese]  ―  loeng5 dau1 laang5 faan6 [Jyutping]  ―  two containers of leftover rice
  23. (Cantonese) to scoop with a flat or shallow container
  24. (Cantonese) to hit with one's limbs, in a curved trajectory; to slap (someone); to kick
    兜巴星 [Cantonese]  ―  dau1 baa1 sing1 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 家
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 家
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 家
Taiwan 家
Malaysia 家
Singapore 家
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 家
Jinan 家
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 家, 屋
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 家
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 屋頭, 家
Wuhan 屋裡, 家
Guilin 家
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 家, 家頭
Hefei 家
Cantonese Guangzhou 屋企
Hong Kong 屋企
Macau 屋企
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屋企
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 屋企
Taishan 屋企, 企
Kaiping (Chikan) 屋企, 企
Dongguan 屋企
Yunfu 屋己
Yangjiang 屋己, 屋
Maoming (Xinpo) 屋己
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屋企
Singapore (Guangfu) 屋企
Gan Nanchang 屋裡
Hakka Meixian 屋下
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 屋
Huiyang 屋下
Dongguan (Qingxi) 屋下
Boluo (Bendihua) 屋
Heyuan (Bendihua) 屋下
Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) 屋下
Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) 屋下
Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) 屋下
Wengyuan 屋下
Liannan 屋下
Jiexi 屋家
Luhe 屋下
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 屋下
Changting 屋下
Wuping (Yanqian) 屋下
Liancheng 屋下
Ninghua 屋下
Ningdu 屋下
Tonggu (Sandu) 屋下
Ganzhou (Panlong) 屋下
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屋下
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 屋下
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屋下
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屋下
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屋下
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 屋下
Hong Kong 屋下
Yangxi (Tangkou) 屋下
Yangchun (Sanjia) 屋下
Xinyi (Sihe) 屋下
Xinyi (Qianpai) 屋下
Gaozhou (Xindong) 屋下
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 屋下
Huazhou (Xin'an) 屋下
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屋下
Lianjiang (Qingping) 屋下
Mengshan (Xihe) 屋下
Luchuan 屋下
Senai (Huiyang) 屋下
Singapore (Dabu) 屋下
Jin Taiyuan 家
Northern Min Jian'ou 厝
Eastern Min Fuzhou 厝
Singapore (Fuqing) 厝
Southern Min Xiamen 厝, 兜
Quanzhou 厝, 兜
Jinjiang 厝
Zhangzhou 厝, 兜
Zhao'an 厝
Taipei 兜
New Taipei (Sanxia) 兜
Kaohsiung 兜
Yilan 厝, 兜
Changhua (Lukang) 兜, 塊
Taichung 兜
Tainan 厝, 兜
Hsinchu 兜
Kinmen 塊, 兜
Penghu (Magong) 塊, 兜
Penang (Hokkien) 厝
Singapore (Hokkien) 厝, 兜
Manila (Hokkien) 厝, 厝內, 兜
Chaozhou 內
Shantou 內
Shantou (Chaoyang) 內
Jieyang 內
Haifeng 厝
Bangkok (Teochew) 厝, 內
Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) 內
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 厝
Singapore (Teochew) 內
Wenchang 厝
Qionghai 厝
Singapore (Hainanese) 厝
Puxian Min Putian 厝
Xianyou 厝
Shehua Fu'an 寮
Fuding 寮
Luoyuan 寮
Sanming 寮
Shunchang 寮
Hua'an 寮
Guixi (Zhangping) 寮
Cangnan 寮
Jingning (Hexi) 寮
Lishui 寮
Longyou 寮
Chaozhou 寮
Fengshun 寮
Wu Shanghai 屋裡
Suzhou 屋裡
Ningbo 屋落, 屋裡
Wenzhou 屋裡
Xiang Changsha 屋裡
Shuangfeng 屋裡

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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兜

  1. (Hakka) some; a few; a little; a bit (an indefinite amount)
  2. (Hakka) Plural marker for pronouns.
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 些 (“some, a few”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 些
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 些
Singapore 些
Cantonese Guangzhou 啲
Hong Kong 啲
Taishan 尼
Singapore (Guangfu) 啲
Hakka Meixian 兜
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 兜
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 兜
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 兜
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 兜
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 兜
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 兜
Southern Min Xiamen 寡
Zhangzhou 寡
Tainan 寡
Singapore (Hokkien) 寡
Manila (Hokkien) 寡
Shantou 撮
Jieyang 撮
Singapore (Teochew) 撮
Wu Shanghai 眼, 點, 些 formal or Mandarin-influenced
Wenzhou 厘兒
  • (plural marker for pronouns): 們／们 (men); (Cantonese) 哋; (Hakka, Literal) 等; (Min Nan) 儂

Compounds

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Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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兜

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: つ (tsu)、と (to)
  • Kan-on: とう (tō)
  • Kun: かぶと (kabuto, 兜)

Etymology

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Wikipedia
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
兜
かぶと
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
冑
甲
兜 (kabuto): a traditional Japanese helmet.

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (794) with the spellings 可夫刀 and 可夫度.[1] One source cites a manuscript of the Nihon Shoki (720) in which the word 冑 in the word has a katakana gloss カフト but these glosses may be later readings.[2]

Derivation currently unknown.

  • A surface analysis might suggest a derivation from 被る (kaburu, “to wear something on the head”). However, that reading derives from older form kagafuru and does not appear until the Nihon Ryōiki (810-824),[3] some time after the first appearance of kabuto.
  • An alternative analysis might suggest a compound of 頭 (kabu, “head”, kun'yomi and native Japanese term) +‎ 兜 (to, “helmet”, on'yomi and borrowing from Chinese).
  • Word-medial bilabial plosives usually underwent lenition, shifting along the lines of /p/ → /f/ → /w/, then vanishing altogether except where the following vowel was /a/. This lenition often did not happen at morpheme boundaries in compound words. The persistence of the /b/ in kabuto might thus suggest that this term was originally a compound of ka + puto. The ka element is uncertain, possibly the か (ka-) intensifying prefix added to adjectives, or an abbreviation of 髪 (kami, “hair (of the head)”) or 上 (kami, “top”) (compare 挿頭す (kazasu, “to put decorations onto a hair or crown”, possibly from kami + 刺す (sasu, “to poke”)); Old Japanese puto would be the stem and root of modern 太い (futoi, “thick; fat; stout”), possibly in reference to the protective strength provided by a helmet. This puto would then have undergone rendaku (連濁) to become buto.
Compare the phonology of adjective か細い (kabosoi, “very slender”), composed of this ka- prefix and adjective 細い (hosoi, ancient pososi) and demonstrating a similar retention of the bilabial plosive and rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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兜(かぶと) • (kabuto) 

  1. [from 794] a helmet

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 213
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “かぶと 【兜・冑・甲】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  3. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 213
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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兜 (eum 두 (du))

  1. (투구 두, tugu-): helmet (especially, made of iron)

Synonyms

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See also

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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兜: Hán Nôm readings: đâu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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