Jump to content

Tikar people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Tikar)
Tikar people
A Tikar man (wearing Toghu cloth) plays the end-blown horn, an traditional instrument from the Northwest Region of Cameroon
Total population
3,065,644 (9.9%)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Northwest Region of Cameroon
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Bamileke • Bamum

The Tikar (formally known as Tikari, Tigar, Tigari, and Tigre throughout their history)[2] are a Central African ethnic group in Cameroon. They are known to be great artists, artisans and storytellers. Once a nomadic people, some oral traditions trace the origin of the Tikar people to the Nile River Valley in present-day Sudan.[3] According to the Bamenda City Council the Tikari groups migrated from Northern Nigeria to settle in the highlands of western Cameroon.[4] Such ethnic groups were referred to in the 1969 official statistics as "Semi-Bantus" and "Sudanese Negroes."[5] They speak a Northern Bantoid language called Tikar. One of the few African ethnic groups to practice a monotheistic traditional religion, the Tikar refer to God the Creator by the name Nyuy. They also have an extensive spiritual system of ancestral reverence.

The Tikar or Grassfields peoples make up approximately 9.9% of Cameroon's population.[1][6] This could be due to the high number of Tikar people who were kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Americas.[7] The Bamum people and other ethnic groups have also asserted their link to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers in the Kingdom of Bamum. However, the Kom, Nso, Bamum, Ndop-Bamunka, and Bafut peoples are the only ethnic groups that anthropologists and historians believe have a legitimate claim to Tikar lineage.[8][7]

There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: Bankim (Kimi), Ngambé-Tikar, Kong (Nkong/Boikouong), Nditam (Bandam), Ngoumé, and Gâ (Ntchi). The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since German colonizers arrived in Cameroon.[7]

Etymology

[edit]

During the reign of Sultan Njoya, ruler of the Kingdom of Bamum, French missionary and translator Henri Martin documented that the Bamum people translated the word Tikar as "those who wander."[9][10]

Today, there is ongoing debate about whether the Tikar should be considered a distinct ethnic group, like the Hausa people, or if the term serves as a general label for multiple groups. Some smaller communities assert that they descend from the Tikar people. Although these claims are heavily contested, one ethnic group in modern Cameroon identifies as Tikar and is recognized as directly descending from the original Tikar people.[2][11]

Debates persist regarding the broader use of the term Tikar/Tikari to designate many villages and towns in northwestern Cameroon. Additionally, some ethnic groups in the region claim Tikar descent through royal bloodlines. However, oral traditions and DNA testing conducted by companies such as African Ancestry, Inc. have demonstrated that these groups are genetically distinct. While some individuals receive Tikar of Cameroon results, others are identified as Bamileke of Cameroon.[11][12]

The Bamum and other groups have also asserted connections to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers of the Kingdom of Bamum. According to Molefi Kente Asante, the "Bamum and the Tikar are renowned as great artists who create monumental sculptures of bronze and beads. Cultural exchanges between the Tikar and the Bamum have enriched both groups. For instance, the Bamum adopted numerous words from the Tikar language, as well as from other languages, including Bafanji, Bamali, and Bambalang." Anthropologists have also noted cultural similarities between the Tikar and the Bamum. E. M. Chilver and Phyllis Mary Kaberry suggested that claims of Tikar ancestry by smaller Grassfields groups may often be political in nature.[13]

Small communities of Hausa people in Cameroon also identify as Tikar.[7] Groups claiming descent from Tikar fondoms include the Bambili, Oku, Kom, Bum, Bafut, Nso, Mbiame, Wiya, Tang, War, Mbot, Mbem, Fungom, Weh, Mmen, Bamunka, Babungo, Bamessi, Bamessing, Bambalang, Bamali, Bafanji, Baba (Papiakum), Bangola, Big Babanki, Babanki Tungo, Nkwen, and Bambui.[11] However, anthropologists and historians generally agree that only the Kom, Nso, Bamum, Ndop-Bamunka, and Bafut peoples have credible claims to Tikar ancestry.[7][8]

Origin

[edit]

Oral tradition asserts that the Tikar people originally inhabited the Nile River valley in present-day Sudan.[3][5] Some sources further claim that the Tikar ancestors migrated from the Kingdom of Kush.[14][15] For reasons that remain unclear—possibly war or famine—the Tikar settled on the Bamenda Plateau in Cameroon, where they established a kingdom.[14][16] Upon their arrival, they were perceived as "Sudanese conquerors," transforming northern-central Cameroon and earning recognition for their ironmaking expertise.[17][18]

Professor and social anthropologist David Zeitlyn analyzed Tikar origin theories proposed by various historians, including Eldridge Mohammadou, who researched the history of Central Cameroon and Tikar-speaking groups. Zeitlyn noted that "the main question at issue is the origin of the founders of the dynasties and the palace institutions of the different Tikar-speaking groups. How much credit is to be given to claims of Mbum origin? To answer this, a variety of evidence must be considered, including oral tradition and historical linguistics." While some researchers argue there is no evidence that the Tikar ever lived along the Nile, others contend that there is also no evidence to disprove it. These opposing views, supported by oral traditions and the overall uncertainty of Tikar origins, underscore the need for further exploration.[2]

Eldridge Mohammadou hypothesized that Tikar kingdoms were established by invaders from the Bare-Chamba group, who overthrew local Mbum rulers in the 18th century. According to him, the term Tikar originally referred to the political and military elite of these invaders. Mohammadou also suggested that the Mbum were the region’s original inhabitants and spread their culture and language through peaceful interactions and trade. However, Zeitlyn identified several issues with Mohammadou’s arguments, including the lack of concrete evidence for Bare-Chamba invasions, confusion between groups with similar names, and insufficient consideration of oral traditions and linguistic evidence.

Zeitlyn also questioned Mohammadou’s claim that the Bamum history diverges significantly from that of Claude Tardits, who argued that the Bamum resulted from a gradual process of cultural and political integration rather than a sudden conquest. Zeitlyn compared Mohammadou’s conclusions with those of Jean Hurault, who attributed regional change primarily to the influence of the Fulbe, rather than the Bare-Chamba.[2]

History

[edit]
Tikar Throne, Tikar Bamum artist, wooden, 42' high; 27" deep, 38" wide. Photo by Bruno Kemayou. Released by David W. Reed, PhD.

According to Mbum oral tradition, after migrating and settling in the Far North Region of Cameroon, the Mbum ancestors of the Tikar people were ruled by Nya Sana. Little is known about his reign, but oral accounts state that a royal lineage emerged from Nya Sana, eventually producing Took Gokor. Another Mbum Fon (king) and Yesum or Yelaa (queen consort)[6] are credited with founding the Kingdom of Nganha. Their daughter, Princess Wou-Ten (also called Betaka or Belaka), is said to have left her parents’ kingdom, traveling to the Adamawa Region, where she established the Kingdom of Tinkala. This is recognized as the first official Tikar fondom (dynasty), and she is believed to have ruled the Tikar people as Fon from 1201 to 1246.[19]

Founding of Tikar kingdoms

[edit]

In the late 14th century, two Tikar brothers, Tinki and Guié, founded two autonomous Tikar kingdoms: the Kingdom of Bankim (also called Kimi) at Rifum, and the Kingdom of Ngambé-Tikar. These lineages gave rise to Tikar princes and princesses who embarked on significant migrations, creating new dynasties.

In the first wave of migrations, Prince Ncharé (also called Njáré) founded the Kingdom of Bamum, Prince Doundje established the Kingdom of Nditam (also called Bandam) and ruled alongside Queen Mother Nduingnyi, Prince Kpo departed Nditam to found the Kingdom of Ngoumé, Prince G’Batteu created the Kingdom of Gâ, and Princess N’Gouen (also called Nguonso) established the Kingdom of Nso (also called Banso).[7]

In the second wave of migration, Prince Mbli left Bankim to establish the Kingdom of Kong, while Prince Indie and Prince Ouhin migrated south, founding the villages of We and Ina, respectively. However, these settlements never developed into full-fledged kingdoms.[7]

Impact of the Atlantic slave trade

[edit]

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Tikar people suffered devastating losses due to the Atlantic slave trade. Chamba and Fulani slave traffickers, drawn by the Tikar’s prosperous iron-working and mask-making industries, targeted the Tikar population.[20] While many enslaved Cameroonians and Nigerians were shipped from the Bight of Biafra, significant numbers of Tikar and Duala were sold upriver to Sierra Leone and downriver to Angola. From there, they were transported to the Americas. Records indicate that Tikar captives constituted a significant proportion of enslaved Cameroonians brought to the Americas, contributing to the steep decline of the Tikar population in Africa.[20] Despite this, the remaining Tikar preserved their heritage through oral tradition and sustained their cultural practices.[6]

Alternate oral tradition

[edit]
Madou-Yenou thrones commissioned by the Tikar chieftaincy of Rifum, crafted by Njikam Isidore, grandson of Nji Gbetom Salifou. Two thrones were made simultaneously as a customary precaution.

An alternate account suggests that Chief Tinki eventually became Fon and ruled until his death in 1387, which triggered a series of violent battles for the throne at Rifum.[17] Ultimately, his son Mveing ascended to the throne, ruling until 1413. However, many believed that Tinki’s other son, Nchare Yen, was the rightful heir.[19] In this version, Nchare Yen, along with his siblings Mbe (also called Morunta) and Ngonnso (or Nguonso), fled Rifum fearing for their lives. The siblings parted ways at Mbam: Mbe traveled east to found the Kingdom of Nditam at Bandam, while Ngonnso went west to establish the Nso Kingdom at Kumbo.[17][16][19]

Bamum connection

[edit]

Fon Nchare Yen established the Kingdom of Bamum at Foumban in the late 14th or early 15th century.[9][17] According to King Idrissou (Ibrahim) Mborou Njoya, a later Bamum ruler named Manju bestowed the Bamum people with their name.[6] As the kingdom expanded, Foumban became its capital, and the Bamum Kingdom emerged as one of the largest in Cameroon’s grasslands. Both the kingdom and its capital are believed to be named after Nchare Yen’s mother, Mfoumban.[19][17]

Despite the historical ties between the Bamum and Tikar peoples, they are considered distinct ethnic groups today.[21]

Geography

[edit]

There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: Bankim (Kimi), Ngambé-Tikar, Kong, Nditam (Bandam), Ngoumé, and Gâ. The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since German colonizers arrived in Cameroon.[7] Today, the Tikar people inhabit the Adamawa Region and certain regions of Bamenda Province. The Northwest is composed of the Fungum, Bum, and Kom. The Northeast is composed of Mbem, Mbaw, Wiya, War and Tang. The Southeast is composed of Banso (Nsaw), Ndop and Bafut.[6]

Languages

[edit]

The Tikar people, speak a Northern Bantoid, semi-Bantu language called Tikar, which is hypothesized to be a divergent language in the Niger-Congo language family.[22] The Tikar language (also called Tigé, Tigré or Tikari) has four regional dialects, including Túmú, which spoken in Bankim and Nditam.[7] Linguist Roger Blench stated that the Tikar language and other Bantuoid languages belong to a branch of the Niger-Congo family related to but distinct from Bantu, and do not have a classical Bantu noun-class system.[22]

Genetics

[edit]
Bronze figurines of four enslaved Tikar being marched by a Moorish colonial guard and a Mboum royal guard toward the coast to be exported to the Americas, by Nji Gbetkom Salifou, a Bamoun sculptor from Cameroon’s Grasslands, 1946-1950. Photo by Bruno Kemayou. Released by Chief Mongbet Vessah Ibrahim and David W. Reed, PhD.

Genetic testing found that many Tikar belong to Haplogroup L3e, which is prevalent in Central and East Africa, and the Canary Islands.[23] Haplogroup L2a1* was also found amongst Central African people, including the Tikar people of Cameroon and the Bubi people of Bioko Island.[24][25]

A 2023 study of twelve indigenous African populations across Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa uncovered genomic variants that researchers used to reconstruct admixture events and phylogenetic relationships. The results revealed that the Tikar people have "23% ancestry related to an archaic population that diverged prior to the divergence of all modern human populations (possibly reflecting introgression from an archaic population into modern populations) and 77% ancestry from a population related to the Nilo-Saharan-speaking Mursi" people of Ethiopia. The study also found that "The Fulani derived 50% of their ancestry from a population related to the Amhara and 50% from a population related to the Tikari (consistent with TreeMix results with three migration events)."[26]

A 2010 study showed that the Tikar are a genetic outlier to peoples of Nigeria's Cross River region, Igboland and Ghana, showing significant differences.[24] Similarly, a 2023 study found that self-identified Tikar who live in the Adamawa region and speak the Tikar language belong to a different genetic cluster than the self-identified Tikar who live amongst other Grassfields ethnic groups and do not speak the Tikar language. It concluded that persons from Cameroon and Sudan "showed the greatest reduction in genetic similarity with distance, which remained even after only comparing people belonging to the same ethnic group."[27]

The same study found Tikar-related genetic variations amongst the Bakongo people of Democratic Republic of Congo, Bantu ethnic groups in Kenya, the Himba people and Damara people of Namibia, and the Eland Cave Bay remains in South Africa,[27] which are believed to be more than 3,000 years old.[28]

Through DNA testing with African Ancestry, Inc., founded by geneticist Dr. Rick Kittles and entrepreneur Dr. Gina Paige, people of African descent across the United States, South America and the Caribbean have been able to trace their lineages to the Tikar people of Cameroon.[29] Genetic testing showed that the descendants of these stolen people of the Tikar-Pygmy cluster translocated the mtdna Haplogroup L3 to the Americas when they were forcibly taken. As a result, L3 is fairly common in the United States and Brazil today.[30]

Culture

[edit]
Lion teeth necklace created by the Tikar people

The Tikar are an artistically and culturally significant people. The design of Toghu and Ndop cloth print became a cultural marker of the Tikar and Grassfields peoples, creating a unique style that made them easily distinguishable from other peoples outside of the region. These intricate designs is still used today for clothing, architecture, art and to demarcate royal ritual spaces.[31]

Artistry

[edit]

The Tikar are renowned for their highly detailed masks. Their artistry put the Tikar people at the center of trade and politics in Cameroon and made them a force to reckoned with in the eyes of neighboring ethnic groups, especially considering they are thought to be the only people in the region who were skilled in iron-working. Their masks are often characterized by their strongly-defined noses and large eyes. They are also known for their beautifully decorated brass pipes.[32] Along with the Bamileke people, the Tikar are also known for their intricate elephant masks, which became renowned in the town Bali.[33]

Tikar horns and trumpets play a significant role in spiritual and cultural ceremonies with each design being purposefully sculpted for a specific event.[34] The same can be said for elaborate grassland palaces, which feature hand-carved pillars supporting the roof overhangs, an ensemble of door posts, lintels and sills framing the entrance, as well as the interior doorways facing the open courtyards.[35]

Cultural beliefs

[edit]

Surrounded by great grasslands, the Tikar people developed a unique understanding of nature and performed planting rituals to bless seeds and work implements. Other ethnic groups in the region were known to offer animal sacrifices when it was time to plant.[21]

The Tikar also had their own cultural beliefs regarding birthing. It was once believed that during pregnancy, the blood that the woman would normally release during menstruation forms parts of the fetus. This blood was said to form the skin, blood, flesh and most of the organs. The bones, brain, heart and teeth were believed to be formed from the father's sperm.[36] In the case of a son, the masculinity also came from this.[citation needed]

Spirituality

[edit]
This is a picture of the late fon (king) of Ngambe, one of the Tikar villages. Around his neck is an ivory collar made of elephant tusks. He carries it only once per year, during the time of the festival called "Sweety". It is a traditional Tikar festival during which one calls upon the spirits of the ancestors and asks them to bless the community.

The Tikar people predominantly practice Christianity today. However, there are a small number who practice traditional religions and Islam.[37] Despite the differences between the spiritual practices, the Tikar are known to refer to God the Creator as Nyuy, and the Bamileke people refer to Nyuy as Si. Both groups, along with the other peoples of the Grasslands, believe God requires them to reverence their lineage ancestors. This is pivotal to their spirituality; as they traditionally believed their ancestral spirits were embodied in the skulls of the deceased ancestors and still present.[21]

"The skulls are in the possession of the eldest living male in each lineage, and all members of an extended family recognize the same skulls as belonging to their group. When a family decides to relocate, a dwelling, which must be first purified by a diviner, is built to house the skulls in the new location. Although not all of the ancestral skulls are in the possession of a family, they are not forgotten. These spirits have nowhere to reside, though, and may as a result cause trouble for the family. To compensate when a man's skull is not preserved, a family member must undergo a ceremony involving pouring libations into the ground. Earth gathered from the site of that offering then comes to represent the skull of the deceased. Respect is also paid to female skulls, although detail about such practices is largely unrecorded." -Molefi Kete Asante[21]

Much of Tikar oral tradition speaks of their journey to flee the spread of Islam.[37][38] After they settled in Cameroon, the Tikar people soon found themselves fleeing northern Cameroon for Adamawa to avoid forced-conversion to by Muslim Fulani invaders, who moved southward into Cameroon to take advantage of the lucrative, west-central trade route.[7][37] The Tikar then migrated southward to what would become known as the city of Foumban in Northwest Cameroon. Once the Fulani followed to the south, holy war began, forcing some ethnic groups to flee yet again. Others, like the Bamun, remained, hoping to resist Islam.[38] The Fulani conquest was brief and did not result in Islamization, although this faith was accepted by a later Bamum ruler, Sultan Ibrahim Mbouombouo Njoya, in the early 20th century.[32][38] This created the division between the Bamum and Bafia people.[21]

Notable people of direct Tikar descent

[edit]

Notable people of Tikar descent in the Americas

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Africa: Cameroon – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Zeitlyn, David (1995). "Eldridge Mohammadou on Tikar Origins". Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford. 26 (1): 100–102.
  3. ^ a b Delneuf, Michèle; Essom, Joseph-Marie; Froment, Alain (1998). Paléo-anthropologie en Afrique centrale: un bilan de l'archéologie au Cameroun (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-2-7384-7405-6.
  4. ^ "Bamenda III Council: The Council of the future". 8 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b Fonlon, Bernard (1969). "The Language Problem in Cameroon (An Historical Perspective)". Abbia: Cameroon Cultural Review. 22 (1): 25–49. JSTOR 3098088.
  6. ^ a b c d e McCulloch, Merran; Littlewood, Margaret (2017). Peoples of the Central Cameroons (Tikar. Bamum and Bamileke. Banen, Bafia and Balom): Western Africa Part IX (Ethnographic Survey of Africa) (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 11–13, 36–40, 53. ISBN 978-1138239524.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Price, David (1979). "Who Are the Tikar Now?". Paideuma. 25: 89–98. ISSN 0078-7809. JSTOR 23076439.
  8. ^ a b DeLancey, Mark Dike; Neh Mbuh, Rebecca; DeLancey, Mark W. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 402. ISBN 978-0810837751.
  9. ^ a b Kaberry, Phyllis M. (1962). "Retainers and Royal Households in the Cameroons Grassfields". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 3 (10): 283. doi:10.3406/cea.1962.3704. ISSN 0008-0055. JSTOR 4390833.
  10. ^ Geary, Christraud (1983). "Bamum Two-Figure Thrones: Additional Evidence". African Arts. 16 (4): 46–87. doi:10.2307/3336034. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3336034.
  11. ^ a b c "AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Tikar people". www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  12. ^ Brown, Yvette (2015-02-10). "Erykah Badu Discovers And Reconnects With Her African Roots". VIBE.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  13. ^ Chilver, Elizabeth M.; Kaberry, Phyllis M. (1971). "The Tikar Problem: A Nonproblem". Journal of African Languages. X (2): 13–14.
  14. ^ a b Elouga, Martin (March 2014). Les Tikar du Cameroun central: Ethnogenese, Culture et Relations Avec les Peuples Voisins. L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782343032108.
  15. ^ DeLancey, Mark Dike; Neh Mbuh, Rebecca; DeLancey, Mark W. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 402. ISBN 978-0810837751.
  16. ^ a b "Genes tell a tale as big as Africa". NBC News. 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  17. ^ a b c d e Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Fomine, Forka Leypey Matthew (2010). "The Bamum Dynasty and the Influence of Islam in Foumban, 1390-Present". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 19: 110–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41857165.
  18. ^ Ongoum, Louis-Marie; Mitsch, R. H. (1993). "Erotic Poetry of the Grasslands". Research in African Literatures. 24 (2): 101–108. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 3819889.
  19. ^ a b c d "Bui History - Bui Family Union - USA". bfu-usa.org. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  20. ^ a b Nwokeji, G. Ugo; Eltis, David (2002). "Characteristics of Captives Leaving the Cameroons for the Americas, 1822-37". The Journal of African History. 43 (2): 191–210. doi:10.1017/S0021853701008076. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 4100505. S2CID 162111157.
  21. ^ a b c d e Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). Encyclopedia of African Religion. SAGE. pp. 18, 95, 103, 748. ISBN 978-1-4129-3636-1.
  22. ^ a b Blench, Roger (2011). "'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu" (PDF). Berlin: Humboldt University. p. 16.
  23. ^ "L3e1 MTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  24. ^ a b Veeramah, Krishna R.; Connell, Bruce A.; Pour, Naser Ansari; Powell, Adam; Plaster, Christopher A.; Zeitlyn, David; Mendell, Nancy R.; Weale, Michael E.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2010-03-31). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 92. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10...92V. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2867817. PMID 20356404.
  25. ^ Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; De la Fe, Tomás; Lareu, María-Victoria; Sobrino, Beatriz; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Macaulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ángel (2002). "The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape". American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (5). ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 12395296
  26. ^ Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02). "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell. 186 (5): 923–939.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 10568978. PMID 36868214.
  27. ^ a b Bird, Nancy; Ormond, Louise; Awah, Paschal; Caldwell, Elizabeth F.; Connell, Bruce; Elamin, Mohamed; Fadlelmola, Faisal M.; Matthew Fomine, Forka Leypey; López, Saioa; MacEachern, Scott; Moñino, Yves; Morris, Sam; Näsänen-Gilmore, Pieta; Nketsia V, Nana Kobina; Veeramah, Krishna (2023). "Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture". Science Advances. 9 (13): eabq2616. Bibcode:2023SciA....9.2616B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2616. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10058250. PMID 36989356.
  28. ^ Sealy, Judith; Pfeiffer, Susan; Yates, Royden; Willmore, Kathy; Manhire, Anthony; Maggs, Tim; Lanham, John; Wilmore, Kathy (2000). "Hunter-Gatherer Child Burials from the Pakhuis Mountains, Western Cape: Growth, Diet and Burial Practices in the Late Holocene". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 55 (171): 33–35. doi:10.2307/3888890. ISSN 0038-1969. JSTOR 3888890.
  29. ^ "Throwback Thursday: Vanessa A. Williams traces lineage to Cameroon with African Ancestry test". African Ancestry. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  30. ^ Bandelt, H. J.; Alves-Silva, J.; Guimarães, P. E.; Santos, M. S.; Brehm, A.; Pereira, L.; Coppa, A.; Larruga, J. M.; Rengo, C.; Scozzari, R.; Torroni, A.; Prata, M. J.; Amorim, A.; Prado, V. F.; Pena, S. D. (November 2001). "Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (Pt 6): 549–563. doi:10.1017/S0003480001008892. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 11851985.
  31. ^ "Bamileke Ndop Cloth, Cameroon". www.hamillgallery.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  32. ^ a b "Cameroon - Cultural Life". Britannica. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  33. ^ "Bali Elephant Masks, Cameroon". www.hamillgallery.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  34. ^ "Tikar Horns, Cameroon". www.hamillgallery.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  35. ^ "Bamun Houseposts, Cameroon". www.hamillgallery.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  36. ^ "descent/graphics - Page 1". Lucy.ukc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
  37. ^ a b c "Tikar, Twumwu in Cameroon". Joshua Project. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  38. ^ a b c Lon, Joseph (January 2021). "Understanding the Romance between Kings and Islam in the Nso and Babessi Kingdoms of the Bamenda Grassland in Cameroon" (PDF). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 5 (1).
  39. ^ Dowling, Marcus K. "Anthony Anderson moved by Black family introduced to lost ancestor in new documentary". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  40. ^ "GOSSIP: Blair Underwood 's DNA ancestry test reveals Cameroonian descent – Nexdim Empire". 17 September 2011. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  41. ^ a b c d "PBS Explores African-American Contributions to History and Society". About PBS - Main. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  42. ^ a b Wow! Ebro & Rosenberg SHOCKED By African Ancestry Results!, 25 March 2019, retrieved 2023-01-29
  43. ^ "Love & Hip Hop Lineage to Legacy, Pt. 2 - | VH1". www.vh1.com. 14 February 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  44. ^ Actress Sheryl Lee Ralph Proud of Her Cameroon Ancestry, 31 December 2011, retrieved 2023-01-29
  45. ^ July 13, fomenky aloysius ambodem //; Reply, 2017 at 7:52 am // (2015-05-28). "Tasha Smith". Cameroon Travel and Leisure Magazine. Retrieved 2023-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "Throwback Thursday: Vanessa A. Williams traces lineage to Cameroon with African Ancestry test". African Ancestry. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  47. ^ "CBF lança campanha para buscar raízes de jogadores e revela que ancestrais de Vini Jr. vêm de Camarões". ge (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2024-11-20. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  48. ^ ""Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr." - DNA in the Ninth Episode". www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&oldid=1260605972"