View source for Liquorice

{{Short description|Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{About||the confection|Liquorice (confectionery)|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text =[[Lycoris (plant)|Lycoris]], a distinct group of plants, some toxic}}
{{Distinguish|text =[[Ligusticum|Licorice-root]], an unrelated genus of plants}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Liquorice
|image = Illustration Glycyrrhiza glabra0.jpg
|image_caption = 
|taxon = Glycyrrhiza glabra
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name = "grin">{{GRIN | access-date = 6 March 2008}}</ref>
|display_parents = 2
|synonyms = 
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Glycyrrhiza brachycarpa'' {{small|(Boiss.)}}
*''Glycyrrhiza glandulifera'' {{small|Waldst. & Kit.)}}
*''Glycyrrhiza hirsuta'' {{small|(Pall.)}}
*''Glycyrrhiza pallida'' {{small|(Boiss.)}}
*''Glycyrrhiza violacea'' {{small|(Boiss.)}}
    }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-7886 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/496964-1 |title=Glycyrrhiza pallida Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 2: 22 (1856) |website=The International Plant Names Index |access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/496975-1 |title=Glycyrrhiza violacea Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 2: 23 (1856) |website=The International Plant Names Index |access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref>
}}

'''Liquorice''' ([[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]) or '''licorice''' ([[American English]]; see [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]]; {{IPAc-en|IPA|ˈ|l|ɪ|k|ər|ɪ|ʃ|,_|-|ɪ|s}} {{respell|LIK|ər|ish|,_|-|iss}})<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Liquorice}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Licorice}}</ref> is the [[common name]] of '''''Glycyrrhiza glabra''''', a [[flowering plant]] of the bean family [[Fabaceae]], from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring is [[extract]]ed.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/licoriceroot|title=Licorice root|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|date=August 2020|access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref>

The liquorice plant is an [[herbaceous]] [[perennial]] [[legume]] native to [[West Asia]], [[North Africa]], and [[Southern Europe]].<ref name=grin/> Liquorice is used as a flavouring in confectionery, [[tobacco]], beverages, and [[Medication|pharmaceuticals]], and is marketed as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nih/><ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Licorice |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/licorice.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=11 June 2023 |date=31 January 2022}}</ref>

Liquorice extracts have been used in [[herbalism]] and [[traditional medicine]].<ref name=nih/> Excessive consumption of liquorice (more than {{cvt|2|mg/kg|mg/lb|disp=sqbr}} per day of pure [[glycyrrhizinic acid]], a key component of liquorice) can lead to undesirable consequences. Clinically, it is suspected that overindulgence in liquorice may manifest as unexplained [[hypertension]], low blood potassium levels ([[hypokalemia]]), and muscle weakness in individuals.<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/><ref name=omar/> Consuming liquorice should be avoided during pregnancy.<ref name=drugs/>

== Etymology ==
The word ''[[wiktionary:liquorice|liquorice]]'', or ''[[wiktionary:licorice|licorice]]'', is derived via the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-French]] {{lang|xno|lycorys}}, from [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|liquiritia}},<ref name="NED_liquorice">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Liquorice, licorice|date=1908|encyclopedia=A [[New English Dictionary]] On Historical Principles (NED)|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, England|url=https://archive.org/details/oed6aarch/page/n345/mode/1up|access-date=2021-04-07|volume=VI. L to N|page=332|editor-last=Bradley|editor-first=Henry|language=en}}</ref> itself ultimately derived from Greek {{langx|grc|γλυκύρριζα|glykyrrhiza|label=none}} (the [[Modern Greek]] spelling of the genus is {{langx|el|γλυκόριζα|glykoriza|label=none}})<ref name="KriarasDict_glukurriza">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/medieval_greek/kriaras/search.html?lq=%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B1&dq=|title=γλυκύρριζα|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Epitome of the Kriaras Dictionary (online version)|publisher=[[Center for the Greek Language]]|at=Portal for the greek language|language=el}}</ref> literally meaning 'sweet root' and referring to ''Glycyrrhiza glabra''.<ref>{{LSJ|gluku/rriza|γλυκύρριζα|ref}}.</ref>

The latter gives the plant [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] with ''glabra'' meaning ''smooth''<ref>{{L&S|glaber|glabra|ref}}</ref> and referring to the plant's smooth husks; the former came to being via the influence of {{lang|la|liquere}}, 'to become fluid', reflecting the method of extracting the sweet component from the roots.<ref>{{OEtymD|Licorice}}</ref>

{{as of|2021}}, its English common name is spelled 'liquorice' in most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], but 'licorice' is also used in some countries.<ref name=nih/><ref name="MR_liquorice">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Liquorice}}</ref><ref name="MR_licorice">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Licorice}}</ref>

== Description ==
Liquorice is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial]], growing to {{convert|1|m|in|-1}} in height, with [[pinnate]] [[leaf|leaves]] about {{cvt|7|–|15|cm|in|frac=2}} long, with 9–17 leaflets. The [[flower]]s are {{cvt|8-12|mm|in|frac=16}} long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose [[inflorescence]]. The [[fruit]] is an oblong [[legume|pod]], {{cvt|20-30|mm|in|frac=8}} long, containing several [[seed]]s.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}</ref> The roots are [[stoloniferous]].<ref>Brown, D., ed. (1995). "The RHS encyclopedia of herbs and their uses". {{ISBN|1-4053-0059-0}}</ref>

== Chemistry ==
[[File:Glycyrrhizic Acid.svg|thumb|left|Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from [[glycyrrhizin]].]]
[[File:Sections of liquorice root.jpg|thumb|Sections of liquorice root]]

Liquorice root contains [[Triterpene|triterpenoids]], [[polyphenol]]s, and [[polysaccharide]]s.<ref name=drugs/> [[Flavonoid]]s account for the yellow root color.<ref name=drugs/> The principal [[glycoside]], glycyrrhizin, exists in content of 7% to 10%, depending on cultivation practices.<ref name=drugs/> The [[isoflavene]] [[glabrene]] and the isoflavane [[glabridin]], found in the roots of liquorice, are [[phytoestrogen]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Somjen |first1=D. |last2=Katzburg |first2=S. |last3=Vaya |first3=J. |last4=Kaye |first4=A. M. |last5=Hendel |first5=D. |last6=Posner |first6=G. H. |last7=Tamir |first7=S. |doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.04.008 |title=Estrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues |journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=91 |issue=4–5 |pages=241–246 |year=2004 |pmid=15336701 |s2cid=16238533 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal 
| doi = 10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00093-0 
| last1 = Tamir | first1 = S. 
| last2 = Eizenberg | first2 = M. 
| last3 = Somjen | first3 = D. 
| last4 = Izrael | first4 = S. 
| last5 = Vaya | first5 = J. 
| title = Estrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice root 
| journal = The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 
| volume = 78 
| issue = 3 
| pages = 291–298 
| year = 2001 
| pmid = 11595510
| s2cid = 40171833 }}</ref>

The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which [[anethole]] is some 3% of total volatiles.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Much of the [[sweetness]] in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has 30–50 times the sweetness of [[sugar]].{{cn|date=June 2023}} The sweetness is different from sugar, being less instant, tart, and lasting longer.

== Cultivation and uses ==
Liquorice grows best in well-drained soils in deep valleys with full sun. It is harvested in the autumn two to three years after planting.<ref name=rhs/>  Countries producing liquorice include Turkey, Greece, Iran, and Iraq.<ref name=drugs/>

===Tobacco===
Liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for [[tobacco]], for flavour-enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend [[cigarette]]s, moist [[snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[chewing tobacco]], and [[pipe tobacco]].<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/><ref>Erik Assadourian, [http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/media/pdf/pubs/vs/2005_cigarettes.pdf Cigarette Production Drops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209043353/http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/media/pdf/pubs/vs/2005_cigarettes.pdf |date=2011-12-09 }}, ''Vital Signs 2005'', at 70.</ref> Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavour that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavouring components employed in the tobacco industry.<ref name=drugs/> Liquorice can also be added to cigarette [[rolling paper]]s. {{As of|2009}}, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] banned the use of any "characterizing flavors" other than menthol from cigarettes, but not other manufactured tobacco products.<ref name="fda09">{{cite web|title=Flavored Tobacco|url=https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponents/ucm2019416.htm|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|access-date=21 December 2017|date=22 September 2009}}</ref>

===Food and confectionery===
{{See also|Liquorice (confectionery)}}
{{more citations|section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Baton de reglisse.jpg|thumb|Dried sticks of liquorice root]]
Liquorice flavour is found in a wide variety of [[Liquorice (confectionery)|candies or sweets]]. In most of these candies, the taste is reinforced by [[aniseed]] oil so the actual content of liquorice is low.

In the Netherlands, liquorice confectionery (''drop'') is a common sweet sold in many forms. Mixing it with [[mentha|mint]], [[menthol]], [[aniseed]], or [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] is common. It is also mixed with [[ammonium chloride]] ({{lang|fi|salmiak}}); salmiak liquorice in the Netherlands is known as {{lang|nl|zoute drop}} ('[[salty liquorice]]'). Strong, [[salty liquorice|salty]] sweets are also consumed in [[Nordic countries]] where liquorice flavoured alcohols are sold, particularly in Denmark and Finland.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Dried sticks of the liquorice root are a traditional confectionery in the Netherlands as were they once in Britain. They were sold simply as sticks of {{lang|nl|zoethout}} ('sweet wood') to chew on as a candy.

[[File:Liquiritiae radix suessholzwurzel.jpg|thumb|right|Liquorice root chips]]

[[Pontefract]] in [[Yorkshire]], England, is where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the contemporary way.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html |publisher=AboutFood.com |title=Right good food from the Ridings |date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607194557/http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html |archive-date= 7 June 2007 }}</ref> [[Pontefract cake]]s were originally made there.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20190710-the-strange-story-of-britains-oldest-sweet |publisher=BBC Travel |title=The strange story of Britain's oldest sweet|date=2019-07-11
 }}</ref> In Cumbria, County Durham, Yorkshire and Lancashire, it is colloquially known as 'Spanish', supposedly because Spanish monks grew liquorice root at [[Rievaulx Abbey]] near [[Thirsk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/918508.where_liquorice_roots_go_deep/|title=Where Liquorice Roots Go Deep|date=13 September 2006 |publisher=Northern Echo|access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref>

In Italy, Spain and France, liquorice is used in its natural form. The root of the plant is simply harvested, washed, dried, and chewed as a mouth freshener. Throughout Italy, unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract. In [[Calabria]], a [[liqueur]] is made from pure liquorice extract and in [[Reggio Emilia]] a [[soft drink]] called acqua d'orcio is made. In some parts of the Arab world, including Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, it is consumed as a cold beverage, especially in Ramadan.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

In southeastern Turkey, such as in [[Diyarbakır]], licorice root is traditionally made into a chilled beverage that is most commonly consumed in summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediterranean.observer/lemon-licorice-and-sumac-sherbet-drinks-to-beat-the-summer-heat/ |publisher=Mediterranean Observer |title=Lemon, Licorice and Sumac Sherbet: Drinks to beat the Summer Heat |date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172000/https://mediterranean.observer/lemon-licorice-and-sumac-sherbet-drinks-to-beat-the-summer-heat/ |archive-date= 29 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Research===
{{See also|Glycyrrhizin}}
{{See also|Enoxolone}}

Properties of glycyrrhizin are under preliminary research, such as for [[hepatitis C]] or [[topical]] treatment of [[psoriasis]], but the low quality of studies {{as of|2017|lc=y}} prevents conclusions about efficacy and safety.<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=27786567|year=2017|last1=Yu|first1=J. J|title=Compound glycyrrhizin plus conventional therapy for psoriasis vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion|volume=33|issue=2|pages=279–287|last2=Zhang|first2=C. S|last3=Coyle|first3=M. E|last4=Du|first4=Y|last5=Zhang|first5=A. L|last6=Guo|first6=X|last7=Xue|first7=C. C|last8=Lu|first8=C|doi=10.1080/03007995.2016.1254605|s2cid=4394282}}</ref>

===Traditional medicine===
In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], a related species [[Glycyrrhiza uralensis|''G. uralensis'']] (often translated as "liquorice") is known as {{transliteration|zh|gancao}} ({{zh|c=甘草|l=sweet grass}}), and is believed to "harmonize" the ingredients in a formula.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bensky |first=Dan |title=Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third Edition |publisher=Eastland Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-939616-42-8 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> although there is no high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it is safe or effective for any medicinal purpose. The European Medical Agency added liquorice to their list of herbal medicine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liquiritiae radix |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/liquiritiae-radix#consultation-section |publisher=European Medicines Agency |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>

===Fungicide===
The [[essential oil]]s inhibit the growth of ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]''.<ref name="Mamedov-Egamberdieva-2019">{{cite book | last1=Mamedov | first1=Nazim A. | last2=Egamberdieva | first2=Dilfuza | title=Plant and Human Health, Volume 3 | chapter=Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | publication-place=Cham | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-04407-7 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4_1 | pages=1–21| s2cid=104427400 }}</ref>

==Adverse effects==
===Consumption levels===
The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] regards that foods containing liquorice and its derivatives (including glycyrrhizin) are [[generally recognized as safe]] for use as a [[food ingredient]], if not consumed excessively.<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/><ref name=omar/> Other jurisdictions have suggested no more than {{convert|100|-|200|mg|abbr=in}} of glycyrrhizin per day, the equivalent of about {{convert|70|-|150|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=on}} of liquorice confectionery.<ref name=omar/> Although liquorice is considered safe as a food ingredient, glycyrrhizin can cause serious side effects if consumed in large amounts (above 0.2 mg per kg per day).<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/><ref name=omar/>  One estimate is that a normal healthy person can consume {{convert|10|mg|abbr=in}} of glycyrrhizic acid per day.<ref name="StørmerReistad1993">{{cite journal|last1=Størmer|first1=F.C.|last2=Reistad|first2=R.|last3=Alexander|first3=J.|title=Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice—Evaluation of health hazard|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=31|issue=4|year=1993|pages=303–312|issn=0278-6915|doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90080-I|pmid=8386690}}</ref>

Because the composition of liquorice extracts in various products may exist in a broad range, there is not enough scientific information to determine that a specific level of intake is safe or unsafe.<ref name=nih/><ref name=drugs/>

===Physiological effects===
The effects of excessive liquorice consumption on [[hypokalemia|lowering potassium levels in the blood]] and increasing [[blood pressure]] are a particular concern for people with hypertension (high blood pressure) or heart or kidney disease.<ref name=nih/>

Some adverse effects of liquorice consumed in amounts of 50 to 200 g per day over four weeks appear to be caused by [[glycyrrhizic acid]] (75 to 540 mg per day glycyrrhetinic acid) causing increases in blood pressure.<ref name=drugs/> Consuming large amounts of liquorice during pregnancy has been associated with [[Preterm birth|premature birth]] and health problems in the child.<ref name=drugs/> 

Hyper-[[Mineralocorticoid|mineralocorticosteroid]] syndrome can occur when the body retains sodium, and loses potassium, altering biochemical and hormonal regulation.<ref name=omar/> Some of these activities may include raised [[aldosterone]] levels, decline of the [[renin-angiotensin system]] and increased levels of the [[atrial natriuretic hormone]] in order to compensate the variations in homoeostasis.<ref name=omar/><ref name="MackenzieHoefnagels1990">{{cite journal|last1=Mackenzie|first1=Marius A.|last2=Hoefnagels|first2=Willibrord H. L.|last3=Jansen|first3=Renè W. M. M.|last4=Benraad|first4=Theo J.|last5=Kloppenborg|first5=Peter W. C.|title=The Influence of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Plasma Cortisol and Cortisone in Healthy Young Volunteers|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=70|issue=6|year=1990|pages=1637–1643|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-70-6-1637|pmid=2161425|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Other adverse effects may include [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[edema]], increased [[blood pressure]], weight gain, heart problems, and weakness. Symptoms depend on the severity of toxicity. Some other complaints include fatigue, [[shortness of breath]], [[kidney failure]], and paralysis.<ref name="BlachleyKnochel1980">{{cite journal|last1=Blachley|first1=Jon D.|last2=Knochel|first2=James P.|title=Tobacco Chewer's Hypokalemia: Licorice Revisited|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=302|issue=14|year=1980|pages=784–785|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198004033021405|pmid=6986557}}</ref><ref name="Toner1985">{{cite journal| pmid= 4059165| last1= Toner | first1= J. M.| last2=  Ramsey | first2= L. E. | year =1985| title =Liquorice can damage your health| journal=  Practitioner| volume= 229| issue =1408| pages= 858–860}}</ref>

===Potential for toxicity===
The major dose-limiting toxicities of liquorice are [[corticosteroid]] in nature, because of the inhibitory effect that its chief active constituents, glycyrrhizin and [[enoxolone]], have on [[cortisol]] degradation, and include [[edema]], [[hypokalaemia]], weight gain or loss, and [[hypertension]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name="omar">{{cite journal |vauthors=Omar HR, Komarova I, El-Ghonemi M, Fathy A, Rashad R, Abdelmalak HD, Yerramadha MR, Ali Y, Helal E, Camporesi EM |title=Licorice abuse: time to send a warning message |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=125–38 |date=August 2012 |pmid=23185686 |pmc=3498851 |doi=10.1177/2042018812454322}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olukoga |first1=A |first2=D |last2=Donaldson  |title=Liquorice and its health implications. |journal=The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health |date=June 2000 |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=83–9 |doi=10.1177/146642400012000203 |pmid=10944880|s2cid=39005138 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armanini |first1=D |first2=C |last2=Fiore |first3=MJ |last3=Mattarello |first4=J |last4=Bielenberg |last5=Palermo |first5=M |title=History of the endocrine effects of licorice. |journal=Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes |date=September 2002 |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=257–61 |doi=10.1055/s-2002-34587 |pmid=12373628}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Réglisse(racine).JPG|Liquorice root with bark
File:Glycyrrhiza glabra inflorescence.jpg|Inflorescence of ''G. glabra''
File:2013.02-402-022aP Liquorice products tue05feb2013.jpg|Various liquorice products
File:Liquorice4.jpg|Different flavoured liquorice sticks
File:Gardenology.org-IMG 2804 rbgs11jan.jpg|Foliage
File:Glycyrrhiza glabra - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-207.jpg|''G. glabra'' from Koehler's ''Medicinal-Plants''
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Glycyrrhiza glabra|Liquorice}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Liquorice |volume=16 |short=x}}
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:496941-1 ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (licorice)], Kew plant profile
* [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8032licorice.html What's That Stuff?: Licorice], ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]''

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q257106}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Liquorice| ]]
[[Category:11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Glycyrrhiza]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Demulcents]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]