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{{short description|Arabian tribe}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}


'''Zahran Tribe''' ({{lang-ar|زهران}}) is one of the Arabian tribes in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It is regarded to be one of the largest tribes in the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]]. Most members of the Zahran tribe are farmers. Therefore it is not considered a Bedouin tribe. Its members live in modern day Saudi Arabia.
'''Zahran''' ({{lang-ar| زهران}}), also known as '''Banū ʿZahrān ibn Kaʿab''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/491/225 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=al-maktaba.org}}</ref> is one of the oldest Arabian tribes in the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name=":1" /> It is regarded as one of the largest tribes in [[Al Bahah Province]], known as 'the Garden of Hejaz' and 'the region of 1001 towers' due to its natural beauty and numerous traditional stone towers dotted throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Things to do in Al Bahah - Places to Visit in Al Bahah - Welcome Saudi |url=https://welcomesaudi.com/destination/al-baha |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=welcomesaudi.com |language=en}}</ref>


{{Infobox tribe
The Zahran tribe is found throughout the Middle East. It is held by individuals in Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Palestinian territories, and spans the entire globe. In addition, such individuals span many faiths. The name is derived during the Byzantine era from the Arabic word for ''flower''.
| name = Zahran
| local name = زهران
| type = [[Arabian tribe]]
| image = Flag of zahran tribe 2.jpg
| descended = Zahran ibn Kaʿab ibn Al-Harith
| location = [[Al Baha]], [[Hejaz Mountains]], [[Saudi Arabia]] (origin)
| religion = Pre 630 AD ([[Polytheism]])<br>Post 630 AD ([[Islam]])
| nisba = Zahranī
| parent_tribe = Azd Shanū’ah, [[Azd]]
| caption = Emblem of the Royal Zahranid Family of Oman ([[House of Al Said]])
| surnames = Al Zahrani
*[[Banu Daws|Al Dawsi]]
*Al Haddani
*Al Aamri
*Al Jaafari
*Al Jadari
*[[Shihuh|Al Shehhi]]
}}


[[Al Baha]] is the homeland of Zahran and Ghamid.<ref name=az>Kathy Cuddihy, ''An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi'', pg. 6. [[London]]: [[Stacey International]], 2001. ISBN 9781900988407</ref> Large numbers however, currently live in western [[Saudi Arabia]] (mainly in [[Mecca]], [[Jeddah]]), [[Riyadh]] and Dammam due to large migration from villages and small cities during the 1960s and '70s in search of a better life.
[[Al Baha]] is the homeland of Zahran and Ghamid.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ6inTiMbMC&pg=PA6|title=An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi|last=Cuddihy|first=Kathy|date=2001|publisher=Stacey International|isbn=9781900988407|language=en}}</ref> However, many tribes that descend from Zahran and [[Azd]] migrated to Oman and Tanukh (Levant) under leadership of Malik bin Fehm in the [[3rd century]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ص259 - كتاب الأنساب للصحاري - خبر انتقال مالك بن فهم الأزدي وخروجه إلى عمان وحربه الفرس وما كان – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/491/259 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=al-maktaba.org}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> [[Oman]]'s modern royal family, [[House of Busaid|Al Said]], is said to descend from Zahran through Malik ibn Fehm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Seiyyabi |first=Salim |title=إسعاف الأعيان في أنساب أهل عمان |url=http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/490/28.htm}}</ref> Moreover, many currently live in [[Mecca]], [[Jeddah]], [[Riyadh]], and [[Dammam]] due to large migration from villages and small cities during the 1960s and 1970s in search of a better life.

Zahran is a well-known tribe before and after Islam. Many of them left their houses, homes and relatives and joined the prophet Mohammed in [[Medina]]. The Islamic history has acknowledged many of the Zahrani companions such as [[Abu Hurairah]] and [[Tufayl ibn Amr]]. Others are known as Arabic scholars, such as [[Ibn Duraid]] and [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]].<ref name=az/>
Zahran is a well-known tribe before and after Islam. Many of them left their houses, homes, and relatives and joined the Prophet Mohammed in [[Medina]].<ref name=":3" />

==Name==
Zahran ([[Arabic]]: زهران) is the name of the shared common ancestor of Zahran. Etymological sources indicate that it is of Arabic Semitic origin, meaning "bright" and "pure".<ref>{{Cite web|title=معنى إسم زهران في قاموس معاني الأسماء صفحة 1 |url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/name/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.almaany.com}}</ref>

==Lineage==
Al-Zahrani is a [[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]] to

'''Zahran''' ibn Ka’ab ibn Al-Harith ibn Ka’ab ibn Abdullah Ibn Mālik ibn '''Nasr''' ibn '''Al-Azd''', an [[Azd]]ite offshoot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الجزري |first=ابن الأثير |title=الباب في تهذيب الأنساب |pages=ج 2، صفحة 82 |language=Arabic}}</ref>

==Islamic Prophecy==
There are Islamic prophecies with regards to 'End-Times' that have quoted the tribe; like the following by Abu Hurairah:<blockquote>Abu Hurairah said, “I heard the Prophet say, The Hour will not come until the buttocks of the women of Daws move (quiver) while going around Dhu l-Khalasah”. Dhu l-Khalasah was an idol worshiped by the tribe of Daws and neighboring clans during the [[Jahiliyyah]]. (Hadith from Bukhari.) And Dhu l-Khalasah is named after Khalasah: a valley in Zahran’s homeland, specifically in [[Banu Daws|Daws]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MYMAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%22+%D8%B0%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A9%22 |title=الفيصل |date=1986 |publisher=المملكة العربية السعودية، دار الفيصل الثقافية]، |pages=102 |language=ar}}</ref> one of the biggest clans in Zahran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/918/1/uk_bl_ethos_256910.pdf|title=May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online}}</ref> </blockquote>

===Recent history===
The author of ''Kitab Akhbar Makka Lil’Azraqi'' (Azraqi's Revisioned Book of Reports about Mecca), mentions that the local clans in the region used to re-honor Dhu l-Khalasah in the early 20th century and slay tributes to it. The prominent Saudi geographic researcher: [[Rushdi Saleh Malhas]], dedicated a section under the title "Security Crisis and Return to Dhu l-Khalasah" to comment on the issue of "Dhu l-Khalasah":<blockquote> "When the security cord in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] was diminished in recent times and its residents lacked comfort and tranquility, and poverty and destitution prevailed in the land, souls felt the desire for asceticism and faith, and the need for a refuge to which they dread, so local clans returned to their first [[Jahiliyyah]], by re-honoring Dhu l-Khalasah, clinging to heresies and superstitions." </blockquote>

During the emergence of the [[Third Saudi State|third/modern Saudi state]] between 1341- 1344 ''Hijri'' / 1921 – 1925 ''AD,'' Dhu l-Khalasah was destroyed by order of [[Ibn Saud|king Abdulaziz]], otherwise known as [[Ibn Saud]]. The order was carried in [[delegation]] by [[Abdulaziz Al Ibrahim]], who led a campaign that demolished most of the image cult and threw its ruins into a nearby valley. One of those who engaged in the campaign emphasized that the structure of [[Dhul Khalasa|Dhul-Khalasa]] was immensely strong, stating that the force of dozens of men was required to move a single stone and that its durability indicates considerate tactful building skills.<ref>أخبار مكّة، ج 1، ص 381</ref>

==Pre-Islamic History==
===Oman's first Arabian Settlements===
Zahran's pre-Islamic history is popularly linked to '''Malik ibn Fehm''', who was one of the first Arabians to settle in Oman.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Caskel |first=Werner |title=Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1966 |page= |pages=40-45}}</ref> This eventually led to conflict between Malik ibn Fehm's Azdite men and the Persians, who claimed Oman's territory, with the latter succumbing in the great Salut Battle (recorded by al-Awtabi), carving the path for the Arabization of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Cultural Landscape of Bisya & Salut and its Archaeological Remains - Criterion (vi) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5939/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> While not much is known about Malik ibn Fehm, his extensive presence in pre-Islamic Arabian poetry and literature denote that Arabians gained great fame from his raids and wars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn al-Kalbi |first=Hisham |title=Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1966 |pages=40-41 |quote=It is not clear what prompted this and where he obtained it. The Arabs gained great fame from Malik's raids and wars, which is noted in the accounts of his battles with Amr b. Luhay, Zarih, and Zabba (Tab. 766 f., 757 ff. and the above-mentioned places). It is impossible to determine the exact historical core, but the presence of Malik and Amr in the accounts of their wars shows the extent of their influence.}}</ref>
===Founding of the Tanukh Confederation===
Malik ibn Fehm went on later to establish the saracen tribal confederation [[Tanukhids|Tanukh]] (Βασιλεὺς Θανουηνῶν) centered initially in the ancient city of [[Al-Hira]].
[[File:Kamal-ud-din Bihzad - Construction of the fort of Kharnaq.jpg|thumb|260 px|Minature depicting Al-Hira]]
The ancient Tanukh tribal confederation was largely taken over by several branches of the large [[Azd]] and [[Quda'a]] tribes. Although Malik ibn Fehm is of dubious historic authenticity,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rothstein |title=Die Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-Hira, ein Versuch zur arabisch-persichen Geschichte zur Zeit der Sasaniden |year=1899 |pages=40-41}}</ref> archaeological and epigraphic evidence confirms the existence of his son, [[Jadhima|Jadhima ibn Malik ibn Fehm]].<ref name=":4 p42">{{cite book |last=Caskel |first=Werner |title=Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1966 |page= |pages=42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rihan |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=WHb3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period |date=2014-06-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-405-2 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> Nicknamed 'the Leper' due to his leprosy,{{sfn|Shahîd|1985|p=377}} a skin disease that causes insensitivity to pain,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Worobec SM | title = Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 518–537 | date = 2008 | pmid = 19889136 | doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x | s2cid = 42203681 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Jadhima later became the king of Tanukh in the second half of the [[3rd century|3rd century CE]].{{sfn|Shahîd|1985|p=371, 454}}

==Branches==

*'''Banu Daws''' comprises three divisions: Banu Manhib, Banu Fahm and Banu Ali.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Near East/South Asia Report|date=1983|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|pages=17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/918/1/uk_bl_ethos_256910.pdf|title=May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online}}</ref>
*'''Banu 'Amr''' includes four divisions: Banu Bashir, Banu Harir, Banu Jundob, and Banu 'Adwan (Banu 'Adwan occupied [[Adwan, Syria|Adwan village]] in Syria and gave the village its name).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/acrossjordanbein00schu|title=Across the Jordan; being an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan;|last1=Schumacher|first1=Gottlieb|last2=Oliphant|first2=Laurence|last3=Le Strange|first3=G. (Guy)|date=1889|publisher=London, Watt|others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}</ref>
*'''Banu Aws''' includes five divisions: Banu Hasan, Bal-Khirmar, Banu Kinanah (not to be confused with [[Banu Kinanah]]), Banu 'Amir (not to be confused with [[Banu 'Amir]]) and Ahl Baydan.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani.jpg|thumb|260 px|First recorded Saudi Arabian license, 1924, featuring Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani]]
[[File:Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani Portrait.jpg|thumb|260 px|Portrait of Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani]]


==Zahrani Arabic dialect==
==Zahrani Arabic dialect==
It is claimed by some Arab authors that the dialect of Belad [[Ghamid]] and Zahran (now known as [[Al Baha]] province in Saudi Arabia) is nearest to classical Arabic. Ahmed Abdul Ghafur Attar founder of [[Okaz]] newspaper, has said in an article that the language of the Hejaz (Arabic لهجات الحجاز), especially that which is spoken in Belad Ghamdi and Zahran is close to the Classical Language.
Zahrani Arabic dialect is closely related to [[Modern Standard Arabic|standard Arabic language]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Alzahrani|first=Halimah|title=Phonological Description of Zahrani Dialect|url=https://www.academia.edu/7048772|language=en|pages=2}}</ref> Ahmed Abdul Ghafur Attar, a Saudi poet and [[Linguistics|linguist]], said in an article that the language of the [[Hejaz]], especially that which is spoken in Belad Ghamdi and Zahran, is close to the Classical Language.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/918|title=A study of the Arabic dialects of the Ghamid and Zahran region of Saudi Arabia based on original field recording and an examination of the relationship to the neighboring regions|last=Nadwi|first=Abdullah Abbas|year=1968 |pages=1|publisher=University of Leeds |type=phd }}</ref>


Faisal Ghori (Arabic فيصل غوري), a famous scholar of Arabic Literature in his book ''Qabayil Al- Hejaz'' (Arabic قبائل الحجاز) wrote: we can say is that there are some tribes in Arabia whose language today much closer to the classical Arabic language. The tribes of Belad Ghamid and Zahran are a good example of this.
Faisal Ghori (Arabic: فيصل غوري), a famous scholar of Arabic literature, in his book ''Qabayil Al- Hejaz'' (Hejazi tribes) wrote: "We can say is that there are some tribes in Arabia whose language today much closer to the classical Arabic language. The tribes of Belad Ghamid and Zahran are a good example of this."<ref name=":0" />


==Zahrani tribal governance==
==Zahrani tribal governance==
"Nearly 750,000 members of the Zahran tribe in Al Baha, one of the leading tribes in the kingdom, enthusiastically cast their ballots to elect their chief. It was the first-ever election to choose a [[tribal chief]] in the predominantly Saudi tribal society. Saudi Arabia held elections for municipal councils two years ago as part of its democratic reforms. Speaking to [[Gulf News]], [[Prince Mohammad Bin Saud Bin Abdul Aziz]], governor of Al Baha, said: "It is fabulous that even tribal people have joined in the new stream by choosing their chieftain in a democratic way." [[Mohammad Bin Yahya Al Zahrani]] won the election, defeating his lone rival by a big margin."<ref>[http://www.saudielection.com/en/forum/showthread.php?p=1215 "Saudi tribesmen hold first-ever election."] Saudi Election Website. October 5, 2006.</ref>
Members of the tribe in Al Baha elected their [[tribal chief]] in 2006, the first election of its kind in Saudi Arabia. [[Mohammad Bin Yahya Al Zahrani]] won the election.<ref>[http://www.saudielection.com/en/forum/showthread.php?p=1215 "Saudi tribesmen hold first-ever election."] Saudi Election Website. October 5, 2006. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213500/http://www.saudielection.com/en/forum/showthread.php?p=1215 |date=February 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&pg=PA135|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Dostal|first1=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=2005-07-08|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781850436348|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people ==
*[[Abu Hurairah]], one of the [[sahabah]] (companions) of Muhammad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/abu-hurayra-abdul-hussayn-sharafiddeen-al-musawi/his-name-and-genealogy|title=His Name and Genealogy|website=Al-Islam.org|date=29 September 2012 |language=en|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> <ref name=":5" />
*[[Ibn Duraid]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] poet<ref name=":3" />
*[[Fatimah bint Sa'd|Fatimah bint Sa’ad]], third great grandmother of the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic Prophet]] [[Muhammad]]<ref>{{Cite book |first= |title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad |publisher=Ibn Hisham |edition=1 |location= |pages=181 |language=}}</ref>
*Thawabah ibn Salamah, became the first sovereign emir of [[Cordoba|Córdoba]] after overthrowing the [[Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi|Ummayad governor of Al-Andalus]] during the [[Abbasid Revolution]] ([[745|August, 745 CE]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=فصل: ذكر خلع أبي الخطار أمير الأندلس وإمارة ثوابة{{!}}نداء الإيمان |url=http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20**/%20%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%B9%20%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%20%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%20/i46&d49330&c&p1 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.al-eman.com}}</ref>
*[[Juday al-Kirmani]], became the first [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] after overthrowing the [[Nasr ibn Sayyar|Ummayad governor of Khorasan]] during the [[Abbasid Revolution|Abbasid revolution]] ([[748|748 CE]])<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2022-01-10 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110221141/http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/480/157.htm |title=ص157 - كتاب جمهرة انساب العرب - جديع الكرماني - الموسوعة الشاملة |url=http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/480/157.htm |website=islamport.com}}<!-- auto-translated from Arabic by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> <ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Caskel |first=Werner |title=Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi |year=1966 |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=43 |quote=The poet and bandit Hājiz b. 'Uzaynah, 600, who in one of his poems mentions that the Zahrān and the Azd of pre-Islamic times possessed 'lions' (amīr al-Ghitrif, 24), thus depicting the prominent lineage of the Zahrān. The only clearly identifiable figure is al-Sanfārī from the Hinw (to which he belongs, though some speculate otherwise), while al-Fahdī, the famous philologist who influenced Arabic, Persian, and Turkish metrics, emerged from 213, 32 from Gūdāyil al-Kirmānī, who stood out during the Umayyad dynasty's battles in Khurasan, supporting the Arab Empire's dominance. Under Sulaim, 214, 32, is also Abu Hurairah, 'the cat man,' a well-known companion of the Prophet, and another notable figure from the Zahrān lineage.}}</ref>

*[[:ar:مالك بن فهم|Malik ibn Fehm]], pre-Islamic king and founder of [[Oman]] and [[Tanukhids|Tanukh]]<ref name="al-maktaba.org">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/491/225 |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217133218/https://al-maktaba.org/book/491/225 |archive-date=2020-12-17 }}</ref>
*[[Āmir Al Jadir]] (translation: Aamir the wall-mason), is said to be the first to reconstruct the walls of the [[Kaaba]] after [[Abraham]] and [[Ishmael]] and is the father of the clan of Banu Āmir<ref>{{Cite book |last=عبدالله |first=عبدالعزيز |title=معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد |isbn=978-9960-34-074-6 |pages=36}}</ref>
*[[Junada ibn Abi Umayya al-Azdi|Junada ibn Abi Umayya]], a [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]-based commander of naval and land forces under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Mu'awiya I]]
*[[:ar:جذيمة الأبرش|Jadhima Al Abrash]], king of [[Tanukhids|Tanukh]] and son of Malik Bin Fehm<ref name="al-maktaba.org"/>
*[[:ar:سليمة بن مالك|Suleimah ibn Malik]], who killed his father, Malik ibn Fehm, then escaped to and ruled [[Kerman province|Kerman]] in [[History of Iran#Classical antiquity|ancient Persia]]<ref name="al-maktaba.org"/>
*[[:ar:جماز بن مالك بن فهم|Jamaz ibn Malik]], pre-Islamic poet and king<ref name="al-maktaba.org"/>
*[[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]], Arabian [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] and [[Philology|philologist]]<ref>{{Cite book |date=2021-02-06 |title=معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد – ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ibn ʻAbd Allāh Zahrānī – كتب Google |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzvYAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A |access-date=2022-07-17 |isbn=9789960340746 }}</ref>
*[[:ar:أحمد بن سعيد البوسعيدي|Ahmed ibn Sa’eed Al Busaidi]], [[Imam]] and founder of the [[House of Al Said|Al Busaid Dynasty]] ([[House of Al Said]])
*Musaddid ibn Msrahid, hadith narrator and imam<ref>{{Cite book |last=مغلطاي |title=إكمال تهذيب الكمال في أسماء |publisher=مغلطاي بن قليج بن عبد الله البكجري المصري الحكري الحنفي |year=2011 |edition=1 علاء الدين |language=Arabic}}</ref>
*[http://www.alriyadh.com/1106565 Bakhroosh ibn A’llaas], [[emir]] of Zahran and [[Emirate of Diriyah|Saudi]] military commander of the West Arabian Brigade during the [[Wahhabi War|Saudi-Ottoman War]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=بخروش بن علاس.. قائد معارك الجنوب|url=http://www.alriyadh.com/1106565|access-date=2020-10-15|website=جريدة الرياض|language=ar}}</ref>



==See also==
==Zahrani tribal weddings==
* [[Azd]]
Modern times are changing the way tribal weddings are viewed and performed. "On women’s customs, Najma Al-Zahrani said, “The elder women in the bride’s family received members of the groom’s family and this was market by [[ululation]], drum beats and recitation of welcoming poems. The food served at weddings was called "hospitality dishes" and consisted of traditional confectioneries, meals, coffee, dates and pastries,” Najma said, while adding that although many women wear extravagant and often-revealing clothes to weddings (women-only parties) these days, many tribal women still prefer to wear traditional clothes that are adorned with silver ornaments. Another major difference that many people spoke about is the value of [[dowry]] given to the bride. In the past, anything from SR5,000 to SR10,000 was acceptable. These days, dowries range from SR35,000 to SR100,000, which puts a huge burden on the groom and his family as they are also responsible for covering the costs of renting marriage halls and paying for all related expenses. “We used to give a few thousand [[Saudi riyal|riyals]] to the bride, slaughter a few goats and everyone went home happy. These days, girls aren’t happy when they receive tens of thousands of riyals, not to mentions the dozens of goats and camels that are sacrificed to feed guests on the day of the wedding. Guests are even served fruits and sweets, something that was rare during my day,” added Najma."<ref>[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20120714129924 "Marriage in Al-Baha: Past and present."] Saudi Gazette. Saturday, 14 July 2012 - 24 Shaban 1433 H.</ref>
* [[House of Busaid]]
* [[Ya'rubids|House of Ya'rub]]
* [[Tanukhids]]
* [[Abu Hurairah]]
* [[Ghamd|Ghamid]]
* [[Hejaz]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 09:53, 26 May 2024

Zahran (Template:Lang-ar), also known as Banū ʿZahrān ibn Kaʿab,[1] is one of the oldest Arabian tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.[2] It is regarded as one of the largest tribes in Al Bahah Province, known as 'the Garden of Hejaz' and 'the region of 1001 towers' due to its natural beauty and numerous traditional stone towers dotted throughout the region.[3]

Zahran
زهران
Arabian tribe
Emblem of the Royal Zahranid Family of Oman (House of Al Said)
NisbaZahranī
LocationAl Baha, Hejaz Mountains, Saudi Arabia (origin)
Descended fromZahran ibn Kaʿab ibn Al-Harith
Parent tribeAzd Shanū’ah, Azd
ReligionPre 630 AD (Polytheism)
Post 630 AD (Islam)
SurnamesAl Zahrani

Al Baha is the homeland of Zahran and Ghamid.[4] However, many tribes that descend from Zahran and Azd migrated to Oman and Tanukh (Levant) under leadership of Malik bin Fehm in the 3rd century.[5][6] Oman's modern royal family, Al Said, is said to descend from Zahran through Malik ibn Fehm.[7] Moreover, many currently live in Mecca, Jeddah, Riyadh, and Dammam due to large migration from villages and small cities during the 1960s and 1970s in search of a better life.

Zahran is a well-known tribe before and after Islam. Many of them left their houses, homes, and relatives and joined the Prophet Mohammed in Medina.[4]

Name

Zahran (Arabic: زهران) is the name of the shared common ancestor of Zahran. Etymological sources indicate that it is of Arabic Semitic origin, meaning "bright" and "pure".[8]

Lineage

Al-Zahrani is a nisba to

Zahran ibn Ka’ab ibn Al-Harith ibn Ka’ab ibn Abdullah Ibn Mālik ibn Nasr ibn Al-Azd, an Azdite offshoot.[9]

Islamic Prophecy

There are Islamic prophecies with regards to 'End-Times' that have quoted the tribe; like the following by Abu Hurairah:

Abu Hurairah said, “I heard the Prophet say, The Hour will not come until the buttocks of the women of Daws move (quiver) while going around Dhu l-Khalasah”. Dhu l-Khalasah was an idol worshiped by the tribe of Daws and neighboring clans during the Jahiliyyah. (Hadith from Bukhari.) And Dhu l-Khalasah is named after Khalasah: a valley in Zahran’s homeland, specifically in Daws,[10] one of the biggest clans in Zahran.[11]

Recent history

The author of Kitab Akhbar Makka Lil’Azraqi (Azraqi's Revisioned Book of Reports about Mecca), mentions that the local clans in the region used to re-honor Dhu l-Khalasah in the early 20th century and slay tributes to it. The prominent Saudi geographic researcher: Rushdi Saleh Malhas, dedicated a section under the title "Security Crisis and Return to Dhu l-Khalasah" to comment on the issue of "Dhu l-Khalasah":

"When the security cord in the Arabian Peninsula was diminished in recent times and its residents lacked comfort and tranquility, and poverty and destitution prevailed in the land, souls felt the desire for asceticism and faith, and the need for a refuge to which they dread, so local clans returned to their first Jahiliyyah, by re-honoring Dhu l-Khalasah, clinging to heresies and superstitions."

During the emergence of the third/modern Saudi state between 1341- 1344 Hijri / 1921 – 1925 AD, Dhu l-Khalasah was destroyed by order of king Abdulaziz, otherwise known as Ibn Saud. The order was carried in delegation by Abdulaziz Al Ibrahim, who led a campaign that demolished most of the image cult and threw its ruins into a nearby valley. One of those who engaged in the campaign emphasized that the structure of Dhul-Khalasa was immensely strong, stating that the force of dozens of men was required to move a single stone and that its durability indicates considerate tactful building skills.[12]

Pre-Islamic History

Oman's first Arabian Settlements

Zahran's pre-Islamic history is popularly linked to Malik ibn Fehm, who was one of the first Arabians to settle in Oman.[6] This eventually led to conflict between Malik ibn Fehm's Azdite men and the Persians, who claimed Oman's territory, with the latter succumbing in the great Salut Battle (recorded by al-Awtabi), carving the path for the Arabization of Oman.[13] While not much is known about Malik ibn Fehm, his extensive presence in pre-Islamic Arabian poetry and literature denote that Arabians gained great fame from his raids and wars.[14]

Founding of the Tanukh Confederation

Malik ibn Fehm went on later to establish the saracen tribal confederation Tanukh (Βασιλεὺς Θανουηνῶν) centered initially in the ancient city of Al-Hira.

Minature depicting Al-Hira

The ancient Tanukh tribal confederation was largely taken over by several branches of the large Azd and Quda'a tribes. Although Malik ibn Fehm is of dubious historic authenticity,[15] archaeological and epigraphic evidence confirms the existence of his son, Jadhima ibn Malik ibn Fehm.[16][17] Nicknamed 'the Leper' due to his leprosy,[18] a skin disease that causes insensitivity to pain,[19] Jadhima later became the king of Tanukh in the second half of the 3rd century CE.[20]

Branches

  • Banu Daws comprises three divisions: Banu Manhib, Banu Fahm and Banu Ali.[21][22]
  • Banu 'Amr includes four divisions: Banu Bashir, Banu Harir, Banu Jundob, and Banu 'Adwan (Banu 'Adwan occupied Adwan village in Syria and gave the village its name).[21][23]
  • Banu Aws includes five divisions: Banu Hasan, Bal-Khirmar, Banu Kinanah (not to be confused with Banu Kinanah), Banu 'Amir (not to be confused with Banu 'Amir) and Ahl Baydan.[21]
First recorded Saudi Arabian license, 1924, featuring Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani
Portrait of Yahya ibn Ibrahim Al Zahrani

Zahrani Arabic dialect

Zahrani Arabic dialect is closely related to standard Arabic language.[2] Ahmed Abdul Ghafur Attar, a Saudi poet and linguist, said in an article that the language of the Hejaz, especially that which is spoken in Belad Ghamdi and Zahran, is close to the Classical Language.[24]

Faisal Ghori (Arabic: فيصل غوري), a famous scholar of Arabic literature, in his book Qabayil Al- Hejaz (Hejazi tribes) wrote: "We can say is that there are some tribes in Arabia whose language today much closer to the classical Arabic language. The tribes of Belad Ghamid and Zahran are a good example of this."[24]

Zahrani tribal governance

Members of the tribe in Al Baha elected their tribal chief in 2006, the first election of its kind in Saudi Arabia. Mohammad Bin Yahya Al Zahrani won the election.[25][26]

Notable people


See also

References

  1. ^ "ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  2. ^ a b Alzahrani, Halimah. "Phonological Description of Zahrani Dialect". p. 2.
  3. ^ "Things to do in Al Bahah - Places to Visit in Al Bahah - Welcome Saudi". welcomesaudi.com. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  4. ^ a b c Cuddihy, Kathy (2001). An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi. Stacey International. ISBN 9781900988407.
  5. ^ "ص259 - كتاب الأنساب للصحاري - خبر انتقال مالك بن فهم الأزدي وخروجه إلى عمان وحربه الفرس وما كان – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  6. ^ a b Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. pp. 40–45.
  7. ^ Al Seiyyabi, Salim. "إسعاف الأعيان في أنساب أهل عمان".
  8. ^ "معنى إسم زهران في قاموس معاني الأسماء صفحة 1". www.almaany.com. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  9. ^ الجزري, ابن الأثير. الباب في تهذيب الأنساب (in Arabic). pp. ج 2، صفحة 82.
  10. ^ الفيصل (in Arabic). المملكة العربية السعودية، دار الفيصل الثقافية]،. 1986. p. 102.
  11. ^ "May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online" (PDF).
  12. ^ أخبار مكّة، ج 1، ص 381
  13. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Cultural Landscape of Bisya & Salut and its Archaeological Remains - Criterion (vi)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  14. ^ Ibn al-Kalbi, Hisham (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. pp. 40–41. It is not clear what prompted this and where he obtained it. The Arabs gained great fame from Malik's raids and wars, which is noted in the accounts of his battles with Amr b. Luhay, Zarih, and Zabba (Tab. 766 f., 757 ff. and the above-mentioned places). It is impossible to determine the exact historical core, but the presence of Malik and Amr in the accounts of their wars shows the extent of their influence.
  15. ^ Rothstein (1899). Die Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-Hira, ein Versuch zur arabisch-persichen Geschichte zur Zeit der Sasaniden. pp. 40–41.
  16. ^ Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. p. 42.
  17. ^ Rihan, Mohammad (2014-06-04). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-85772-405-2.
  18. ^ Shahîd 1985, p. 377.
  19. ^ Worobec SM (2008). "Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century". Dermatologic Therapy. 22 (6): 518–537. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x. PMID 19889136. S2CID 42203681.
  20. ^ Shahîd 1985, p. 371, 454.
  21. ^ a b c Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 17.
  22. ^ "May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online" (PDF).
  23. ^ Schumacher, Gottlieb; Oliphant, Laurence; Le Strange, G. (Guy) (1889). Across the Jordan; being an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Watt.
  24. ^ a b Nadwi, Abdullah Abbas (1968). A study of the Arabic dialects of the Ghamid and Zahran region of Saudi Arabia based on original field recording and an examination of the relationship to the neighboring regions (phd). University of Leeds. p. 1.
  25. ^ "Saudi tribesmen hold first-ever election." Saudi Election Website. October 5, 2006. Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Dostal, Walter; Kraus, Wolfgang (2005-07-08). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850436348.
  27. ^ "His Name and Genealogy". Al-Islam.org. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  28. ^ a b Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. p. 43. The poet and bandit Hājiz b. 'Uzaynah, 600, who in one of his poems mentions that the Zahrān and the Azd of pre-Islamic times possessed 'lions' (amīr al-Ghitrif, 24), thus depicting the prominent lineage of the Zahrān. The only clearly identifiable figure is al-Sanfārī from the Hinw (to which he belongs, though some speculate otherwise), while al-Fahdī, the famous philologist who influenced Arabic, Persian, and Turkish metrics, emerged from 213, 32 from Gūdāyil al-Kirmānī, who stood out during the Umayyad dynasty's battles in Khurasan, supporting the Arab Empire's dominance. Under Sulaim, 214, 32, is also Abu Hurairah, 'the cat man,' a well-known companion of the Prophet, and another notable figure from the Zahrān lineage.
  29. ^ The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (1 ed.). Ibn Hisham. p. 181.
  30. ^ "فصل: ذكر خلع أبي الخطار أمير الأندلس وإمارة ثوابة|نداء الإيمان". www.al-eman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  31. ^ "ص157 - كتاب جمهرة انساب العرب - جديع الكرماني - الموسوعة الشاملة". islamport.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  32. ^ a b c d "ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2020-12-17. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  33. ^ عبدالله, عبدالعزيز. معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد. p. 36. ISBN 978-9960-34-074-6.
  34. ^ معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد – ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ibn ʻAbd Allāh Zahrānī – كتب Google. 2021-02-06. ISBN 9789960340746. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  35. ^ مغلطاي (2011). إكمال تهذيب الكمال في أسماء (in Arabic) (1 علاء الدين ed.). مغلطاي بن قليج بن عبد الله البكجري المصري الحكري الحنفي.
  36. ^ "بخروش بن علاس.. قائد معارك الجنوب". جريدة الرياض (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-10-15.
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