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Coordinates: 51°15′58″N 0°12′22″E / 51.266°N 0.206°E / 51.266; 0.206
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===Knole since 1700===
===Knole since 1700===
[[Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset|Lionel Sackville]] was a key supporter of the [[Hanoverian Succession]] and was rewarded by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] with the Garter in 1714 and the dukedom of Dorset in 1720. In 1730, [[Sir Robert Walpole]] appointed him [[lord lieutenant of Ireland]]. Much later, in 1757, he was attacked in Knole Park by a mob protesting against the [[Militia Bill]]. However, he was saved by the arrival of a small cavalry force and died peacefully in Knole House in 1765.<ref>Burns (2008)</ref>
[[Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset|Lionel Sackville]] was a key supporter of the [[Hanoverian Succession]] and was rewarded by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] with the Garter in 1714 and the dukedom of Dorset in 1720. In 1730, [[Sir Robert Walpole]] appointed him [[lord lieutenant of Ireland]]. Much later, in 1757, he was attacked in Knole Park by a mob protesting against the [[Militia Bill]]. However, he was saved by the arrival of a small cavalry force and died peacefully in Knole House in 1765.<ref>Burns (2008)</ref>

It passed down to [[John Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset|the 3rd Earl]], whose only son died in 1815 at 21, and was then left by the 3rd Earl's widow in 1825 to their daughter Mary, Countess of Plymouth. She died childless in 1864, leaving it to her sister [[Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr|Countess De La Warr]] and her heirs male.


[[File:Knole - Green Court from English Homes by H Avray Tipping (died 1933) edited.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Green Court at Knole]]
[[File:Knole - Green Court from English Homes by H Avray Tipping (died 1933) edited.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Green Court at Knole]]

Revision as of 20:22, 3 April 2018

Knole House
Knole House in 2009
TypeEnglish country house
LocationTQ53955420
AreaKent
BuiltMostly 1455–1608
Architectvarious
Architectural style(s)Jacobean architecture with other earlier and later styles
OwnerNational Trust
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameKnole
Designated1 May 1986
Reference no.1000183
Knole is located in Kent
Knole
Location of Knole House in Kent

Knole House /noʊl.haʊs/ NT is an English country house in the civil parish of Sevenoaks in west Kent. Sevenoaks consists of the town itself and Knole Park, a 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) park, within which the house is situated. Knole is one of England's largest houses. According to Vita Sackville-West, who grew up there, there is a legend that it is a calendar house: 'its seven courtyards correspond to the days of the week, its fifty-two staircases to the weeks of the year, its three hundred and sixty-five rooms to the days of the year, but 'I do not know that anyone has ever troubled to verify it.'[1] The meticulous planning of a calendar house, certainly does not fit well with the organic growth and reconstruction of the house over more than 500 years.

The current house dates back to the 1440s, with major additions in the 16th and, particularly, the early 17th centuries. Its grade I listing reflects its mix of late-medieval to Stuart structures, and particularly its central façade and state rooms. The house itself apparently ranks in the top five of England's largest houses, under any measure used, occupying a total of four acres.[2] The surrounding deer park has also survived with varying degrees of management in the 400 years since 1600.[3] However, its formerly dense woodland has not fully recovered from the loss of more than 70% of its trees in the Great Storm of 1987.[4]

History

Knole in 1880.

Archbishop Bourchier's House

Knole is first mentioned in 1364, as an estate belonging to, and at the south end of, the manor of Otford, which had been owned by the see of Canterbury since at least the 9th century. By 1419, the estate spread over 800 acres and, by 1429, 1500 acres.[5] A later house on the site belonged to James Fiennes, first Lord Say(e) and Sele. His ruthless exploitation of his powerful position in Kent was a motivating factor in the Jack Cade Rebellion in 1450; Fiennes was executed on the authority of a hastily-assembled commission initiated by Henry VI in response to the arrival of Cade's rebels in London.[6] James Fiennes' heir, William, second baron Saye and Sele, sold the property in 1456 to Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Bourchier probably began building work by making substantial renovations of the existing house. Between 1456 and 1486, Bourchier and his bailiff for the Otford bailiwick, John Grymesdyche, oversaw substantial building work on the current house.[7] The remodelled house must have been suitable for the archbishop by 1459, when he first stayed there, but he based himself there increasingly in his later years, particularly after 1480, when, at the age of about 69, he appointed a suffragan.[8]

In subsequent years, Knole House continued to be enlarged, with the addition of a large courtyard, now known as Green Court, and a new entrance tower. These were long thought to be the work of one of Bourchier's successors, but the detailed study by Alden Gregory suggests that Bourchier was responsible. He took advantage of the political stability that followed the restoration of Edward IV in 1471 to invest further in his property[9]

In 2014, archaeologists found that the late-medieval wall and roof timbers, and the oak beams beneath floors, particularly near fireplaces, had been scorched and carved with scratched marks. Initial media coverage focused on these being "witch marks" to prevent witches and demons from coming down the chimney.[10] This is one of a series of possible interpretations of such marks, which are now being found increasingly on medieval and renaissance building across England, including at Sissinghurst. However, all interpretations suggest a ritual to ward off fire damage or evil spirits.[11] Since many of these are late-medieval marks, covered up during the early-17th century rebuilding of Knole, it is fanciful to link them to James I's interest in witchcraft, particularly since, after the publication of his book Daemonologie (1597), he later became much more sceptical about the existence of witches.[12]

Knole in the Tudor Period

In 1480, Bourchier gave the house to the See of Canterbury and it was subsequently occupied by four archbishops: John Morton (1487–1500), Henry Deane (1501–1503), William Warham (1504–1532) and finally Thomas Cranmer.[13] Sir Thomas More appeared in revels there at the court of Archbishop Morton, whose cognizance (motto) of Benedictus Deus appears above and to either side of a large late Tudor fireplace here.[14] Henry VII was an occasional visitor, as in early October and midwinter 1490.[15]

Archbishop Bourchier had enclosed the park with a pale to make a deer park and it seems that Henry VIII used to visit Archbishop Warham to hunt deer.[16] After the death of Warham and before the appointment of his successor, Henry found his properties in nearby Otford and Knole useful residences for his daughter Mary, at the time of the protracted divorce from her mother, Catherine of Aragon. She was at Knole from 27 November 1532 – 5 March 1533.[17] In 1538 the house was 'exchanged' with Warham's successor, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer by Henry VIII, along with Otford Palace.[18]

Knole from Kip and Knyff's Britannia Illustrata (1709)

Knole was granted to Edward Seymour, the duke of Somerset, in August 1547, at the start of his nephew Edward VI's reign but, following Somerset's execution in 1549, it reverted to the crown.[19] Mary gave the residence back to her Archbishop of Canterbury, Reginald Pole but, with their deaths in 1558, the house reverted to the crown.

In the early 1560s, Queen Elizabeth I gave Knole to Robert Dudley, but he returned it in 1566. However, he had already granted a lease (1 February 1566) to one Thomas Rolf. Under this the 'manor and mansion-house' of Knole and the park, with the deer, and also Panthurst Park and other lands, were demised to the latter for the term of ninety-nine years at a rent of £200. The landlord was to do all repairs, and reserved the very unusual right (to himself and his heirs and assigns) to occupy the mansion-house as often as he or they chose to do so, but this right did not extend to the gate-house, nor to certain other premises. The tenant was given power to alter or rebuild the mansion-house at his pleasure.[20] Meanwhile, Elizabeth had possibly granted the estate to her cousin Thomas Sackville who, at that time, had the title of Lord Buckhurst.

There was certainly competition at that time for the Knole estate. Mr Rolf died very soon after, and the residue of the lease was bought by a wealthy local lawyer, John Lennard (of Chevening). He had gradually built up a network of properties around Sevenoaks, including the manor of Chevening, and adjoining property in the parishes of Knockholt and Halstead, all just to the north of Sevenoaks.[21] Lennard had already pressurised Rolf to sell the lease before his sudden death but, at the same point, Lord Buckhurst was also competing for the lease. Knole was a significant addition to Lennard's local land-holdings when it was confirmed, around 1570. However, Buckhurst was still able to insist upon some rights on the estate, including the owndership of at least some of the deer in the park.[22] John moved to Knole, but gave his son Sampson, Lord Dacre's son-in-law, a sub-lease.[23] The Knole estate was worth a great deal to Sampson, bringing him in 1599 rents worth £218, 6s and 8d.[24]

One of Sampson Lennard's daughters, Margaret, married Sir Thomas Waller, at one time lieutenant of Dover Castle and the younger son of an important Kent family, with their seat at Groombridge. An unusual term in the marriage covenant stipulated that Margaret and Thomas should live at Knole which is where Margaret gave birth to her son William, probably in 1598.[25] The baptism is recorded in the Sevenoaks parish register for 3 December. In 1613, William inherited his father's baronetcy, becoming Sir William Waller. He later commanded a parliamentary army with some distinction during the Civil War.[26]

Seventeenth-Century Knole and the Sackvilles

Since Dudley had originally granted a 99-year lease, Thomas Sackville could only take it back by buying out the remaining 51 years of the lease for £4000, which he did in 1603. Lennard was happy to sell, not only because of his mounting debts but also because he wished to gain the Dacre title, which he did in 1604 from a commission headed by the lord treasurer, Thomas Sackville. This is unlikely to have been a coincidence.[27] Sackville's descendants, the Earls and Dukes of Dorset and Barons Sackville have lived there ever since.[18]

Thomas Sackville, at that time Lord Buckhurst, had considered a number of other sites to build a house commensurate with his elevated status in court and government. However, he could not overlook the multiple advantages of Knole: a good supply of spring water (rare for a house on a hill), plentiful timber, a deer park and close enough proximity to London.[28] He immediately began a large building programme. This was supposed to have been completed within two years, employing some 200 workmen, but the partially-surviving accounts show that there was continuing, vast expenditure even in 1608–9.[23] Since Sackville had had a distinguished career at court under Elizabeth and then been appointed Lord High Treasurer to James VI and I, he had the resources to undertake such a programme. Perhaps, with his renovations to the state rooms at Knole, Sackville hoped to receive a visit by the King, but this does not seem to have occurred and the lord treasurer himself died during the building work, in April 1608, at the age of about 72.

Thomas Sackville's Jacobean great house, like others such as Hatfield and Audley End, have been called 'monuments to private greed'.[29] Unlike any surviving English great house apart from Haddon, Knole today still looks as it did when Thomas died, having managed 'to remain motionless like this since the early C17, balanced between growth and decay.'[30]

Thomas's son, Robert Sackville, second earl of Dorset, took over the titles and estates, gave a description of his father's work on re-modelling Knole:
late re-edified wth a barne, stable, dovehouse and other edifices, together wth divers Courts, the gardens orchards and wilderness invironed wth a stone wall, well planted wth choise frute, and beawtified wth ponds, and manie other pleasureable delights and devises are situate wthin the Parke of knoll, the charge of new building of the said house and making planting and furnishing of the said ponds yards gardens orchards and wilderness about Seaven yeares past Thirty thosand pounds at the least yet exstant uppon Accounpts. All wch are now in the Earle of dorsetts owne occupacon and are worth to bee sold.[31]

The second earl did not enjoy Knole for long, since he died in January 1609.[32] His two sons, in turn, inherited the title and estates, first Richard Sackville, third earl of Dorset (1589–1624) and then the much more politically-significant Edward Sackville, fourth earl of Dorset (1590-1652).[33]

Knole during the Civil War

Edward, a relatively moderate royalist, was away from Knole in the summer of 1642, when he and his cousin and factotum Sir John Sackville fell under suspicion of stockpiling arms and preparing local men to fight for Charles I during the English Civil War. The rumours reached Parliament and,on Sunday 14 August 1642, Parliament sent three troops of horse under Colonel Edwin Sandys to seize these arms from Knole. Sandys was a member of a Kentish puritan family. The troops waited outside the church until the Sunday service had finished, and local people tried to rescue Sir John, who was in the congregation and whose intercepted letter was notionally the source of information for the cache of arms. However, they quickly judged that the troops were too strong for them, and Sir John was arrested and taken to the Fleet prison.[34]

Sandys' troops then moved to Knole where, according to the earl of Dorset's steward, they caused damage to the value of £186, and 'The Armes they have wholie taken awaie there being five wagenloads of them (sic passim).' [35] In fact, the arms were largely of more interest to antiquarians than to soldiers; they included, for example, thirteen 'old French pistolls wherof four have locks [and] the other nine have none'. Sandys claimed that he had seized 'compleat armes for 500 or 600 men', but this is untrue.[36] Nevertheless, the House of Lords resolved that 'such [arms] as are fit to be made use of for the Service of the Kingdom are to be employed'.[37] In addition, the House was sequestrated.[38] Edward accepted the seizures and damage to Knole as an inevitable part of the Civil War, as he explained in a speech to Charles I and his peers in Oxford, in 1642: 'For my particular, in these wars I have suffered as much as any, my Houses have been searcht, my Armes taken thence, and my sonne and heire committed to prison; yet I shall wave these discourtesies, because I know there was a necessity they should be so.'[39]

Parliament established County Committees to govern the counties under its control. For the first 12 to 18 months of its operation, this was based at Knole, until its obvious disdavantage, being at one end of a very large county, led to its removal first to Aylesford and then to Maidstone.[40] Apart from the Committee, the county treasury was based here, along with a bodyguard of between 75 and 150 men and the so-called 'Household'. To provision its varied occupants, the Committee not only used the Knole estate but also rented fields from local landowners, including, surprisingly, Lady Sackville (Sir John's wife). Some accounts for the period survive. They show, for example, a gift of a few pounds to goodman Skinner for 'looking to Knole Parkgate.' Other expenditure was seen as much more extravagant, including £3091 for the Household, called the 'seraglio' by local enemies. Committee meetings were held in the room now known as Poets' Parlour where, in addition to using the existing furnishings, £153 was spent on sheets, table linen and carpets and £22 on silverware, candlesticks, glasses, jugs and drinking horns. Additional beds were also brought from Kippington, Thomas Farnaby's sequestered house from the other side of Sevenoaks. One indication of the religious issues involved in the War is shown from the expenditure of £1 17s 4d for the 'carpenters and others employed in taking away the rails and levelling the ground in the chapel at Knole'.[41] Nevertheless, the Committee had moved to Aylesford Priory before April 1645.[42]

When Edward Sackville died in 1652, his son Richard inherited not only the earldom, but estates in substantial debt, not least owing to fines imposed by Parliament for his father's role in the Civil War. He practised quiet retrenchment, despite taking part in some public work following the Restoration of Charles II, including membership of the commission for the trial of the regicides. He died at Knole on 27 August 1677.[43] His son, Charles, the sixth earl of Dorset (1643–1706), was an important figure in the late Stuart court but was also a poet and patron who became Charles II's 'unofficial minister of the arts', with the 'poets' parlour' in Knole becoming a venue for literary society to converse.[44] Through his maternal grandfather, Lionel Cranfield, he became heir to the earl of Middlesex's estates and obtained the new creation earl of Middlesex in 1674. In January 1688, his son, Lionel, was born at Knole.

Knole since 1700

Lionel Sackville was a key supporter of the Hanoverian Succession and was rewarded by George I with the Garter in 1714 and the dukedom of Dorset in 1720. In 1730, Sir Robert Walpole appointed him lord lieutenant of Ireland. Much later, in 1757, he was attacked in Knole Park by a mob protesting against the Militia Bill. However, he was saved by the arrival of a small cavalry force and died peacefully in Knole House in 1765.[45]

It passed down to the 3rd Earl, whose only son died in 1815 at 21, and was then left by the 3rd Earl's widow in 1825 to their daughter Mary, Countess of Plymouth. She died childless in 1864, leaving it to her sister Countess De La Warr and her heirs male.

The Green Court at Knole

The Sackville descendants include writer Vita Sackville-West[46] Her Knole and the Sackvilles, published 1922, is regarded as a classic in the literature of English country houses. Even if its rather romantic style is sometimes of dubious historicity. it is based upon full access to the manuscripts and books at that time in the House's collection, though many are now in the Kent County Archives (originally at the Centre for Kentish Studies; hence CKS in some catalogue records, and now at the Kent History and Library Centre) in Maidstone.[47] Her friend and lover Virginia Woolf wrote the novel Orlando, which drew on the history of the house and Sackville-West's ancestors.[48] The Sackville family custom of following the Salic rules of primogeniture prevented Sackville-West from inheriting Knole upon the death of her father Lionel (1867–1930), the 3rd Lord Sackville; her father had bequeathed the estate to his brother Charles (1870–1962).[18]

Art and furnishings

A painting of Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton by Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen, one of the portraits on display at Knole House

The many state rooms open to the public contain a collection of 17th-century royal Stuart furniture, perquisites from the 6th Earl's service as Lord Chamberlain to William III in the royal court. These include three state beds, silver furniture (comprising a pair of torchieres, mirror and dressing table, being rare survivors of this type), outstanding tapestries and textiles, and the Knole Settee. The art collection includes portraits by Van Dyck, Gainsborough, Sir Peter Lely, Sir Godfrey Kneller and Sir Joshua Reynolds (the last being a personal friend of the 3rd Duke), and a copy of the Raphael Cartoons. Reynolds' portraits in the house include a late self-portrait in doctoral robes and depictions of Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and Wang-y-tong, a Chinese page boy who was taken into the Sackville household. There are also survivals from the English Renaissance: an Italianate staircase of great delicacy and the vividly carved overmantel and fireplace in the Great Chamber. The 'Sackville leopards', holding heraldic shields in their paws and forming finials on the balusters of the principal stair (constructed 1605–1608) of the house, are derived from the Sackville coat of arms.[46][18] The chapel-room with its crypt seems to pre-date this period and has contemporary pews.[14]

The organ, in the late medieval private chapel at Knole, is arguably the oldest playable organ in England. The organ has four ranks of oak pipes (Stopped Diapason 8, Principal 4, Twelfth 22/3 and Fifteenth 2) contained in a rectangular ornamented chest with the keyboard at the top. Its date of construction is not known, but an early guidebook refers to a marked date of 1623 (although no such date mark is still apparent) – a date in the 1620s has been suggested. The pitch of the organ is sharp (A460 Hz) and the foot-pumped bellows remain in working order.[49]

Uses

The house is mostly cared for and opened by the National Trust; however, the Trust owns only the house and an adjoining modest park – overall 52 acres (21 ha).[46] More than half the house has been kept by the Sackville-Wests: Lord Sackville, Robert Sackville-West, 7th Baron Sackville or his family trust own the remaining gardens and estate but permit commercialised access and certain charitable and sporting community events.[50]

The National Trust believe the mansion may well have been a calendar house, which had 365 rooms, 52 staircases, 12 entrances and 7 courtyards. While the number of rooms is approximately correct, the number of staircases has been reduced by internal renovations and changes.[50]

Gardens

Knole has a very large walled garden, at 26 acres (11 ha) (30 including the 'footprint' of the house).[46] It has the very unusual – and essentially medieval feature of a smaller walled garden inside the outer one (Hortus Conclusus). It contains many other features from earlier ages which have been taken out of most country-house gardens: various landscapers have been employed to elaborate the design of its large gardens with distinctive features. These features include clair-voies, a patte d'oie, two avenues, and bosquet hedges.[51]

Remainder of the Park

Main article: Knole Park

Overall the house is set in its 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) deer park. This has generally been kept in traditional condition; however, the controlled deer population do not have access to all parts. Due to the rich woodland, Knole Park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[51]

Uses in sport and media

The park hosts the annual Knole Run, a schools cross-country race.

It was the setting for the filming in January 1967 of the Beatles' videos that accompanied the release of "Penny Lane" and "Strawberry Fields Forever". The stone archway through which the four Beatles rode on horses can still be seen on the southeastern side of the Bird House, which itself is on the southeastern side of Knole House. The same visit to Knole Park inspired another Beatles song, "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!," which John Lennon wrote after buying an 1843 poster in a nearby antiques shop that advertised Pablo Fanque's Circus Royal.[52]

Knole House also appears in the 2008 film, The Other Boleyn Girl,[53] along with nearby Penshurst Place and Dover Castle. It has been featured in several other films including Burke and Hare (2010),[54][55] Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows[56] and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[57]

The British Film Institute has a freely-available, family home film from 1961, showing how the park looked at that point.[58] More interesting, and evocative, is a 1950 film made by the Sevenoaks Ciné Society, an amateur group, called Hikers' Haunt.[59]

In January 2012, the National Trust launched an appeal for £2.7M to restore the house.[60]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knole House.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knole Park.

References

  1. ^ Sackville-West 1984, p.47.
  2. ^ https://www.archaeology.org/issues/200-1601/features/3964-the-many-lives-of-an-english-manor-house
  3. ^ Taylor, p.158.
  4. ^ "In pictures: 1987 storm". BBC News. 2007-10-14.
  5. ^ Newman, p.337.
  6. ^ Harvey
  7. ^ DuBoulay, pp.135–139.
  8. ^ Clark
  9. ^ Gregory, pp.72–83.
  10. ^ Kennedy, Maev (2014-11-05). "Witch marks fit for a king beguile archaeologists at Knole". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
  11. ^ Champion, pp.36-41
  12. ^ Wormald
  13. ^ Sackville-West, p.48
  14. ^ a b Brady, pp.1 and 142–148
  15. ^ Rymer, vol. 12. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol12/pp397-434. Hasted, erroneously, believes these references were to Henry VIII's reign: Hasted, vol. 3, 'Sevenoke', footnote 12
  16. ^ Taylor, pp.163–5
  17. ^ The National Archive: PRO, Exchequer, E 101/421/10
  18. ^ a b c d Edward Hasted (1797). "Parishes: Sevenoke". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  19. ^ Barrett Lennard, p.116.
  20. ^ Barrett Lennard, pp.116–117.
  21. ^ Barrett Lennard, pp.10–14.
  22. ^ Barrett Lennard, p.123
  23. ^ a b Zim
  24. ^ Barrett Lennard, p.231.
  25. ^ Town, p.135.
  26. ^ Donnagan
  27. ^ Town, pp.118 and 136–137
  28. ^ Town, chapter 3
  29. ^ Coward & Gaunt, p.149.
  30. ^ Newman, p.339.
  31. ^ Centre for Kentish Studies, U269 T1 Bdl. A., quoted in Town, p.122
  32. ^ Graves
  33. ^ Smith (2008)
  34. ^ Everitt (1966), pp.71, 111. House of Lords Journal for Monday 15th August 1642
  35. ^ Phillips (1918), pp.125–129.
  36. ^ Smith (1989), p.330
  37. ^ House of Lords Journal for Monday 15th August 1642
  38. ^ Everitt (1966), p.120
  39. ^ Early English Books Online, Thomason / 14:E.83[19]
  40. ^ Everitt (1966), p.130.
  41. ^ Everitt(1966), pp.165–7
  42. ^ Everitt (1960), p.117
  43. ^ 'Richard Sackville fifth earl of Dorset (1622–1677), politician,', a short section at the end of Smith (2008)
  44. ^ Love (2008)
  45. ^ Burns (2008)
  46. ^ a b c d Knole House – Grade I architectural and historical listing – Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1336390)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  47. ^ Sackville-West (1922)
  48. ^ Woolf (1928)
  49. ^ Andrew Benson-Wilson, January 2002 in "Thomas Tallis: The Complete Works, Volume 5" at signumrecords.com
  50. ^ a b Knole information at the National Trust
  51. ^ a b Knole (Park and Garden) listing under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1000183)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  52. ^ Turner, Steve (1994). "A Hard Day's Write." New York: HarperCollins.
  53. ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Other Boleyn Girl Film Focus".
  54. ^ Burke and Hare: behind the scenes
  55. ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Burke & Hare Film Focus".
  56. ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Sherlock Holmes: Game of Shadows Film Focus".
  57. ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Pirates of the Caribbean On Stranger Tides Film Focus".
  58. ^ https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-ashlee-family-films-knole-park-sevenoaks-1961-1961-online
  59. ^ https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-hikers-haunt-1950-online
  60. ^ "BBC News – National Trust launches appeal to save Knole House". bbc.co.uk. 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-01-15.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

  • Centre for Kentish Studies, U269 T1 Bdl. A.
  • Early English Books Online, Thomason / 14:E.83[19]. Two speeches spoken at the councell-table at Oxford. The one, by the Right Honourable John Earle of Bristoll, in favour of the continuation of the present warre. The other, by the Right Honourable Edward Earle of Dorset, for a speedy accomodation betwixt His Majestie, and his high court of Parliament. Printed at Oxford by Leonard Lichfield, And now reprinted at LONDON for Iohn Hanson (1642).
  • House of Lords Journal for Monday 15 August 1642 (18 Car 289 vol 5; https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol5/pp288-293#h3-0006).
  • The National Archive: PRO, Exchequer, E 101/421/10.

Secondary Sources

51°15′58″N 0°12′22″E / 51.266°N 0.206°E / 51.266; 0.206

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