Jump to content

Remotely operated underwater vehicle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Remotely operated vehicle)
ROV at work in an underwater oil and gas field. The ROV is using a torque wrench to adjust a valve on a subsea structure.

A remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)[citation needed] or remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is a free-swimming submersible craft used to perform underwater observation, inspection and physical tasks such as valve operations, hydraulic functions and other general tasks within the subsea oil and gas industry, military, scientific and other applications. ROVs can also carry tooling packages for undertaking specific tasks such as pull-in and connection of flexible flowlines and umbilicals, and component replacement.[1] They are often used to visit wrecks at great depths beyond the capacities of submersibles for research purposes, such as the Titanic, amongst others.[2]

Description

[edit]

This meaning is different from remote control vehicles operating on land or in the air because ROVs are designed specifically to function in underwater environments, where conditions such as high pressure, limited visibility, and the effects of buoyancy and water currents pose unique challenges. While land and aerial vehicles use wireless communication for control, ROVs typically rely on a physical connection, such as a tether or umbilical cable, to transmit power, video, and data signals, ensuring reliable operation even at great depths. The tether also provides a stable means of communication, which is crucial in underwater conditions where radio waves are absorbed quickly by water, making wireless signals ineffective for long-range underwater us.[3][4]

ROVs are unoccupied, usually highly maneuverable, and operated by a crew either aboard a vessel/floating platform or on proximate land. They are common in deepwater industries such as offshore hydrocarbon extraction. They are generally, but not necessarily, linked to a host ship by a neutrally buoyant tether or, often when working in rough conditions or in deeper water, a load-carrying umbilical cable is used along with a tether management system (TMS). The TMS is either a garage-like device which contains the ROV during lowering through the splash zone or, on larger work-class ROVs, a separate assembly mounted on top of the ROV. The purpose of the TMS is to lengthen and shorten the tether so the effect of cable drag where there are underwater currents is minimized. The umbilical cable is an armored cable that contains a group of electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video, and data signals between the operator and the TMS. Where used, the TMS then relays the signals and power for the ROV down the tether cable. Once at the ROV, the electric power is distributed between the components of the ROV. However, in high-power applications, most of the electric power drives a high-power electric motor which drives a hydraulic pump. The pump is then used for propulsion and to power equipment such as torque tools and manipulator arms where electric motors would be too difficult to implement subsea. Most ROVs are equipped with at least a video camera and lights. Additional equipment is commonly added to expand the vehicle's capabilities. These may include sonars, magnetometers, a still camera, a manipulator or cutting arm, water samplers, and instruments that measure water clarity, water temperature, water density, sound velocity, light penetration, and temperature.[5]

Terminology

[edit]

In the professional diving and marine contracting industry, the term remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is used.[6][7][8][1]

Classification

[edit]

Submersible ROVs are normally classified into categories based on their size, weight, ability or power. Some common ratings are:

  • Micro - typically Micro-class ROVs are very small in size and weight. Today's Micro-Class ROVs can weigh less than 3 kg. These ROVs are used as an alternative to a diver, specifically in places where a diver might not be able to physically enter such as a sewer, pipeline or small cavity.
  • Mini - typically Mini-Class ROVs weigh in around 15 kg. Mini-Class ROVs are also used as a diver alternative. One person may be able to transport the complete ROV system out with them on a small boat, deploy it and complete the job without outside help. Some Micro and Mini classes are referred to as "eyeball"-class to differentiate them from ROVs that may be able to perform intervention tasks.
  • General - typically less than 5 HP (propulsion); occasionally small three finger manipulators grippers have been installed, such as on the very early RCV 225. These ROVs may be able to carry a sonar unit and are usually used on light survey applications. Typically the maximum working depth is less than 1,000 metres though one has been developed to go as deep as 7,000 m.
  • Inspection Class - these are typically rugged commercial or industrial use observation and data gathering ROVs - typically equipped with live-feed video, still photography, sonar, and other data collection sensors. Inspection Class ROVs can also have manipulator arms for light work and object manipulation.
  • Light Workclass - typically less than 50 hp (propulsion). These ROVs may be able to carry some manipulators. Their chassis may be made from polymers such as polyethylene rather than the conventional stainless steel or aluminium alloys. They typically have a maximum working depth less than 2000 m.
  • Heavy Workclass - typically less than 220 hp (propulsion) with an ability to carry at least two manipulators. They have a working depth up to 3500 m.
  • Trenching & Burial - typically more than 200 hp (propulsion) and not usually greater than 500 hp (while some do exceed that) with an ability to carry a cable laying sled and work at depths up to 6000 m in some cases.

Submersible ROVs may be "free swimming" where they operate neutrally buoyant on a tether from the launch ship or platform, or they may be "garaged" where they operate from a submersible "garage" or "tophat" on a tether attached to the heavy garage that is lowered from the ship or platform. Both techniques have their pros and cons;[clarification needed] however very deep work is normally done with a garage.[9]

History

[edit]
A Royal Navy ROV (Cutlet) first used in the 1950s to retrieve practice torpedoes and mines

In the 1970s and '80s the Royal Navy used "Cutlet", a remotely operated submersible, to recover practice torpedoes and mines. RCA (Noise) maintained the "Cutlet 02" System based at BUTEC ranges, whilst the "03" system was based at the submarine base on the Clyde and was operated and maintained by RN personnel.

The U.S. Navy funded most of the early ROV technology development in the 1960s into what was then named a "Cable-Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle" (CURV). This created the capability to perform deep-sea rescue operation and recover objects from the ocean floor, such as a nuclear bomb lost in the Mediterranean Sea after the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash. Building on this technology base; the offshore oil and gas industry created the work-class ROVs to assist in the development of offshore oil fields. More than a decade after they were first introduced, ROVs became essential in the 1980s when much of the new offshore development exceeded the reach of human divers. During the mid-1980s the marine ROV industry suffered from serious stagnation in technological development caused in part by a drop in the price of oil and a global economic recession. Since then, technological development in the ROV industry has accelerated and today ROVs perform numerous tasks in many fields. Their tasks range from simple inspection of subsea structures, pipelines, and platforms, to connecting pipelines and placing underwater manifolds. They are used extensively both in the initial construction of a sub-sea development and the subsequent repair and maintenance.[10] The oil and gas industry has expanded beyond the use of work class ROVs to mini ROVs, which can be more useful in shallower environments. They are smaller in size, oftentimes allowing for lower costs and faster deployment times.[11]

Submersible ROVs have been used to identify many historic shipwrecks, including the RMS Titanic, the Bismarck, USS Yorktown, the SM U-111, and SS Central America. In some cases, such as the Titanic and the SS Central America, ROVs have been used to recover material from the sea floor and bring it to the surface,[12][13] the most recent being in July 2024 during a Titanic expedition in recovering artefacts.[14]

While the oil and gas industry uses the majority of ROVs, other applications include science, military, and salvage. The military uses ROV for tasks such as mine clearing and inspection. Science usage is discussed below.

Construction

[edit]

Work-class ROVs are built with a large flotation pack on top of an aluminium chassis to provide the necessary buoyancy to perform a variety of tasks. The sophistication of construction of the aluminum frame varies depending on the manufacturer's design. Syntactic foam is often used for the flotation material. A tooling skid may be fitted at the bottom of the system to accommodate a variety of sensors or tooling packages. By placing the light components on the top and the heavy components on the bottom, the overall system has a large separation between the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity: this provides stability and the stiffness to do work underwater. Thrusters are placed between center of buoyancy and center of gravity to maintain the attitude stability of the robot in maneuvers. Various thruster configurations and control algorithms can be used to give appropriate positional and attitude control during the operations, particularly in high current waters. Thrusters are usually in a balanced vector configuration to provide the most precise control possible.

Electrical components can be in oil-filled water tight compartments or one-atmosphere compartments to protect them from corrosion in seawater and being crushed by the extreme pressure exerted on the ROV while working deep. The ROV will be fitted with thrusters, cameras, lights, tether, a frame, and pilot controls to perform basic work.[15] Additional sensors, such as manipulators and sonar, can be fitted as needed for specific tasks.[16] It is common to find ROVs with two robotic arms; each manipulator may have a different gripping jaw. The cameras may also be guarded for protection against collisions.

The majority of the work-class ROVs are built as described above; however, this is not the only style in ROV building method. Smaller ROVs can have very different designs, each appropriate to its intended task. Larger ROVs are commonly deployed and operated from vessels, so the ROV may have landing skids for retrieval to the deck.

Configurations

[edit]

Remotely operated vehicles have three basic configurations. Each of these brings specific limitations.

  • Open or box frame ROVs - this is the most familiar of the ROV configurations - consisting of an open frame where all the operational sensors, thrusters, and mechanical components are enclosed. These are useful for free-swimming in light currents (less than 4 knots based upon manufacturer specifications). These are not suitable for towed applications due to their very poor hydrodynamic design. Most Work-Class and Heavy Work-Class ROVs are based upon this configuration.[17]
  • Torpedo shaped ROVs - this is a common configuration for data gathering or inspection class ROVs. The torpedo shape offers low hydrodynamic resistance, but comes with significant control limitations. The torpedo shape requires high speed (which is why this shape is used for military munitions) to remain positionally and attitudinally stable, but this type is highly vulnerable at high speed. At slow speeds (0–4 knots) suffers from numerous instabilities, such as tether induced roll and pitch, current induced roll, pitch, and yaw. It has limited control surfaces at the tail or stern, which easily cause over compensation instabilities. These are frequently referred to as "Tow Fish", since they are more often used as a towed ROV.[17]

Tether management

[edit]

ROVs require a tether, or an umbilical, (unlike an AUV) in order to transmit power and data between the vehicle and the surface. The size and weight of the tether should be considered: too large of a tether will adversely affect the drag of the vehicle, and too small may not be robust enough for lifting requirements during launch and recovery.

The tether is typically spooled onto a tether management system (TMS) which helps manage the tether so that it does not become tangled or knotted. In some situations it can be used as a winch to lower or recover the vehicle.[18]

Applications

[edit]

Survey

[edit]
Tim Renson explains the use of a ROV for inspecting mussel farms

Survey or inspection ROVs are generally smaller than work class ROVs and are often sub-classified as either Class I: Observation Only or Class II Observation with payload.[19] They are used to assist with hydrographic survey, i.e. the location and positioning of subsea structures, and also for inspection work for example pipeline surveys, jacket inspections and marine hull inspection of vessels. Survey ROVs (also known as "eyeballs"), although smaller than workclass, often have comparable performance with regard to the ability to hold position in currents, and often carry similar tools and equipment - lighting, cameras, sonar, ultra-short baseline (USBL) beacon, Raman spectrometer,[20] and strobe flasher depending on the payload capability of the vehicle and the needs of the user.

Support of diving operations

[edit]

ROV operations in conjunction with simultaneous diving operations are under the overall supervision of the diving supervisor for safety reasons.[6]

The International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) published guidelines for the offshore operation of ROVs in combined operations with divers in the document Remotely Operated Vehicle Intervention During Diving Operations (IMCA D 054, IMCA R 020), intended for use by both contractors and clients.[21]

Military

[edit]

ROVs have been used by several navies for decades, primarily for minehunting and minebreaking.

AN/SLQ-48 Mine Neutralization Vehicle

In October 2008 the U.S. Navy began to improve its locally piloted rescue systems, based on the Mystic DSRV and support craft, with a modular system, the SRDRS, based on a tethered, manned ROV called a pressurized rescue module (PRM). This followed years of tests and exercises with submarines from the fleets of several nations.[22] It also uses the unmanned Sibitzky ROV for disabled submarine surveying and preparation of the submarine for the PRM.

The US Navy also uses an ROV called AN/SLQ-48 Mine Neutralization Vehicle (MNV) for mine warfare. It can go 1,000 yards (910 m) away from the ship due to a connecting cable, and can reach 2,000 feet (610 m) deep. The mission packages available for the MNV are known as MP1, MP2, and MP3.[23]

  • The MP1 is a cable cutter to surface the moored mine for recovery exploitation or explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).
  • The MP2 is a bomblet of 75 lb (34 kg) polymer-bonded explosive PBXN-103 high explosive for neutralizing bottom/ground mines.
  • The MP3 is a moored mine cable gripper and a float with the MP2 bomblet combination to neutralize moored mines underwater.

The charges are detonated by acoustic signal from the ship.

The AN/BLQ-11 autonomous unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) is designed for covert mine countermeasure capability and can be launched from certain submarines.[24]

The U.S.Navy's ROVs are only on Avenger-class mine countermeasures ships. After the grounding of USS Guardian (MCM-5) and decommissioning of USS Avenger (MCM-1), and USS Defender (MCM-2), only 11 US Minesweepers remain operating in the coastal waters of Bahrain (USS Sentry (MCM-3), USS Devastator (MCM-6), USS Gladiator (MCM-11) and USS Dextrous (MCM-13)), Japan (USS Patriot (MCM-7), USS Pioneer (MCM-9), USS Warrior (MCM-10) and USS Chief (MCM-14)), and California (USS Champion (MCM-4), USS Scout (MCM-8), and USS Ardent (MCM-12) ).[25]

During August 19, 2011, a Boeing-made robotic submarine dubbed Echo Ranger was being tested for possible use by the U.S. military to stalk enemy waters, patrol local harbors for national security threats and scour ocean floors to detect environmental hazards.[26] The Norwegian Navy inspected the ship Helge Ingstad by the Norwegian Blueye Pioneer underwater drone.[27]

As their abilities grow, smaller ROVs are also increasingly being adopted by navies, coast guards, and port authorities around the globe, including the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, the Norwegian Navy, the Royal Navy and the Saudi Border Guard. They have also been widely adopted by police departments and search and recovery teams. Useful for a variety of underwater inspection tasks such as explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), meteorology, port security, mine countermeasures (MCM), and maritime intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR).[28]

Science

[edit]
Image taken by a ROV of krill feeding on ice algae in Antarctica
A science ROV being retrieved by an oceanographic research vessel
A ROV's suction device about to capture a specimen of the deep sea octopus Cirroteuthis muelleri
Measurements of sea ice draft from multibeam sonar mounted at the ROV of the Alfred Wegener Institute

ROVs are also used extensively by the scientific community to study the ocean. A number of deep sea animals and plants have been discovered or studied in their natural environment through the use of ROVs; examples include the jellyfish Stellamedusa ventana and the eel-like halosaurs. In the US, cutting-edge work is done at several public and private oceanographic institutions, including the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) (with Nereus), and the University of Rhode Island / Institute for Exploration (URI/IFE).[29][30] In Europe, Alfred Wegener Institute use ROVs for Arctic and Antarctic surveys of sea ice, including measuring ice draft,[31] light transmittance,[32] sediments, oxygen, nitrate, seawater temperature, and salinity. For these purposes, it is equipped with a single- and multibeam sonar, spectroradiometer, manipulator, fluorometer, conductivity/ temperature/depth (salinity measurement) (CTD), optode, and UV-spectrometer.[33]

Science ROVs take many shapes and sizes. Since good video footage is a core component of most deep-sea scientific research, research ROVs tend to be outfitted with high-output lighting systems and broadcast quality cameras.[34] Depending on the research being conducted, a science ROV will be equipped with various sampling devices and sensors. Many of these devices are one-of-a-kind, state-of-the-art experimental components that have been configured to work in the extreme environment of the deep ocean. Science ROVs also incorporate a good deal of technology that has been developed for the commercial ROV sector, such as hydraulic manipulators and highly accurate subsea navigation systems. They are also used for underwater archaeology projects such as the Mardi Gras Shipwreck Project in the Gulf of Mexico[35][36] and the CoMAS project [37] in the Mediterranean Sea.[38]

There are several larger high-end systems that are notable for their capabilities and applications. MBARI's Tiburon vehicle cost over $6 million US dollars to develop and is used primarily for midwater and hydrothermal research on the West Coast of the US.[39] WHOI's Jason system has made many significant contributions to deep-sea oceanographic research and continues to work all over the globe. URI/IFE's Hercules ROV is one of the first science ROVs to fully incorporate a hydraulic propulsion system and is uniquely outfitted to survey and excavate ancient and modern shipwrecks. The Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility ROPOS system is continually used by several leading ocean sciences institutions and universities for challenging tasks such as deep-sea vents recovery and exploration to the maintenance and deployment of ocean observatories.[40]

Educational outreach

[edit]

The SeaPerch Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (ROV) educational program is an educational tool and kit that allows elementary, middle, and high-school students to construct a simple, remotely operated underwater vehicle, from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and other readily made materials. The SeaPerch program teaches students basic skills in ship and submarine design and encourages students to explore naval architecture and marine and ocean engineering concepts. SeaPerch is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, as part of the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering (NNRNE), and the program is managed by the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.[41]

Another innovative use of ROV technology was during the Mardi Gras Shipwreck Project. The "Mardi Gras Shipwreck" sank some 200 years ago about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico in 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) of water. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum. As part of the educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM, Texas A&M University, the Florida Public Archaeology Network[42] and Veolia Environmental produced a one-hour HD documentary[43] about the project, short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition.[44] Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary.[45]

The Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center uses ROVs to teach middle school, high school, community college, and university students about ocean-related careers and help them improve their science, technology, engineering, and math skills. MATE's annual student ROV competition challenges student teams from all over the world to compete with ROVs that they design and build. The competition uses realistic ROV-based missions that simulate a high-performance workplace environment, focusing on a different theme that exposes students to many different aspects of marine-related technical skills and occupations. The ROV competition is organized by MATE and the Marine Technology Society's ROV Committee and funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Oceaneering, and many other organizations that recognize the value of highly trained students with technology skills such as ROV designing, engineering, and piloting. MATE was established with funding from the National Science Foundation and is headquartered at Monterey Peninsula College in Monterey, California.[46]

List of scientific ROVs

[edit]
ROV Ventana in Monterrey, California (1996)
Deep Discoverer ROV, operated from NOAAS Okeanos Explorer
ROV name Operator Years in operation
Jason WHOI 1988–present[47]
VICTOR FOF 2002–present[48]
Nereus WHOI 2009–2014[49]
ISIS National Oceanography Centre 2006–present[50]
SuBastian Schmidt Ocean Institute 2016–present[51]
ROV Tiburon MBARI 1996–2008[52]
ROV Ventana MBARI 1988–present[53][54]
ROV Doc Ricketts MBARI 2009–present[55][56]
Luʻukai University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2013–present[57]
V8 Offshore University of Gothenburg 2011–present[58]
ROV Hercules Nautilus Live Ocean Exploration Trust 2003–present[59]
Ægir6000 UiB 2015–present[60]
ROV Kiel GEOMAR 2007–present[61]
Deep Discoverer Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration 2013–present[62][63]
Kaikō JAMSTEC 1993–2003[64]
ABISMO JAMSTEC 2007–present[65]
ROPOS Canadian Scientific Submergence Facility 1986–present[66]
AURORA REV Ocean 2021–present[67]
MARUM-QUEST MARUM 2003–present[68]
MARUM-SQUID MARUM 2015–present[69]
ISIS University of Southampton 2003–present[70]

Media

[edit]
BlueROV2 equipped with 4K camera

As cameras and sensors have evolved and vehicles have become more agile and simple to pilot, ROVs have become popular particularly with documentary filmmakers due to their ability to access deep, dangerous, and confined areas unattainable by divers. There is no limit to how long an ROV can be submerged and capturing footage, which allows for previously unseen perspectives to be gained.[71] ROVs have been used in the filming of several documentaries, including Nat Geo's Shark Men and The Dark Secrets of the Lusitania and the BBC Wildlife Special Spy in the Huddle.[72]

Due to their extensive use by military, law enforcement, and coastguard services, ROVs have also featured in crime dramas such as the popular CBS series CSI.

Hobby

[edit]

With an increased interest in the ocean by many people, both young and old, and the increased availability of once expensive and non-commercially available equipment, ROVs have become a popular hobby amongst many. This hobby involves the construction of small ROVs that generally are made out of PVC piping and often can dive to depths between 50 and 100 feet but some have managed to get to 300 feet.

STEM education

[edit]

This new interest in ROVs has led to the formation of many competitions, including MATE (Marine Advanced Technology Education), NURC (National Underwater Robotics Challenge), and RoboSub.[73] These are competitions in which competitors, most commonly schools and other organizations, compete against each other in a series of tasks using ROVs that they have built.[74] Most hobby ROVs are tested in swimming pools and lakes where the water is calm, however some have tested their own personal ROVs in the sea. Doing so, however, creates many difficulties due to waves and currents that can cause the ROV to stray off course or struggle to push through the surf due to the small size of engines that are fitted to most hobby ROVs.[75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "ISO 13628-8:2002: Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interfaces on subsea production systems". ISO. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  2. ^ "Expeditions to the Titanic Wreck Site". www.discovertitanic.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  3. ^ "Remote Systems & ROV Division". IMCA. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
  4. ^ "Underwater Vehicles - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". www.whoi.edu/. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
  5. ^ "Remotely Operated Vehicle Design and Function". Maritime About. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  6. ^ a b Staff (February 2014). IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving. London: International Marine Contractor's Association. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Diving Regulations 2009. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2019-03-16 – via Southern African Legal Information Institute. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "IMCA C 005: Guidance on competence assurance and assessment: Remote systems & ROV Division" (Rev. 3 ed.). International Marine Contractors Association. January 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  9. ^ "ROV Categories - Summary". Remotely Operated Vehicle Committee. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  10. ^ "What Are Rov's". Kmex Group. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  11. ^ Affairs, Chevron Policy, Government and Public. "Mini ROV makes waves in subsea inspections". chevron.com. Retrieved 2024-01-12. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Ships & Technology used during the Titanic Expeditions". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  13. ^ @NatGeoUK (2022-09-30). "Exclusive: Wreck of fabled WWI German U-boat found off Virginia". National Geographic. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
  14. ^ "TITANIC Expedition 2024". www.discovertitanic.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  15. ^ "What is an Underwater ROV?". Blue Robotics. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  16. ^ "What Are Underwater ROVs & How Are They Used?". reachrobotics.com. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  17. ^ a b "Remotely Operated Vehicle Committee of the Marine Technology Society". rov.org. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  18. ^ Bai, Yong (2019). Subsea Engineering Handbook (Second ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-812622-6.
  19. ^ Staff (7 August 2015). "World-Wide ROV Stats for 2014". IMCA. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  20. ^ Teague, Jonathan; Megson-Smith, David; Verbelen, Yannick; Scott, Thomas (6 March 2022). "Underwater Spectroscopic Techniques for In-situ Nuclear Waste Characterisation". Proceedings of WM2022. Nuclear Waste Management (WM2022). Phoenix, AZ.
  21. ^ "IMCA Issues ROV Guide During Diving Ops". www.offshore-energy.biz. Offshore Energy. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  22. ^ Tarantola, Andrew (11 October 2012). "This ROV Dives 2,000 Feet To Save Sailors on a Sunken Submarine". Gizmodo. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  23. ^ "AN/SLQ-48 - Mine Neutralization Vehicle". FAS. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  24. ^ "AN/BLQ-11 Autonomous Unmanned Undersea Vehicle". NavalDrones. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  25. ^ Dan Petty. "The US Navy – Fact File: Mine Countermeasures Ships - MCM". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  26. ^ Hennigan, W. J. (2011-08-19). "Boeing Co. tests submarine drone off Santa Catalina Island". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  27. ^ Blueye Robotics (2018-12-19), The Norwegian Navy piloting the Blueye Pioneer underwater drone | Frigate Helge Ingstad, retrieved 2019-02-25
  28. ^ "Blueprint Lab and VideoRay in Partnership for New EOD Tool for US Navy". ONT. Ocean News. 23 Mar 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  29. ^ HG Greene; DS Stakes; DL Orange; JP Barry; BH Robison (1993). "Application of a remotely operated vehicle in geologic mapping of Monterey Bay, California, USA". Heine and Crane (Eds). Diving for Science...1993. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (13th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ C Harrold, K Light & S Lisin. (1993). "Distribution, Abundance, and Utilization of Drift Macrophytes in a Nearshore Submarine Canyon System". In: Heine and Crane (Eds). Diving for Science...1993. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (13th annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ Salganik, Evgenii; Katlein, Christian; Lange, Benjamin A.; Matero, Ilkka; Lei, Ruibo; Fong, Allison A.; Fons, Steven W.; Divine, Dmitry; Oggier, Marc; Castellani, Giulia; Bozzato, Deborah; Chamberlain, Emelia J.; Hoppe, Clara J. M.; Müller, Oliver; Gardner, Jessie; Rinke, Annette; Pereira, Patric Simões; Ulfsbo, Adam; Marsay, Chris; Webster, Melinda A.; Maus, Sönke; Høyland, Knut V.; Granskog, Mats A. (2023). "Temporal evolution of under-ice meltwater layers and false bottoms and their impact on summer Arctic sea ice mass balance". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 11 (1). University of California Press: 00035. Bibcode:2023EleSA..11...35S. doi:10.1525/elementa.2022.00035. hdl:10037/30456. ISSN 2325-1026. S2CID 257937347.
  32. ^ Anhaus, Philipp; Katlein, Christian; Nicolaus, Marcel; Arndt, Stefanie; Jutila, Arttu; Haas, Christian (2021-12-17). "Snow Depth Retrieval on Arctic Sea Ice Using Under-Ice Hyperspectral Radiation Measurements". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9. Frontiers Media SA: 1174. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9.1174A. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.711306. ISSN 2296-6463.
  33. ^ Katlein, Christian; Schiller, Martin; Belter, Hans J.; Coppolaro, Veronica; Wenslandt, David; Nicolaus, Marcel (2017-09-04). "A New Remotely Operated Sensor Platform for Interdisciplinary Observations under Sea Ice". Frontiers in Marine Science. 4. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00281. hdl:10013/epic.51540.d001. ISSN 2296-7745.
  34. ^ Reed JK, Koenig CC, Shepard AN, Gilmore Jr RG (2007). "Long Term Monitoring of a Deep-water Coral Reef: Effects of Bottom Trawling". In: NW Pollock, JM Godfrey (Eds.) the Diving for Science…2007. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (Twenty–sixth annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "Projects, Mardi Gras". Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  36. ^ "Mardi Gras Project". Center for Maritime Archaeology & Conservation.
  37. ^ Bruno, F.; et al. (2016). "The CoMAS project: new materials and tools for improving the in-situ documentation, restoration and conservation of underwater archaeological remains". Marine Technology Society Journal. 50 (4): 108–118. doi:10.4031/MTSJ.50.4.2.
  38. ^ A ROV for supporting the planned maintenance in underwater archaeological sites. MTS/IEEE OCEANS 2015 - Genova: Discovering Sustainable Ocean Energy for a New World. doi:10.1109/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271602.
  39. ^ TM Shank, DJ Fornari, M Edwards, R Haymon, M Lilley, K Von Damm, and RA Lutz. (1994). "Rapid Development of Biological Community Structure and Associated Geological Features at Hydrothermal Vents at 9-10 North, East Pacific Rise". In: M DeLuca (Ed). Diving for Science...1994. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (14th annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  40. ^ "ROPOS - Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility". Ropos. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  41. ^ "seaperch.org :: The official site of SeaPerch". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  42. ^ "FPAN Home". Florida Public Archaeology.
  43. ^ Landis, Nomee (2008). "Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck". Nautilus Productions.
  44. ^ Faulk, Kimberly L; Allen, Rick (September 2017). "Lights, Camera ... Shipwreck!?! Multimedia at Four Thousand Feet". Historical Archaeology. 51 (3): 418–424. doi:10.1007/s41636-017-0051-1. S2CID 164446605.
  45. ^ Opdyke, Mark (2007). "Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary". The Museum of Underwater Archaeology.
  46. ^ "MATE - Marine Advanced Technology Education :: Home". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  47. ^ "ROV Jason/Medea - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". www.whoi.edu/.
  48. ^ "ROV VICTOR - IFREMER/Flotte Océanographique Française". www.flotteoceanographique.fr/en/.
  49. ^ "Robotic Deep-sea Vehicle Lost on Dive to 6-Mile Depth". www.whoi.edu/.
  50. ^ "Deep Platforms | National Oceanography Centre". noc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  51. ^ "4500 m Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV SuBastian)". Schmidt Ocean Institute. 6 February 2019.
  52. ^ "Vessels and Vehicles - ROV Tiburon". www3.mbari.org.
  53. ^ "16,000 hours beneath the sea (and counting)". MBARI. 10 March 2017.
  54. ^ "ROV Ventana". MBARI. 24 November 2015.
  55. ^ "ROV Doc Ricketts Specifications". MBARI. 30 December 2015.
  56. ^ "Deep Sea Exploration in the Southern California Borderland". Occidental College. 30 January 2020.
  57. ^ "ROV Luʻukai". luukai.php.
  58. ^ "Remotely Operated Vehicle". www.gu.se. 22 October 2021.
  59. ^ "ROV Hercules". nautiluslive.org. 9 May 2014.
  60. ^ "Ægir6000 (ROV)". University of Bergen.
  61. ^ "Cruise schedule Statistics - GEOMAR - Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel". www.geomar.de.
  62. ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Remotely Operated Vehicle Deep Discoverer: Technology: Submersibles: Vessels: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.
  63. ^ "Deep Discoverer and Seirios – Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration".
  64. ^ Kyo, M.; Hiyazaki, E.; Tsukioka, S.; Ochi, H.; Amitani, Y.; Tsuchiya, T.; Aoki, T.; Takagawa, S. (1995). "The sea trial of "KAIKO", the full ocean depth research ROV". 'Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment'. Conference Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE. Vol. 3. pp. 1991–1996. doi:10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528882. ISBN 0-933957-14-9. S2CID 110932870.
  65. ^ Ishibashi, Shojiro; Yoshida, Hiroshi; Osawa, Hiroyuki; Inoue, Tomoya; Tahara, Junichiro; Ito, Kazuaki; Watanabe, Yohitaka; Sawa, Takao; Hyakudome, Tadahiro; Aoki, Taro (April 2008). "A ROV "ABISMO" for the Inspection and Sampling in the Deepest Ocean and Its Operation Support System". OCEANS 2008 - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/OCEANSKOBE.2008.4530967. ISBN 978-1-4244-2125-1. S2CID 21881841.
  66. ^ "CSSF-ROPOS - About Us". www.ropos.com.
  67. ^ "REV Ocean´s ROV "Aurora" enables scientist to collect data and samples 4km under drifting Arctic Ice". www.revocean.or. 25 October 2021.
  68. ^ "ROV MARUM-QUEST". www.marum.de. 2022-07-29.
  69. ^ "ROV MARUM-SQUID". www.marum.de. 2022-07-29.
  70. ^ "Lord Sainsbury in Southampton to launch UK's first deep-diving ROV facility". www.southampton.ac.uk. University of Southampton.
  71. ^ Landis, Nomee. ""Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" Documentary". Nautilus Productions. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  72. ^ "The Dark Secrets of the Lusitania". Irish Film News. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  73. ^ "Which Underwater Robotics Competition is Right for You?". Blue Robotics. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  74. ^ "NURC - National Underwater Robotics Challenge". NASA Space Grant Robotics at ASU. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  75. ^ ""Bart" - Argonaut Jr's Underwater ROV". submarineboat. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Remotely operated underwater vehicles.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle&oldid=1253874624"