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Orbiliaceae

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Orbiliaceae
Orbilia xanthostigma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
Class: Orbiliomycetes
O.E. Erikss. & Baral
Order: Orbiliales
Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
Family: Orbiliaceae
Nannf. (1932)
Type genus
Orbilia
Fr. (1836)
Genera

Arthrobotrys
Brachyphoris
Dactylella
Dactylellina
Dicranidion
Duddingtonia
Dwayaangam
Gamsylella
Hyalorbilia
Monacrosporium
Orbilia
Pseudorbilia

A fungus of the genus Arthrobotrys, showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes.  Numbered ticks are 122 μm apart.

The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic class Orbiliomycetes and the monotypic order Orbiliales. The family was first described by John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932 and now contains 288 species in 12 genera.[1] Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in temperate regions.[2] Some species in the Orbiliaceae are carnivorous fungi, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap nematodes.

Description

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Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces fruit bodies. They have small disc-shaped apothecia, that are typically convex, brightly colored or translucent.[2] Their ascospores are small (typically less than 10 x 1 μm), hyaline, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape.[3] Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats.[2] Anamorph species are hyphomycetous.[4]

Nematophagy

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This family is well known for its many nematophagous species.[5] Shortly after coming into contact with its prey, fungal mycelia penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures, known as traps, which will ultimately digest the nematode's internal contents.[6] There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family:[6][7][8][9]

  • Adhesive network: the most common trap, formed by hyphal outgrowths that recurve into themselves to form nematode-trapping loops.
  • Adhesive knob: a roughly spherical cell, attached to the hyphae either directly or on an erect stalk. Adhesive knobs are typically closely spaced along a section of hyphae.
  • Nonconstricting rings: always found with the adhesive network traps, and formed from thickening hyphae that curve and fuse to the supporting stalk.
  • Adhesive column: a layer of cells on a hyphae with an adhesive surface.
  • Constricting rings: these are rings of hyphae that swell rapidly inwards upon contact with the nematode, quickly (in 1–2 seconds) "lassoing" the victim.

Genera

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According to the most recent classification of Ascomycota,[10] the Orbiliaceae contain only two (teleomorph) genera, the Hyalorbilia and the Orbilia. Hyalorbilia is distinguished from Orbilia by having asci without a stalk that arise from croziers, a hemispherical to broadly conical, thin-walled apex, asci and paraphyses in a gelatinous matrix, and an ectal excipulum (the outer surface of a cup-like apothecium) of horizontal textura prismatica.[11][12]

Anamorph genera of the Orbiliaceae include Anguillospora,[13] Arthrobotrys,[14] Dactylella,[15] Dactylellina, Dicranidion,[16] Drechslerella, Helicoön,[17] Monacrosporium, and Trinacrium. It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates convergent evolution occurring among mycelial fungi in aquatic and low-nitrogen habitats.[18] This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies.[19]

In 2007, a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between Orbilia and Hyalorbilia. This species, named Pseudorbilia bipolaris Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang, was placed into its own genus in the Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008). "Orbiliaceae". Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. CABI. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ^ a b c Cannon, P. F.; Kirk, P. M., eds. (2007). "Orbiliaceae". Fungal Families of the World. CABI. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
  3. ^ Blackwell M, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW (1996). Introductory Mycology. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.[page needed]
  4. ^ Bisby GR, Ainsworth GC, Kirk PM, Aptroot A (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. Oxon: CAB International. p. 369. ISBN 0-85199-377-X.
  5. ^ Pfister, Donald H. (1997). "Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi". Mycologia. 89 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026750.
  6. ^ a b Barron, George L. (1977). The Nematode-destroying Fungi. Guelph: Canadian Biological Publications. ISBN 0-920370-00-4.
  7. ^ Yang, Ying; Yang, Ence; An, Zhiqiang; Liu, Xingzhong (15 May 2007). "Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8379Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702770104. PMC 1895958. PMID 17494736.
  8. ^ Drechsler, Charles (1 July 1937). "Some Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free-Living Terricolous Nematodes". Mycologia. 29 (4): 447–552. doi:10.1080/00275514.1937.12017222.
  9. ^ Stirling GR (1991). Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International. ISBN 0-85198-703-6.[page needed]
  10. ^ "Outline of Ascomycota - 2007". Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  11. ^ Baral, HO (1994). "Comments on 'Outline of the ascomycetes-1993'". Systema Ascomycetum. 13 (1): 113–128. NAID 10014785631.
  12. ^ Wu, Mei-Lee; Su, Yu-Chih; Baral, Hans-Otto; Liang, Shih-Hsiung (2007). "Two new species of Hyalorbilia from Taiwan" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 25: 233–244. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.594.3347. S2CID 90409824.
  13. ^ Webster, J; Descals, E. (1979). "The teleomorphs of water-borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water". In Kendrick, Bryce (ed.). The Whole Fungus: The Sexual-asexual Synthesis. National Museum of Natural Sciences. pp. 419–451. ISBN 978-0-660-00146-3.
  14. ^ Pfister, Donald H. (1 May 1994). "Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph". Mycologia. 86 (3): 451–453. doi:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026433.
  15. ^ Thakur, S.; Zachariah, K. (1 November 1989). "Response of the fungus Dactylella rhopalota to bacteria". Plant and Soil. 120 (1): 87–93. Bibcode:1989PlSoi.120...87T. doi:10.1007/BF02370294. S2CID 28858277.
  16. ^ Korf, Richard P (1992). "A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 8, Orbiliaceae". Mycotaxon. 45: 503–510. INIST 4551685.
  17. ^ Pfister, DH (1995). "Helicoon sessile, the anamorph of Orbilia luteorubella". Inoculum. 46. Mycological Society of America: 34.
  18. ^ Webster, John (June 2011). "Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi". In Rayner, A. D. M.; Brasier, C. M.; Moore, David (eds.). Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi: Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–201. ISBN 978-0-521-27925-3. NAID 10019290922.
  19. ^ Li Y, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Cai L, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang K (2005). "Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode-trapping fungi (Orbiliales) estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes". Mycologia. 97 (5): 1034–46. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1034. hdl:10722/53351. PMID 16596955.
  20. ^ Zhang, Ying; Yu, Ze-Fen; Baral, H.-O.; Qiao, Min; Zhang, Ke-Qin (2007). "Pseudorbilia gen. nov. (Orbiliaceae) from Yunnan, China" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 26: 305–312.
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