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Malgium

Coordinates: 32°33′41″N 45°6′0″E / 32.56139°N 45.10000°E / 32.56139; 45.10000
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Malgium
Malgium is located in Iraq
Malgium
Shown within Iraq
Alternative nameTulūl al-Fāj / Tell Yassir
LocationIraq
Coordinates32°33′41″N 45°6′0″E / 32.56139°N 45.10000°E / 32.56139; 45.10000
Typesettlement
History
PeriodsBronze Age
CulturesOld Babylonian
Site notes
Excavation dates2018
ArchaeologistsAhmed Ali Jawad
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Malgium (also Malkum) (Ĝalgi’a or Ĝalgu’a in Sumerian, and Malgû(m) in Akkadian) is an ancient Mesopotamian city tentatively identified as Tell Yassir (one of a group of tells called collectively Tulūl al-Fāj) which thrived especially in the Middle Bronze Age, ca. 2000 BC - 1600 BC.[1] Malgium formed a small city-state in an area where the edges of the territories controlled by Larsa, Babylon and Elam converged. Inscribed in cuneiform as ma-al-gi-imKI, its chief deities were Ea (whose temple was called Enamtila) and Damkina.[2][3] A temple of Ulmašītum is known to have been there.[4] There was also a temple to the goddess Bēlet-ilī called Ekitusgestu as well as a temple to the god Anum.[1]

Tablets illegally excavated from Malgium have begun to appear on the antiquities market. One, in a private collection, had a new, second, year name for Imgur-Sîn "The year the ‘Tigris/Zubi-Canal-of-Imgur-Sîn’ was dug by King dImgur-Sîn". Note the divine determinative for the rulers name.[5]

A few complete and partial year names for rulers of Malgium have been determined including "year when king dŠu-Kakka killed aurochs and wild cows", "year when dNur-Eštar, the mighty male, set in place the foundation of Eduru-Mama", "year when dŠu-Kakka erected Bad-Enlila", and "year when king dImgur-Sin erected Bad-Enlila in the Upper Land, and erected (also) Bad-gar.lum facing the Native Land"[6]

Tell Yassir

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Tell Yassir is now generally thought to be the location of ancient Malgium. Note that the site of Tell al-Baghdadya has also been suggested.[7] Tell Yassir (in Wasit Governorate, Iraq) is a single mound covering around 15 hectares. It is one of a group of tells collectively called Tulūl al-Fāj which have now been identified as the location of Malgium. After the 2003 invasion Iraqi archaeologists with the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted a surface survey at Tell Yassir and found that the site was heavily looted, to the extent that administrative and palatial structures visible from earlier satellite images could no longer be found.[8] In 2018 a team from the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage led by Ahmed Ali Jawad surveyed the site of Tell Yassir. Along with pottery shards a number of inscribed bricks were found including those of Ur III rulers (Shulgi and Shu-Suen) and rulers of Malgium and declared Tell Yassir as the site of Malgium though this was not universally accepted.[9] An example brick inscription:

Tulūl al-Fāj

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Tulūl al-Fāj is a group of archaeological sites one of which is Tell Yassir In 2017 Iraqi archaeologists, led by Abbas Al-Hussainy of the University of Al-Qadisiyah began an archaeological survey of an area east of the Euphrates and in 2019 conducted a surface survey at Tell Yassir.[10] During this survey about 50 inscribed bricks or Malgium rulers were found, with 48 of the inscriptions being stamped. One of the stamped bricks, from ruler Tulūl al-Fāj, also contained a handwritten inscriptions. Thisd team suggested that Tulūl al-Fāj may be the site of Malgium vs only Tell Yassir.[10]

The area was also visited several times beginning in 2018 by an Italian team from the University of Venice led by Lucio Milano though as yet no results from this have been published. The region (Tell Yassir being site WS031) is being surveyed, with 2024 being its fourth season after beginning in 2018, by the Wasit Archaeological Survey by the University of Florence and Ca' Foscari University of Venice led by Lucio Milano.[11]

History

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Inscribed clay nail of Ipik-Ishtar, king of Malgium, 1770 BCE. From Malgium, Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Three of its rulers have been identified with certainty, through attestation in their inscriptions as šàr (lugal) ma-al-gi-imki, dTakil-ilissu, son of Ištaran-asû,[12] dImgur-Sîn, son of Ili-abi, and, probably the last one, dIpiq-Ištar, son of Apil-Ilišu, a contemporary of Ḫammu-rāpi of Babylon, who celebrated conflict with the city in two of his year names (10 and 35).[13][5] A further three rulers have been proposed, dŠu-Kakka, dNabi-Enlil (son of Šu-Kakka) and dŠu-Amurrum (son of Nabi-Enlil), three generations of a dynasty, based upon Šu-Kakka’s year name honoring the goddess Damkina and seal impressions.[14] Their absolute position is uncertain but they seem to have reigned from the immediate aftermath of the downfall of the Ur III empire.[2]

Early Bronze

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Akkadian Period

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Malgium is also mentioned in the literary composition "Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin" ie "He has summoned against me a mighty foe. [. . . ] battle against me as far as Malgium."[15]

Ur III Period

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Cuneiform tablets from the city of Irisaĝrig (now believed to be the nearby Tell al-Wilayah), now published, show that Malgium conquered that city roughly after year 10 of Ibbi-Sin, the last ruler of the Ur III empire. The tablets also included year names showing that kings Nur-Eštar (previously unknown), dŠu-Kakka, dNabi-Enlil, dŠu-Amurrum, dImgur-Sin, and Ištaran-asu ruled over Irisaĝrig.[6][16][17]

Middle Bronze

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Isin-Larsa Period

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The kings of Larsa targeted Malgium in their pursuit of territorial expansion with Gungunum celebrating its defeat in his 19th year name "Year on the orders of An, Enlil and Nanna (the army of) Malgium was defeated by weapons ...", circa 1914 BC,[2] Sin-Iddinam its defeat in his 5th year name ca. 1844 and Warad-Sîn commemorated mu ugnim mà-al-gu-umki gištukul ba(-an)-sìg, “Year : the army? of Malgium was smitten by weapons”, ca. 1831 BC.[18]

Old Babylonian Period

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Ḫammu-rāpi of Babylon (c. 1792–1750 BC), in a coalition with Shamshi-Adad I (of Ekallatum)and Ibal-pi-El II (of Eshnunna), campaigned against the city-state until its ruler bought them off with 15 talents of silver. Malgium’s king, dIpiq-Ištar, concluded a treaty and subsequently provided aid and soldiers in Ḫammu-rāpi’s campaign against Larsa. After years of conflict, Ḫammu-rāpi destroyed the city walls of Malgium in his 35th year of reign denoting that year as "Year in which Hammu-rabi the king by the orders of An and Enlil destroyed the city walls of Mari and Malgium". Most of the population of Malgium was deported to Kish, Isin, and especially Pī-Kasî (modern Tell Abu Antiq).[19]

Malgium survived in some form until late in the 2nd millennium BC and is recorded in two kudurru of Kassite ruler Meli-Šipak (c. 1186–1172 BC).[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Frayne, Douglas, "Malgium", Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC). Volume 4, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods, University of Toronto Press, pp. 668–670, 1990 ISBN 0-8020-5873-6
  2. ^ a b c De Boer, Rients, "An early Old Babylonian archive from the kingdom of Malgium?", Journal Asiatique 301.1, pp. 19-25, 2013
  3. ^ Kutscher, R., "Malgium", RlA 7/3–4, pp. 300–304, 1988
  4. ^ Watanabe, Chikako E., "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu", Iraq, vol. 77, pp. 215–24, 2015
  5. ^ a b Földi, Zsombor J., "Eine Urkunde mit einem neuen Jahresnamen des Königs Imgur-Sîn von Malgium", NABU 2020/61, pp. 127-130, 2020
  6. ^ a b Ozaki, Tohru, Sigrist, Marcel and Steinkeller, Piotr, "New Light on the History of Irisaĝrig in Post-Ur III Times", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 28-37, 2021
  7. ^ Mohammed, Ahmed Kamil, "A New Text from Tell Sulayma — Diyala Region", Interdisciplinary research on the Bronze Age Diyala, Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, pp. 63-72, 2021
  8. ^ a b Jawad, Ahmed Ali, et al., "The Discovery of the Location of Malgium (Tell Yassir)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 72, 2020, pp. 65–86, 2020
  9. ^ Ahmed Ali Jawad, Barhan Abd Al-Reza, Ali Jabarat Nasir, Ahmed Abbas As’id, "The Discovery of the Location of Malgium (Tell Yassir)", Sumer 65, pp. 63–91, 2019 (in arabic)
  10. ^ a b Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Jawdat, Jacob and Marchesi, Gianni. "New Inscribed Bricks of Takil-ilissu, King of Malgûm" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, 2023
  11. ^ Wasit Archaeological Survey 2024 video
  12. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1939). "The Inscription of Takil-ili-su of Malgium". Archiv für Orientforschung. 12: 364. JSTOR 41680358.
  13. ^ R. de Boer, "Another New King of Malgium: Imgur-Sin, son of Ili-abi", NABU 2013/7, 2013
  14. ^ Mayr, R. H., "Seal Impressions on Administrative Tags from the Reign of Šu-Amurru", in: T. Boiy [e. a.] (ed.), The Ancient Near East, A Life! Festschrift Karel Van Lerberghe, OLA 220. Leuven, pp. 409–42, 2012
  15. ^ Finkelstein, J. J., "The So-Called ‘Old Babylonian Kutha Legend.’", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 83–88, 1957
  16. ^ [1]Colonna d’Istria, L., "Noms d’annés de rois du Malgium sur quelques étiquettes", NABU 2020/10, pp. 17-23, 2020
  17. ^ Whiting, Robert M., "Four Seal Impressions From Tell Asmar", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 34, pp. 30–35, 1987
  18. ^ [2]Abraham, Kathleen, "New Evidence for Warad-Sîn's Mu-Malgium-Basig (‘The Destruction of Malgium') Year Name", Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 102.1, pp. 27-38, 2008
  19. ^ a b de Boer, Rients, "Malgum, A Synthesis", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 75.1, pp. 13-26, 2023

Further reading

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  • Boer, Rients de., "From the Yaḫrūrum Šaplûm archives: the administration of harvest labor undertaken by soldiers from Uruk and Malgium", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 106.2, pp. 138-174, 2016
  • Groneberg, B., "Die Orts- und Gewàssernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit", (RGTC 3 ; Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des vorderen Orients B Nr. 7/3). Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reich, 1980
  • Kutscher, R./C. Wilcke, "Eine Ziegel-Inschrift des Königs Takil-iliśśu von Malgium, gefunden in Isin und Yale", ZA 68, pp. 95-128, 1978
  • Wilcke, Claus, "Ein dritter Backstein mit der großen Inschrift des Königs Takil-ilissu von Malgûm und der Tonnagel des Ipiq-Ištar", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 737-752, 2017
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