List of wars involving Peru
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This is a list of wars involving Peru, from the 16th-century establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru (also known as colonial Peru) through the 1821 establishment of the Republic of Peru until present.
Establishment of colonial Peru
[edit]Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
(1532–1572) |
Inca Empire (until 1535)
Neo-Inca State (since 1537) |
Spanish Empire
|
Spanish Victory
|
Colonial Peru (1535–1821)
[edit]Conflict | Allies | War against | Results | Head of State |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spanish conquest of New Granada
(1502–1540) |
Spanish Empire
|
Chibchan peoples
Non-Chibcha peoples |
Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after overwhelming the indigenous peoples of the territory. | Charles I of Spain |
Grijalva expedition to the South Pacific(1537–1542) | Spanish Empire
|
Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia mutinous Spaniards |
The ship is lost in New Guinea, where almost the entire crew died. The rest are rescued by the Portuguese from Ternate. | Charles I of Spain |
Civil Wars between conquerors of Peru
(1537–1554) |
Pizarristas
Royalists
|
Almagristas
|
1° Pizarrist victory: New Castile stays with Cuzco. Deaths of: Diego de Almagro "el viejo" and Francisco Pizarro.
2° Crown of Castille victory: Abolition of the hereditary governorships of New Castile and New Toledo after the attempt of unification and independence of the Kingdom of Spain. Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure compliance with the orders of the King of Spain [mostly Laws of Burgos]. Death of Diego Almagro "el mozo" and Cristóbal Vaca de Castro. 3° Stalemate: The encomiendas in Peru are gradually annulled through the New Laws and Laws of the Indies until the 18th century; death of Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Núñez Vela. 4° Viceroyalty of Peru victory: Death of Francisco Hernández Girón and end of the rebellions of the encomenderos. Consolidation of Indian Law to protect the natural rights of the indigenous person in Peru. |
Charles I of Spain |
Orellana Expedition to Amazon river
(1541–1542) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Hostile Amazonian peoples | Stalemate
|
Charles I of Spain |
Spanish conquest and colonization of Argentina
(1543–1593) (1543–1593) |
Spanish Empire | Indigenous peoples
|
Victory of the Spanish conquistadors.
|
Charles I of Spain |
First Communero Rebellion
(1544) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Comuneros | Defeat of the royal authorities
|
Charles I of Spain |
Arauco War
(1550-1662) |
Spanish Empire | Indigenous peoples of Araucania and Futahuillimapu | Stalemate
|
Charles I of Spain |
Bandeirantes raids from Brazil
(1557-18th century)
|
Viceroyalty of Peru
Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (since 1777) |
Colonial Brazil | Stalemate
|
Philip II of Spain
Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain |
Calchaquí Wars (1560–1667) | Spanish Empire | Diaguita confederation | Victory of the Spanish Empire
|
Philip II of Spain |
Spanish-Chiriguano War
(1564-17th century) |
Spanish Empire | Ava Guaraní people | Victory
|
Philip II of Spain
Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Bayano Wars
(1548–1582) |
Spanish Empire | Rebel Maroons slaves from Panama | Victory
|
Philip II of Spain |
Spanish expeditions to Solomon and Vanuatu
(1567–1606) |
Spanish Empire | Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Defeat
|
Philip II of Spain |
Colonial front of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War
(1568–1648)
|
Spanish Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
|
United Provinces
Electorate of the Palatinate
Kingdom of Portugal (1640–58)
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
Philip II of Spain |
Castilian War (1578) | Spanish Empire
Bruneians who defected to Spain |
Bruneian Empire
Supported by: |
Status quo ante bellum
|
Philip II of Spain |
Expedition of Juan Jufré and Juan Fernández to Polynesia and New Zealand
(1575–1576) |
Spanish Empire | Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia | Stalemate
|
Philip II of Spain |
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain
(1578–1741) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | European Pirates
Supported by:
|
Stalemate
|
Philip II of Spain
Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain |
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) | Spanish Empire
co-belligerent |
Kingdom of England
co-belligerent |
Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum
|
Philip II of Spain |
Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis
(1603) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Dutch corsair | Inconclusive
|
Philip III of Spain |
Battle of Mbororé
(1641) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Colonial Brazil | Victory
|
Philip IV of Spain |
2nd Communero Rebellion of Paraguay
(1649–1650) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Bernardino de Cárdenas)
|
Royalist victory
|
Philip IV of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1655
(1655) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Defeat
|
Philip IV of Spain |
Chepo expedition
(1679) |
New Spain | European Pirates (English and Spaniards renegades) | Initial victory for the pirates
Peruvian royal victory in Battle of San Marcos de Arica
|
Charles II of Spain |
Colonial front of Nine Years' War
(1688–97) |
Grand Alliance: | France | Indecisive
|
Charles II of Spain |
West Indies and South American Front of the War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–14) |
Kingdom of France
Bavaria (until 1704) Duchy of Mantua (until 1708) Cologne (until 1702) Liège (until 1702) co-belligerent: |
Holy Roman Empire:
Great Britain (formed in 1707)[3]
Duchy of Savoy (after 1703) Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703)
co-belligerent: |
Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip
Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles
|
Philip V of Spain |
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru
(1700s) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Rebellions of peruleros | Pyric victory of the Viceroyalty authorities.
|
Philip V of Spain
Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain |
Huilliche uprising of 1712
(1712) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Huilliches of Chiloé | Royalist Victory
|
Philip V of Spain |
Great Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay
(1721–1735) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Comuneros | Royalist victory
|
Philip V of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1723
(1723) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Both sides claim victory
|
Philip V of Spain |
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) | Spanish Empire | Portuguese Empire | Defeat and Status quo ante bellum
|
Philip V of Spain |
Colonial front of the War of Austrian Succession (War of Jenkins' Ear)
(1739–48) |
Spanish Empire
Bavaria (1741–45) Saxony (1741–42) Republic of Genoa (1745–48) Sweden (1741–43) Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42) |
Great Britain
Saxony (1743–45) Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48) Russia (1741–43, 1748) |
Status quo ante bellum
|
Philip V of Spain |
Guaraní War
(1754–56) |
Spanish Empire | Guaraní Tribes | Victory
|
Ferdinand VI of Spain |
Colonial front of the Seven Years' War | Spain (since 1762)
Kalmykia
|
Portuguese Empire (since 1762) | Stalemate
|
Charles III of Spain |
Mapuche uprising of 1766
(1766) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Mapuches | Stagnation due to inter-ethnic indigenous conflict
|
Charles III of Spain |
Spanish expeditions to Tahití
(1772–1775) |
Spanish Empire
Christianized Tahitians |
Hostile Pagan Tahitians Spanish and Peruvian mutineers |
Victory
|
Charles III of Spain |
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
(1780–1783)
|
Viceroyalty of Peru | Túpac Amaru II criollo, mestizo, indigenous and black rebel forces
Túpac Katari indigenous rebel forces |
Royalist victory
|
Charles III of Spain |
Huilliche uprising of 1792
(1792) |
Viceroyalty of Peru | Huilliches of Futahuillimapu | Royalist victory
|
Charles IV of Spain |
Campaigns of Peruvian Royal Army during Spanish American wars of independence
(1808–1833) |
Spanish Empire
Unofficially supported by: |
1st phase
Junta of Quito
Junta of Chile
2nd phase
|
1st phase: Initial Royalist victory during the administration of the viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
2nd phase: Reverse during Joaquín de la Pezuela administration and final defeat during Jose de la Serna government.
|
Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Republic of Peru (1821–present)
[edit]Conflict | Peru and Peruvian Allies | War against | Results | Head of State of Peru |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peruvian War of Independence (1811–1826) |
Peru Río de la Plata Gran Colombia Chile |
Spain | Peruvian victory
|
|
Ecuadorian War of Independence (1820–1822) |
Guayaquil Gran Colombia Chile Peru Río de la Plata |
Spain | Victory
|
|
Bolivian War of Independence
(1821–1825) |
Bolivia | Spain | Victory
|
|
Iquicha War (1825–1828) |
Peru | Iquicha | Government victory | |
Peruvian intervention in Bolivia of 1828 (1828) |
Peru | Gran Colombia | Peruvian victory
|
|
Gran Colombia–Peru War (1828–1829) |
Peru | Gran Colombia | Stalemate
|
|
Peruvian Civil War of 1834 (1834) |
Luis José de Orbegoso's Government | Pedro Bermudez's Rebels | Government victory | |
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War (1835–1836) |
Felipe Santiago Salaverry's Government Agustín Gamarra's Rebels |
Luis José de Orbegoso's Opposition Andrés de Santa Cruz's Bolivian Army |
Defeat
|
|
War of the Confederation (1836–1839) |
Peru-Bolivian Confederation | Chile Peruvian Dissidents |
Restoration victory
|
Various
|
War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1837–1839) |
Peru-Bolivian Confederation | Argentina | Defeat
|
Various
|
Iquicha War (1839) |
Peru Chile |
Iquicha | Peruvian-Chilean victory
|
|
Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842 (1841–1842) |
Peru | Bolivia | Ceasefire
|
|
Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844 (1843–1844) |
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Government | Ramón Castilla's Rebels | Defeat | |
Peruvian expedition to California[8][9][10]
(1849) |
PeruHispanic-American community United States local authorities |
Violent bandits of the Wild west | Pirric Victory
|
|
Liberal Revolution of 1854 (1854) |
Constitutional Army | Liberal Army | Constitutional Army defeat | |
Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 (1856–1858) |
Ramón Castilla's Government | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Rebels | Government victory
|
|
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860 (1857–1860) |
Peru | Ecuador | Peruvian victory
|
|
Peruvian Slave Raids in Polynesia[12][13][14]
(1859–1863) |
Peru | Polynesians | Pirric Victory
|
|
Peruvian Civil War of 1865 (1865) |
Juan Antonio Pezet's Government | Mariano Ignacio Prado's Rebels | Defeat | |
Chincha Islands War (1865–1866) |
Chile Peru Ecuador Bolivia |
Spain | Indecisive, both sides claimed victory
|
|
Peruvian Civil War of 1867 (1867) |
Mariano Ignacio Prado's Government | Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta's Rebels | Defeat | |
Puno Rebellion
(1868–1869) |
Peru | Tupac Amaru III indigenous rebel forces | Government victory | |
Huáscar Uprising of 1877 (1877) |
Peru | Huáscar Rebels | Government victory | |
Battle of Pacocha
(1877) |
Peru | Britain | Peruvian victory | |
War of the Pacific (1879–1883) |
Bolivia Peru |
Chile | Peruvian defeat
|
Mariano Ignacio Prado Luis La Puerta de Mendoza Nicolás de Piérola Francisco García Calderón Lizardo Montero Flores Miguel Iglesias |
Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885 (1884–1885) |
Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government | Miguel Iglesias's Rebels | Cacerista victory | |
Huaraz Rebellion (1885–1887) |
Peru | Quechua Rebels | Government victory | |
Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895 (1894–1895) |
Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government | Nicolás de Piérola's Rebels | Defeat | |
Loretan Insurrection of 1896 (1896) |
Peru | Federal State of Loreto | Government victory | |
Salt Revolt (1896–1897) |
Peru | Quechua Rebels | Government victory | |
Border skirmishes between Peru and Brazil[16]
(1902–1909) |
Peru co-belligerant |
Brazil | Stalemate
|
Eduardo López de Romaña |
Angoteros Incident (1903) | Peru | Ecuador | Peruvian victory[18]
|
Eduardo López de Romaña |
Torres Causana Incident (1904) | Peru | Ecuador | Peruvian victory[19]
|
Serapio Calderón |
Peruvian-Ecuadorian tension of 1910
(1910) |
Peru | Ecuador | Stalemate
|
|
Campaign of the Manuripi Region (1910) |
Peru | Bolivia | Peruvian victory[20][21]
|
|
Conflict of La Pedrera (1911) |
Peru | Colombia | Peruvian victory[24]
|
|
Trujillan Revolution
(1932) |
Peru | APRA | Government victory
|
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro |
Colombia–Peru War (1932–1933) |
Peru | Colombia | Ceasefire
|
|
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941 (1941) |
Peru | Ecuador | Peruvian victory
|
|
World War II (1945) |
United States Soviet Union United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico Chile Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Uruguay Argentina |
Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Croatia Slovakia Finland Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang |
Victory
|
|
Leftists Guerrilla Insurgencies
(1962–1965) |
Peru | MIR | Government victory
|
Manuel Prado Ugarteche |
Limazo
(1975) |
Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru | Peruvian police rebels | Government Victory | Juan Velasco Alvarado |
Border incident of Cenepa (1978) | Peru | Ecuador | Victory[25]
|
Francisco Morales Bermúdez |
Internal Conflict in Peru [Main Phase] (1980–2000) |
Peru | Shining Path
MRTA (1982–1997) |
Government victory
|
Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Valentín Paniagua Alejandro Toledo Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski |
Paquisha War (1981) |
Peru | Ecuador | Peruvian victory
|
|
Cenepa War (1995) |
Peru | Ecuador | Ceasefire
|
|
Narcoterrorist insurgency (2000–present) | Peru | Shining Path
Militarized Communist Party of Peru Peruvian narcotraficants |
Ongoing |
References
[edit]- ^ "Tlaxcaltecas/Mexicanos en el Perú del siglo XVI | Siempre!" (in Mexican Spanish). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nuevoamanecer/350309-nicaraguas-conquista-peru/ Archived 2021-06-14 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL]
- ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
- ^ "Peru invades Bolivian territory to expel Bolivarian troops". History Channel. May 1828.
- ^ "Perú invade territorio boliviano para expulsar a las tropas bolivarianas". latam.historyplay.tv (in Spanish). May 1828. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
- ^ "Guerra grancolombo-peruana (1828-1829), Guerras del Perú". Portal iPerú (in Spanish). 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
- ^ Porras Barrenechea, Raúl (1930). History of the Limits of Peru. Fundación M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ISBN 9786124587238.
- ^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú | LA MARINA DE GUERRA EN LA REPÚBLICA S. XIX". 2022-11-23. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
- ^ López Martínez, Héctor (2022-10-17). "El bergantín Gamarra en San Francisco". El Comercio (in Spanish). ISSN 1605-3052. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
- ^ Arroyo, Pamela (2024-06-19). "La vez que la Marina del Perú ayudó a EE.UU. a defender su territorio: era la potencia naval de Sudamérica". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-13.
- ^ "La Primera Colonia Peruana en los Estados Unidos, 1849". SUMAQ. 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
- ^ Maude, Henry Evans (1981). Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Slave Trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1106-7.
- ^ Englert, Sebastián (2004). La tierra de Hotu Matu'a: historia y etnología de la Isla de Pascua : gramática y diccionario del antiguo idioma de Isla de Pascua (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 978-956-11-1704-4.
- ^ "Blackbirding - Slavery | Atafu Tokelau Community Group". Matauala Hub. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- ^ Campbell, Ramon (1999). Mito y realidad de Rapanui: la cultura de la Isla de Pascua (in Spanish). Andres Bello. ISBN 978-956-13-1580-8.
- ^ https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/5233/6/07-TR-Villafañe-s.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Acre War (1899-1903)
- ^ "Centro de Estudios Histórico Militares del Perú". 26 June 2021.
- ^ "Historia de la república del Perú [1822-1933]". Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. 2005. p. Tomo 12, Pág. 191.
- ^ "192 years of Bolivian independence: territorial losses". Red Uno. August 4, 2017.
- ^ "Bolivia has lost more than 1 million km2". Infogate. 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Bolivia lost more than half of its territory". Newspaper the Homeland. 16 March 2022.
- ^ "The territory of the Bolivian coast". Chilean Navy Magazine.
- ^ Fernando Santos / Federica Barclay (2002). The domesticated frontier. PUCP. p. 194.
- ^ Gutarra Maraví, Eleazar (1984). La Cordillera del Cóndor – Un desafío Geopolítico (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos de la IMG.