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List of wars involving Peru

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This is a list of wars involving Peru, from the 16th-century establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru (also known as colonial Peru) through the 1821 establishment of the Republic of Peru until present.

Establishment of colonial Peru

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

(1532–1572)

Inca Empire (until 1535)

Neo-Inca State (since 1537)

Spanish Empire

Indian auxiliaries

Spanish Victory

Colonial Peru (1535–1821)

[edit]
Conflict Allies War against Results Head of State
Spanish conquest of New Granada

(1502–1540)

Spanish Empire

Indian auxiliaries

Chibchan peoples

Non-Chibcha peoples

Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after overwhelming the indigenous peoples of the territory. Charles I of Spain
Grijalva expedition to the South Pacific(1537–1542) Spanish Empire Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia
mutinous Spaniards
The ship is lost in New Guinea, where almost the entire crew died. The rest are rescued by the Portuguese from Ternate. Charles I of Spain
Civil Wars between conquerors of Peru

(1537–1554)

Pizarristas
Royalists
Almagristas 1° Pizarrist victory: New Castile stays with Cuzco. Deaths of: Diego de Almagro "el viejo" and Francisco Pizarro.

Crown of Castille victory: Abolition of the hereditary governorships of New Castile and New Toledo after the attempt of unification and independence of the Kingdom of Spain. Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru to ensure compliance with the orders of the King of Spain [mostly Laws of Burgos]. Death of Diego Almagro "el mozo" and Cristóbal Vaca de Castro.

3° Stalemate: The encomiendas in Peru are gradually annulled through the New Laws and Laws of the Indies until the 18th century; death of Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Núñez Vela.

Viceroyalty of Peru victory: Death of Francisco Hernández Girón and end of the rebellions of the encomenderos. Consolidation of Indian Law to protect the natural rights of the indigenous person in Peru.

Charles I of Spain
Orellana Expedition to Amazon river

(1541–1542)

Viceroyalty of Peru Hostile Amazonian peoples Stalemate Charles I of Spain
Spanish conquest and colonization of Argentina

(1543–1593)

(1543–1593)

Spanish Empire

Indian auxiliaries

Indigenous peoples Victory of the Spanish conquistadors. Charles I of Spain

Philip II of Spain

First Communero Rebellion

(1544)

Viceroyalty of Peru Comuneros Defeat of the royal authorities
  • Establishment of Domingo Martínez de Irala as governor by popular election of the Encomenderos, according to The Royal Decree of September 12, 1537, which determined the charge of a governor in Paraguay would be elected by the vote of the inhabitants.
Charles I of Spain
Arauco War

(1550-1662)

Spanish Empire

Indian auxiliaries

Indigenous peoples of Araucania and Futahuillimapu Stalemate Charles I of Spain

Philip II of Spain Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain

Bandeirantes raids from Brazil

(1557-18th century)

Viceroyalty of Peru

Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717)

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (since 1777)

Jesuit missions

Colonial Brazil Stalemate Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain

Calchaquí Wars (1560–1667) Spanish Empire Diaguita confederation Victory of the Spanish Empire
  • Spanish conquest of the Tucumán region
  • Relocation of tens of thousands of people belonging to the Diaguita kingdoms in Pueblo de Indios.
Philip II of Spain
Spanish-Chiriguano War

(1564-17th century)

Spanish Empire Ava Guaraní people Victory Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand VII of Spain

Bayano Wars

(1548–1582)

Spanish Empire Rebel Maroons slaves from Panama Victory Philip II of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Solomon and Vanuatu

(1567–1606)

Spanish Empire Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia Defeat
  • Discovery of multiple islands between the Golfo de la Concepción and Golfo de la Candelaria (the sea between Peru and Tuvalu), such as the Solomon Islands archipelago and the Vanuatu archipelago.
  • Possible Spanish discovery of Australia in their search of Terra Australis Ignota.
  • Colonization attempts failed due to disease and bellicosity of the inhabitants, as well as war crimes by explorers
Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain

Colonial front of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War

(1568–1648)

Spain Spanish Empire

 Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Croatia
Supported by:

 United Provinces

 England

 France

Nassau
Bohemia Bohemia

Electorate of the Palatinate
Transylvania

Denmark Denmark–Norway
 Venice
 Savoy

Duchy of Mantua

Duchy of Modena

 Duchy of Parma
Sweden Sweden

 Saxony
Brandenburg-Prussia

Kingdom of Portugal (1640–58)
Principality of Catalonia (from 1640)

Supported by:

Defeat Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain

Castilian War (1578) Spanish Empire

Bruneians who defected to Spain

Bruneian Empire

Sultanate of Sulu

Maguindanao

Supported by:

 Ottoman Empire

Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh

Status quo ante bellum
  • Bruneian military victory to seize its independence from Spanish Empire. Becoming a city-state until today.
  • Spanish tactical Victory in ending Bruneian empire at sea and its influence on Philippines
Philip II of Spain
Expedition of Juan Jufré and Juan Fernández to Polynesia and New Zealand

(1575–1576)

Spanish Empire Hostile indigenous people of Polynesia Stalemate
  • The expedition possibly reached New Zealand and Tahiti, but there wasn't any conquest.
Philip II of Spain
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain

(1578–1741)

Viceroyalty of Peru European Pirates

Supported by:
 United Provinces
 England

Stalemate
  • Mostly repressed
Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Charles II of Spain Philip V of Spain Louis I of Spain

Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Spain Spanish Empire

Duchy of Parma

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Duchy of Savoy

Duchy of Castro

Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John

co-belligerent

 Kingdom of England

Kingdom of Ireland Ireland

co-belligerent

Indecisive, Status quo ante bellum Philip II of Spain

Philip III of Spain

Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis

(1603)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Dutch Republic Dutch corsair Inconclusive Philip III of Spain
Battle of Mbororé

(1641)

Viceroyalty of Peru Colonial Brazil Victory
  • Portuguese raids stop
  • Guarani people are excluded from forced labour
  • The jesuits gain more autonomy regarding the administration of their missions
Philip IV of Spain
2nd Communero Rebellion of Paraguay

(1649–1650)

Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Paraguay (loyal to Bernardino de Cárdenas) Royalist victory
  • An army of 700 Indian missionaries, led by León and Zárate, occupy Asunción and imprison Cárdenas. He is then exiled from Paraguay and sent to Charcas in Upper Peru for a Trial of residence for his actions without royal permission.
  • The institutions and properties, illegitimately usurped from the Jesuits and indigenous people, are returned to them by order of the King's Representative.
Philip IV of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1655

(1655)

Viceroyalty of Peru Mapuches Defeat Philip IV of Spain
Chepo expedition

(1679)

New Spain

Viceroyalty of Peru

European Pirates (English and Spaniards renegades) Initial victory for the pirates
  • They continue their actions on both coasts of Central America, while looting and then burning of the town of Chepo, Panama (part of Peru as Real Audiencia of Panama).

Peruvian royal victory in Battle of San Marcos de Arica

  • Execution of the pirates, with the exception of Bartolomé Sharp, who manages to return to England and is acquitted.
Charles II of Spain
Colonial front of Nine Years' War

(1688–97)

Grand Alliance:  France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Irish and Scottish Jacobites

Indecisive Charles II of Spain
West Indies and South American Front of the War of the Spanish Succession

(1701–14)

 Kingdom of France

Spain Spain loyal to Philip

Bavaria Bavaria (until 1704)

Mantua Duchy of Mantua (until 1708)

Cologne (until 1702)

Liège (until 1702)

co-belligerent:

 Holy Roman Empire:

 Great Britain (formed in 1707)[3]

 Dutch Republic

 Duchy of Savoy (after 1703)

Portugal Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703)

Spain Spain loyal to Charles

Denmark Danish Auxiliary Corps

co-belligerent:

Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip

Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles

Philip V of Spain
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru

(1700s)

SpainViceroyalty of Peru Rebellions of peruleros Pyric victory of the Viceroyalty authorities.
  • Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population.
  • Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism.
  • First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.
Philip V of Spain

Louis I of Spain Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III of Spain Charles IV of Spain

Huilliche uprising of 1712

(1712)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Huilliches of Chiloé Royalist Victory
  • Harsh reprisals by the Spanish military against the Huiliches until the intervention of the Jesuit mediation.
  • The governor of Chile, Juan Andrés de Ustáriz, created a commission (led by Pedro de Molina) to find those responsible and punish corrupt officials who provoked the Huiliche rebellion. Marín de Velasco is found guilty and is prohibited from returning to Chiloé, Ustáriz is dismissed after the Trial of residence for complicity with Garzón's escape
  • Reforms are being made so that living conditions in the encomienda improve for the Huilliches
Philip V of Spain
Great Revolt of the Comuneros of Paraguay

(1721–1735)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Comuneros

Encomenderos

Royalist victory Philip V of Spain

Louis I of Spain

Mapuche uprising of 1723

(1723)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Mapuches Both sides claim victory Philip V of Spain
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) Spain Spanish Empire Portugal Portuguese Empire Defeat and Status quo ante bellum Philip V of Spain
Colonial front of the War of Austrian Succession (War of Jenkins' Ear)

(1739–48)

Spain Spanish Empire

 France

Wabanaki Confederacy

 Prussia

Bavaria Bavaria (1741–45)

 Saxony (1741–42)

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Sicily and Naples

 Republic of Genoa (1745–48)

Sweden Sweden (1741–43)

 Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42)

 Great Britain

Iroquois Confederacy

 Habsburg Monarchy

Province of Hanover Hanover

 Dutch Republic

 Saxony (1743–45)

 Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48)

 Russia (1741–43, 1748)

Status quo ante bellum Philip V of Spain

Ferdinand VI of Spain

Guaraní War

(1754–56)

Spain Spanish Empire

Portugal Portuguese Empire

Guaraní Tribes

Jesuits

Victory Ferdinand VI of Spain
Colonial front of the Seven Years' War Spain Spain (since 1762)

 France

Austria

 Saxony
Hesse-Darmstadt

Sweden
 Russia (until 1762)

Kalmykia
 Mughal Empire (since 1757)

Portugal Portuguese Empire (since 1762)

 Great Britain

Hanover

 Prussia
Hesse-Kassel

Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Schaumburg-Lippe

Stalemate Charles III of Spain
Mapuche uprising of 1766

(1766)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru

Pehuenche

Mapuches Stagnation due to inter-ethnic indigenous conflict
  • Spanish penetration in Araucanía is reversed.
Charles III of Spain
Spanish expeditions to Tahití

(1772–1775)

Spain Spanish Empire

Christianized Tahitians

Hostile Pagan Tahitians
Spanish and Peruvian mutineers
Victory
  • Withdrawn due to anticlerical policies of Charles III and economic problems in Peru to support the stability of the Catholic missions
Charles III of Spain
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II

(1780–1783)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru
  • Council of 24 Incan Noble electors

Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Túpac Amaru II criollo, mestizo, indigenous and black rebel forces

Túpac Katari indigenous rebel forces

Royalist victory Charles III of Spain
Huilliche uprising of 1792

(1792)

Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Huilliches of Futahuillimapu Royalist victory
  • After the misunderstandings were resolved, the Parliament of Las Canoas was signed by Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins, by which the Huiliches were fully incorporated into the sovereignty of the Spanish Crown, while maintaining their traditional institutions (such as the cacicato). Therefore, the territorial strip between the Rahue and Damas rivers is open to Spanish colonization, allowing the refoundation of Osorno. The indigenous signatories recognized the king of Spain as their sovereign and signed an alliance agreement, but maintained considerable autonomy in the lands that they had not ceded to the Kingdom of Chile.
Charles IV of Spain
Campaigns of Peruvian Royal Army during Spanish American wars of independence

(1808–1833)

Spain Spanish Empire

Unofficially supported by:

Portugal Kingdom of Brazil

1st phase

Junta of Quito
Bolivian Republiquetas

Junta of Chile
 Junta of Bogota
Junta of Buenos Aires

Junta of Guayaquil

2nd phase
 Río de la Plata
 Chile
 Gran Colombia
 Peru

Supported by:
 Britain
 Haiti

1st phase: Initial Royalist victory during the administration of the viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa

2nd phase: Reverse during Joaquín de la Pezuela administration and final defeat during Jose de la Serna government.

Ferdinand VII of Spain

Republic of Peru (1821–present)

[edit]
Conflict Peru and Peruvian Allies War against Results Head of State
of Peru
Peruvian War of Independence
(1811–1826)
 Peru
 Río de la Plata
 Gran Colombia
 Chile
 Spain Peruvian victory
  • Peru becomes an independent country
Ecuadorian War of Independence
(1820–1822)
Guayaquil
 Gran Colombia
 Chile
Peru
 Río de la Plata
 Spain Victory
Bolivian War of Independence

(1821–1825)

Bolivia

 Gran Colombia Peru
 Río de la Plata

 Spain Victory
Iquicha War
(1825–1828)
 Peru Iquicha Government victory
Peruvian intervention in Bolivia of 1828
(1828)
 Peru  Gran Colombia Peruvian victory
Gran Colombia–Peru War
(1828–1829)
 Peru  Gran Colombia Stalemate
  • Signing of the Larrea-Gual Treaty[6]
  • Peru recognized the Gran Colombian annexation of Guayaquil and Gran Colombia recognized Peruvian sovereignty of Tumbes, Jaen and Maynas
Peruvian Civil War of 1834
(1834)
Peru Luis José de Orbegoso's Government Peru Pedro Bermudez's Rebels Government victory
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
(1835–1836)
Peru Felipe Santiago Salaverry's Government
Peru Agustín Gamarra's Rebels
Peru Luis José de Orbegoso's Opposition
Andrés de Santa Cruz's Bolivian Army
Defeat
War of the Confederation
(1836–1839)
 Peru-Bolivian Confederation  Chile
Peru Peruvian Dissidents
Restoration victory
  • Dissolution of the Confederation
  • Exile of Santa Cruz
Various
War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation
(1837–1839)
 Peru-Bolivian Confederation  Argentina Defeat
  • Dissolution of the Confederation
Various
Iquicha War
(1839)
 Peru
 Chile
Iquicha Peruvian-Chilean victory
  • Signature of the Treaty of Yanallay in which the Iquichans submit to the Republic of Peru
  • Isolation of the caudillo Antonio Huachaca
Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842
(1841–1842)
 Peru Bolivia Ceasefire
  • Treaty of Puno[7]
  • Bolivian expulsion from southern Peru
  • Peruvian Army expelled from Bolivia
  • Bolivian Army expelled from Peru
Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
(1843–1844)
Peru Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Government Peru Ramón Castilla's Rebels Defeat
Peruvian expedition to California[8][9][10]

(1849)

 PeruHispanic-American community
 United States local authorities
Violent bandits of the Wild west Pirric Victory
  • Peruvian ship "General Gamarra" succes to defend Peruvians and other Hispanics against xenofobic violence in California, while also helping American authorities to stablish order during the California gold rush. Then repatriate Peruvians after receiving more violence of bandits and also the desinterest of American government to integrate Hispanics in the region.[11]
Liberal Revolution of 1854
(1854)
Peru Constitutional Army Peru Liberal Army Constitutional Army defeat
Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858
(1856–1858)
Peru Ramón Castilla's Government Peru Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco's Rebels Government victory
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1857–1860
(1857–1860)
 Peru  Ecuador Peruvian victory
  • Subscription of the Treaty of Mapasingue [es] Diplomatic impasse arising from Ecuador's decision to grant its English creditors the vast Amazonian territories disputed with Peru. Ecuadorian failure.
Peruvian Slave Raids in Polynesia[12][13][14]

(1859–1863)

 Peru Polynesians Pirric Victory
Peruvian Civil War of 1865
(1865)
Peru Juan Antonio Pezet's Government Peru Mariano Ignacio Prado's Rebels Defeat
Chincha Islands War
(1865–1866)
 Chile
 Peru
 Ecuador
 Bolivia
Spain Spain Indecisive, both sides claimed victory
  • The state of war is maintained between the belligerent parties until the signing of an indefinite armistice in 1871.
  • Subsequently, Spain and the South American allies signed peace treaties separately: Peru (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (1883) and Ecuador (1885).
Peruvian Civil War of 1867
(1867)
Peru Mariano Ignacio Prado's Government Peru Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta's Rebels Defeat
Puno Rebellion

(1868–1869)

 Peru Tupac Amaru III indigenous rebel forces Government victory
Huáscar Uprising of 1877
(1877)
 Peru Peru Huáscar Rebels Government victory
Battle of Pacocha

(1877)

 Peru  Britain Peruvian victory
War of the Pacific
(1879–1883)
 Bolivia
 Peru
 Chile Peruvian defeat
  • Chilean forces capture Lima
  • Chilean forces occupy Tacna, Arica and Tarapaca
  • Tacna reincorporated to Peru in 1929
  • Bolivia loses its access to the sea
Mariano Ignacio Prado
Luis La Puerta de Mendoza
Nicolás de Piérola
Francisco García Calderón
Lizardo Montero Flores
Miguel Iglesias
Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885
(1884–1885)
Peru Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government Peru Miguel Iglesias's Rebels Cacerista victory
Huaraz Rebellion
(1885–1887)
 Peru Peru Quechua Rebels Government victory
Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895
(1894–1895)
Peru Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Government Peru Nicolás de Piérola's Rebels Defeat
Loretan Insurrection of 1896
(1896)
 Peru Federal State of Loreto Government victory
Salt Revolt
(1896–1897)
 Peru Peru Quechua Rebels Government victory
Border skirmishes between Peru and Brazil[16]

(1902–1909)

 Peru
co-belligerant

 Bolivia (until 1903)[17]

 Brazil Stalemate
  • Initial Peruvian victories on their military incursions on Alto Yurúa and Alto Purús region until the intervention of Jose Ferreira forces in 1904.
  • Brazil sough an anti-Peruvian alliance with Ecuador (Tobar-Rio Branco treaty) and Chile.
  • After Brazilian intimidations to Peruvian authorities of a total war with all of its neighbours, it has firmed the Velarde-Rio Branco Treaty, favorable to Brazil.
  • Peruvian withdrawal of their Acre pretensions, but ending Brazilian expansionism into Madre de Dios and Ucayali.
Eduardo López de Romaña

José Pardo y Barreda Augusto B. Leguía

Angoteros Incident (1903)  Peru  Ecuador Peruvian victory[18]
  • Advance of an Ecuadorian detachment in Peruvian territory that was repelled on the banks of the Napo River
Eduardo López de Romaña
Torres Causana Incident (1904)  Peru  Ecuador Peruvian victory[19]
  • Advance of Ecuadorian troops in Peruvian territory in the area of the Aguarico river and Napo river until their subsequent expulsion, taking of prisoners and captured war material.
Serapio Calderón
Peruvian-Ecuadorian tension of 1910

(1910)

 Peru  Ecuador Stalemate
  • ABC countries and United States intervenes to garantice the peace after menace of continental war.
  • For the first time in world history, the provisions of the 1907 Hague Convention, regarding the peaceful settlement of conflicts, were fulfilled.
  • Peruvian position is favoured
Campaign of the Manuripi Region
(1910)
 Peru  Bolivia Peruvian victory[20][21]
  • Recognition of most of the disputed territory as belonging to Peru (250 000 km2 of Peru).[22] Delivery of the territory of Purus to Peruvian territory.[23] Death of the Bolivian captain Lino Echevarria.
Conflict of La Pedrera
(1911)
 Peru  Colombia Peruvian victory[24]
  • Colombian troops were evicted from the Pedrera
Trujillan Revolution

(1932)

 Peru APRA Government victory
  • Massacres, bombing of Trujillo and failure of the revolution
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
Colombia–Peru War
(1932–1933)
 Peru  Colombia Ceasefire
  • Status quo ante bellum
  • Ratification of the Solomon-Lozano Treaty
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941
(1941)
 Peru  Ecuador Peruvian victory
World War II
(1945)
 United States
 Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
 Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Chile
 Bolivia
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Venezuela
 Uruguay
 Argentina
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Croatia
 Slovakia
 Finland
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
Victory
Leftists Guerrilla Insurgencies

(1962–1965)

 Peru MIR

ELN

 Cuba

Government victory Manuel Prado Ugarteche

Fernando Belaúnde

Limazo

(1975)

Peru Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru Peruvian police rebels

Peru Civilians (right-wing and radical left-wing)

Government Victory Juan Velasco Alvarado
Border incident of Cenepa (1978)  Peru  Ecuador Victory[25]
  • The base and the camp set up by the Ecuadorian troops are now controlled by the Peruvian Army
Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Internal Conflict in Peru [Main Phase]
(1980–2000)
 Peru Shining Path

MRTA (1982–1997)

Government victory
  • Strong weakening of the Shining Path
  • Shining Path last groups still active on high jungle
  • Total defeat of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
Alan García
Alberto Fujimori
Valentín Paniagua
Alejandro Toledo
Ollanta Humala
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Paquisha War
(1981)
 Peru  Ecuador Peruvian victory
  • The posts installed by Ecuadorian troops came to be controlled by the Peruvian Army
  • Status quo ante bellum of 1942
Cenepa War
(1995)
 Peru  Ecuador Ceasefire
  • Status quo ante bellum
  • Acta of Brasilia
  • The border was closed, as indicated in the Rio de Janeiro Protocol of 1942, and the end of all differences between the two nations was declared
Narcoterrorist insurgency (2000–present)  Peru

 Colombia

Shining Path

Militarized Communist Party of Peru

Ethnocacerists

Peruvian narcotraficants

Colombian narcotraficants

FARC

Ongoing

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tlaxcaltecas/Mexicanos en el Perú del siglo XVI | Siempre!" (in Mexican Spanish). 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  2. ^ https://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nuevoamanecer/350309-nicaraguas-conquista-peru/ Archived 2021-06-14 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL]
  3. ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
  4. ^ "Peru invades Bolivian territory to expel Bolivarian troops". History Channel. May 1828.
  5. ^ "Perú invade territorio boliviano para expulsar a las tropas bolivarianas". latam.historyplay.tv (in Spanish). May 1828. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
  6. ^ "Guerra grancolombo-peruana (1828-1829), Guerras del Perú". Portal iPerú (in Spanish). 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
  7. ^ Porras Barrenechea, Raúl (1930). History of the Limits of Peru. Fundación M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ISBN 9786124587238.
  8. ^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú | LA MARINA DE GUERRA EN LA REPÚBLICA S. XIX". 2022-11-23. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  9. ^ López Martínez, Héctor (2022-10-17). "El bergantín Gamarra en San Francisco". El Comercio (in Spanish). ISSN 1605-3052. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  10. ^ Arroyo, Pamela (2024-06-19). "La vez que la Marina del Perú ayudó a EE.UU. a defender su territorio: era la potencia naval de Sudamérica". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  11. ^ "La Primera Colonia Peruana en los Estados Unidos, 1849". SUMAQ. 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  12. ^ Maude, Henry Evans (1981). Slavers in Paradise: The Peruvian Slave Trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1106-7.
  13. ^ Englert, Sebastián (2004). La tierra de Hotu Matu'a: historia y etnología de la Isla de Pascua : gramática y diccionario del antiguo idioma de Isla de Pascua (in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 978-956-11-1704-4.
  14. ^ "Blackbirding - Slavery | Atafu Tokelau Community Group". Matauala Hub. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  15. ^ Campbell, Ramon (1999). Mito y realidad de Rapanui: la cultura de la Isla de Pascua (in Spanish). Andres Bello. ISBN 978-956-13-1580-8.
  16. ^ https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/5233/6/07-TR-Villafañe-s.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ Acre War (1899-1903)
  18. ^ "Centro de Estudios Histórico Militares del Perú". 26 June 2021.
  19. ^ "Historia de la república del Perú [1822-1933]". Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. 2005. p. Tomo 12, Pág. 191.
  20. ^ "192 years of Bolivian independence: territorial losses". Red Uno. August 4, 2017.
  21. ^ "Bolivia has lost more than 1 million km2". Infogate. 13 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Bolivia lost more than half of its territory". Newspaper the Homeland. 16 March 2022.
  23. ^ "The territory of the Bolivian coast". Chilean Navy Magazine.
  24. ^ Fernando Santos / Federica Barclay (2002). The domesticated frontier. PUCP. p. 194.
  25. ^ Gutarra Maraví, Eleazar (1984). La Cordillera del Cóndor – Un desafío Geopolítico (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos de la IMG.