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Franz Schall

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Franz Schall
Schall as a Leutnant
Born(1918-06-01)1 June 1918
Graz, Austria-Hungary
Died10 April 1945(1945-04-10) (aged 26)
Parchim, Nazi Germany
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
RankHauptmann (captain)
UnitJG 52, Kommando Nowotny, JG 7
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Franz Schall (1 June 1918 – 10 April 1945) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he flew approximately 550 combat missions and claimed 137 aerial victories—that is, 137 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

He was killed on 10 April 1945, when his aircraft rolled into a bomb crater and exploded during an attempted emergency landing at Parchim.

Career

[edit]

Schall was born on 1 June 1918 in Graz in Austria-Hungary. He began his military service with the anti-aircraft artillery before in September 1941 he was trained as a fighter pilot.[Note 1] Holding the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant), Schall was posted to the 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 18 February 1943.[2] At the time, this Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Rudolf Miethig and was part of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 52 headed by Hauptmann Helmut Bennemann.[3]

War against the Soviet Union

[edit]

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Germany had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. In February 1943, I. Gruppe was based at Poltava on the Eastern Front and was subordinated to Luftwaffenkommando Don which supported the fighting in the Third Battle of Kharkov.[4] Schall claimed his first aerial victory on 6 May when he shot down a Lavochkin La-5 fighter near Belgorod.[5]

I./JG 52 insignia

In preparation for Operation Citadel, I. Gruppe was moved to Bessonovka, a makeshift airfield located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) on 4 July.[6] On 13 July during the Battle of Kursk, Schall, accompanied by his wingman Oberfeldwebel Franz Woidich, claimed an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down.[7] On 14 July, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) and the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 24 August.[8] On 11 November 1943, Schall was shot down and wounded by anti-aircraft artillery in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 410131—factory number) resulting in a forced landing 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) south of Kerch.[9] In December 1943, Schall was temporarily put in command of 3. Staffel of JG 52. He replaced Leutnant Karl-Heinz Plücker who was transferred.[3]

Schall was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 20 March 1944.[10] On 11 May, then Oberleutnant Franz Woidich succeeded Schall as commander of 3. Staffel.[11] On 10 June 1944, I. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield named Peloniczna near Lviv. Seven days later, they were moved to Serpneve.[12] On 22 June, Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, attacking Army Group Centre in Byelorussia, with the objective of encircling and destroying its main component armies.[13] On 24 June, the Gruppe transferred to Galați and again to Peloniczna.[14] The Gruppe reached Grabowiec in eastern Poland on 27 July and Kraków on 1 August. On 12 August they were again relocated and moved to Mzurowa.[15] The day before, Schall was officially appointed Staffelkapitän (Squadron leader) of 3. Staffel after Woidich was transferred.[11]

Fighting across Poland, it led to his most prolific period in the war with a number of multiple victories in a day: three on 12 August (74–76), three more on the 24th (79–81).[16] On 26 August, Schall became a "double ace-in-a-day" for the first time, claiming eleven aerial victories which included six Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. On 31 August, he surpassed this figure, claiming thirteen aerial victories, including his 100th claim, which took his total to 109 victories.[17] He was the 81st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[18] In September 1944, Schall left JG 52 and transferred to a jet fighter unit.[19] Command of 3. Staffel was transferred to Leutnant Leonhard Färber on 25 September.[11] Schall was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 10 October 1944 for 117 aerial victories claimed.[8]

Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262

[edit]

On 25 September 1944, Schall was posted to a specialist unit dubbed Kommando Nowotny, named after Walter Nowotny, for testing and establishing tactics for the newly developed Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.[Note 2] General der Jagdflieger (General of the Fighter Force) Adolf Galland had hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) numerical superiority. There, following the death of Hauptmann Alfred Teumer on 4 October, Schall was appointed Staffelkapitän of 2. Staffel on 16 October.[20][21] On 7 October, Schall and Feldwebel Helmut Lennartz were scrambled at 13:45 from Hesepe airfield to intercept a heavy bomber formation. In this encounter, both Schall and Lennartz each claimed a USAAF Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber shot down, the first aerial victories of Kommando Nowotny.[21] Schall claimed a North American P-51 Mustang fighter destroyed on 28 October and a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter on 6 November.[22] He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 10 October 1944.[10]

Me 262 A, circa 1944

Generals Alfred Keller and Galland had scheduled an inspection of Kommando Nowotny for the afternoon of 7 November 1944. Galland had already visited Kommando Nowotny several times and was deeply concerned over the high attrition rate and meager success achieved by the Me 262. After inspecting the two airfields at Achmer and Hesepe, he stayed in the Penterknapp barracks discussing the problems of the past few weeks. Several pilots openly expressed their doubts as to the readiness of the Me 262 for combat operations.[23] When the Generals arrived again at Nowotny's command post the next morning a large bomber formation was reported. Two Rotten of Me 262 were prepared for take-off, Erich Büttner and Schall at Hesepe, and Nowotny and Günther Wegmann at Achmer. At first only Schall and Wegmann managed to take off because Büttner had a punctured tire during taxiing and Nowotny's turbines initially refused to start. Schall and Wegmann both made contact with the Americans, claiming a P-51 and P-47 respectively.[24][25] By the time the Americans returned from their bomb run, Nowotny, his aircraft now serviceable, and Schall took off alone and made contact with the bomber force at an altitude of 10,000 meters (33,000 feet). Schall shot down two P-51s before suffering engine failure. Attempting to glide his aircraft to Hesepe, Schall was shot down by Lieutenant James W. Kenney of the 357th Fighter Group. While Schall managed to bail out safely, Nowotny was killed in action.[26][27]

Following Nowotny's death, the pilots of Kommando Nowotny were moved to Lechfeld where they were joined by 20–25 pilots from III. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 2, also known as Erprobungskommando Lechfeld, a replacement training unit which had also trained on the Me 262.[28] On 19 November, Kommando Nowotny became the III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7 - 7th Fighter Wing), the world's first operational jet fighter wing, and was moved to Brandenburg-Briest.[29][30] JG 7 had been formed in August 1944 and placed under the command of Oberst Johannes Steinhoff.[31] At the time of its creation, III./JG 7 was commanded by Major Erich Hohagen and command of 10. Staffel was handed to Schall.[32]

On 18 March 1945, the USAAF Eighth Air Force attacked Berlin with 1,329 bombers, escorted by 733 fighter aircraft. A number of Me 262s intercepted the bomber formation and its escorts in vicinity of Nauen-Rathenow-Brandenburg-Potsdam. At approximately 11:15, Schall claimed a P-51 shot down.[33][34] The next day, 374 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the 3d Air Division attacked Carl Zeiss AG, a manufacturer of optical systems, in Jena, and the motor vehicle factories at Zwickau and Plauen. In defense of this attack, Schall claimed a B-17 shot down north of Chemnitz.[35][36][37] On 21 March 1945, the USAAF Eighth Air Force attacked various Luftwaffe airfields in Germany with approximately 1,300 heavy bombers, escorted by 750 fighter aircraft.[38] That day, Schall claimed another aerial victory over a P-51.[39] The next, the Eighth Air Force again targeted various military installations and airfields in Germany.[40] Yet again Schall claimed a P-51 shot down, that day in the Cottbus-Bautzen-Dresden area.[41] On 24 March, 1,714 bombers, escorted by approximately 1,300 fighter aircraft, targeted 18 Luftwaffe airfields.[42] Schall led 10. Staffel at about 12:00 from Parchim airfield and engaged the bombers south of Berlin. Approximately 15 Me 262s, the majority of them armed with R4M air-to-air rockets, claimed a number of bombers destroyed, including a B-17 by Schall.[43] On 31 March 1945, the Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command targeted Wilhelmshaven, Bremen and Hamburg. The attack force from No. 219, No. 429, No. 431, No. 434, No. 408, No. 415 and No. 425 Squadron had made their target approach by night. In morning hours, the British and Canadians were intercepted by 20 Me 262s from I. Gruppe and seven Me 262s from III. Gruppe who claimed 19 four-engined bombers, two fighters and probable destruction of another bomber. Schall claimed two victories in this engagement.[44]

On 4 April, Schall claimed a P-51 shot down.[45] That day, RAF Bomber Command had targeted Nordhausen with 243 Avro Lancaster bombers while the USAAF Eighth Air Force sent 950 B-17s and B-24s to Luftwaffe airfields at Kaltenkirchen, Parchim, Perleberg, Wesendorf, Faßberg, Hoya, Dedelstorf and Eggebek, as well as the U-boat yards at Finkenwerder and shipyards at Kiel. This bomber force was protected by 800 escort fighters.[46] On 9 April, the RAF targeted the German ships Admiral Scheer, Admiral Hipper and Emden moored at Kiel and other targets in northern Germany. That afternoon, Schall claimed a Lancaster shot down.[47] On 10 April 1945, Schall claimed a P-51 shot down. He was then killed when his aircraft rolled into a bomb crater, flipped, and exploded during an attempted emergency landing at Parchim Airfield.[48][49] That day, the Luftwaffe lost a number of Me 262 pilots, including Oberleutnant Walther Wever. The Americans dubbed this day the "great jet massacre".[50]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Schall was credited with 133 aerial victories.[51] Forsyth also lists Schall with 133 aerial victories claimed in 530 combat missions. This figure includes 17 claims flying the Me 262 jet fighter, including six four-engined heavy bombers and eleven P-51 fighters.[8] Spick however lists him with 137 aerial victories claimed in approximately 550 combat missions.[52] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 133 aerial victory claims, plus four further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 117 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 16 on the Western Front flying the Me 262 jet fighter, including five four-engined bombers.[53]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 35 Ost 61184". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[54]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Schall an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Schall did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[10]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943
1 6 May 1943 13:14 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 61184, vicinity of Belgorod[5]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Belgorod 		13 27 September 1943 14:35 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66865[55]
vicinity of Wennlowka
—
 13 May 1943 04:15 La-5[56] 14 27 September 1943 14:43 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 76772[55]
vicinity of Blagoweschtschenskaja
2 30 May 1943 16:12 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75232[56]
north of Krymsk 		15 20 October 1943 12:07 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 58143[57]
northwest of Zaporizhia
3 11 June 1943 10:25 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 76823[58]
vicinity of Kalabatka 		16 21 October 1943 12:05 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 4] PQ 34 Ost 58738[57]
4 5 July 1943 18:45 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 61652, north of Pukroska[59]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Vovchansk 		17 22 October 1943 13:15 Yak-7?[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 39652[57]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Pjatichatki
5 12 July 1943 14:47 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 61132[59]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Prokhorovka 		18 23 October 1943 09:07 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 34 Ost 58561[60]
vicinity of Kalinowka
6 13 July 1943 08:57 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61293[59]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Prokhorovka 		19 24 October 1943 10:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 58172[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Melitopol
7 15 July 1943 13:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 62883, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Prokhorovka[61]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Prokhorovka 		20 24 October 1943 13:50 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 7] PQ 34 Ost 57171[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Melitopol
8 18 July 1943 06:50 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 88431[61]
vicinity of Marienheim (Perekrestovo) 		21 28 October 1943 14:15 La-5?[Note 8] PQ 34 Ost 48512[60]
25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Nikopol
9 26 July 1943 18:12 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 88267, south of Julizwechino[61]
vicinity of Jalisawehino 		22 7 November 1943 15:05 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 47771[60]
vicinity of Gromovka
10 1 August 1943 10:38 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 88283[63]
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Jalisawehino 		23 7 November 1943 15:06 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 47771[60]
vicinity of Gromovka
—
 4 August 1943 15:30 Il-2?[63][Note 7] 24 7 November 1943 15:07 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 47771[60]
vicinity of Gromovka
11 7 August 1943 15:55?[Note 9] La-5?[Note 9] PQ 35 Ost 61595, north of Leskij[63]
30 km (19 mi) south-southwest of Belgorod 		25 9 November 1943 14:25 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 47771[64]
vicinity of Gromovka
12 25 September 1943 08:03 LaGG-3?[Note 6] PQ 34 Ost 76533[55]
southwest of Kurtschanskaja 		26 9 November 1943 14:25 U-2?[Note 10] PQ 34 Ost 47771[64]
vicinity of Gromovka
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[53]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944
27 7 January 1944 14:16 Yak-9?[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 29392[65]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Kropyvnytskyi 		72 16 July 1944 15:36 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 41682[66]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Brody
28 9 January 1944 14:05 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 29382[65]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Alekandrovka 		73 16 July 1944 15:40 Yak-9?[Note 11] PQ 25 Ost 41688[66]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Brody
29 12 January 1944 11:06 P-39?[Note 12] PQ 34 Ost 29492[65]
25 km (16 mi) west of Kropyvnytskyi 		74 12 August 1944 14:10 Yak-11?[Note 7] PQ 25 Ost 11379[68]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Mielec
30 16 January 1944 09:34 Yak-9?[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 19462[65]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Kropyvnytskyi 		75 12 August 1944 16:57 La-5?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11358[68]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
31 16 January 1944 11:51 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 29371[65]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Kropyvnytskyi 		76 12 August 1944 17:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11388[68]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Mielec
32 16 January 1944 11:55 P-39?[Note 13] PQ 34 Ost 29381[65]
vicinity of Kropyvnytskyi 		77 22 August 1944 18:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11415[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
33 16 January 1944 12:03?[Note 14] La-5?[Note 14] PQ 34 Ost 29523[65]
vicinity of Alekandrovka 		78 22 August 1944 18:50 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 10] PQ 25 Ost 11335[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
34 17 January 1944 11:52 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 29383[65]
vicinity of Kropyvnytskyi 		79 24 August 1944 11:12 Yak-9?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11418[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
35 26 January 1944 07:52 P-39?[Note 15] PQ 34 Ost 66641[65]
east of Bulganak 		80 24 August 1944 14:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11755[68]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Mielec
36 28 January 1944 15:00 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 8] PQ 34 Ost 66641[69]
east of Bulganak 		81 24 August 1944 14:27 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11764[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Mielec
37 22 February 1944 11:35 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 38664[69]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Apostolove 		82 25 August 1944 09:12 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 16] PQ 25 Ost 11334[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
38 24 February 1944 08:35 U-2?[Note 17] PQ 34 Ost 38564[69]
20 km (12 mi) east of Apostolove 		83♠ 26 August 1944 11:08 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 11292[70]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Sandomierz
39 28 March 1944 14:45 R-5?[Note 5] PQ 24 Ost 98174[69]
40 km (25 mi) west-southwest of Balta 		84♠ 26 August 1944 11:12 Pe-2?[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11323[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
40 19 April 1944 13:48 P-39?[Note 18] PQ 24 Ost 78674[71]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași 		85♠ 26 August 1944 15:07 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 11189[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
41 24 April 1944 18:00 Boston?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 97343[71]
30 km (19 mi) north of Leipzig 		86♠ 26 August 1944 15:15 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 11331[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
42 24 April 1944 18:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 24 Ost 87634[71]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Leipzig 		87♠ 26 August 1944 17:15 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11324[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
43 24 April 1944 18:26 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 24 Ost 87632[71]
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Leipzig 		88♠ 26 August 1944 17:17 Il-2?[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11357[70]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
44 28 April 1944 11:00 P-39 PQ 24 Ost 78674[71]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași 		89♠ 26 August 1944 17:18 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11379[70]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Mielec
45 2 May 1944 10:35 P-39 PQ 24 Ost 68682[71]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Târgu Frumos 		90♠ 26 August 1944 18:50 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11183[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
46 2 May 1944 15:13 P-39 PQ 24 Ost 78741[71]
20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Roman 		91♠ 26 August 1944 18:51 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11186[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
47 2 May 1944 17:30 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 24 Ost 68833, southwest of Târgu Frumos[71]
north of Târgu Frumos 		92♠ 26 August 1944 18:52 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11189[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
48 15 May 1944 18:15 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 7] PQ 24 Ost 97131[72]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Tiraspol 		93♠ 26 August 1944 18:54 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11185[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
49 15 May 1944 18:20 La-5?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 97132[72]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Grigoriopol 		94 28 August 1944 12:30 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11322[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
50 17 May 1944 18:25 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 24 Ost 97233[72]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Grigoriopol 		95 28 August 1944 12:31 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11327[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
51 30 May 1944 04:30 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 78675[72]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași 		96 28 August 1944 12:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11185[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
52 30 May 1944 16:00 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 7] PQ 24 Ost 78614[73]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Țuțora 		97♠ 31 August 1944 12:54 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11185[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
53 30 May 1944 16:05 La-5?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 78684[73]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Iași 		98♠ 31 August 1944 14:10 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11183[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
54 31 May 1944 06:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 24 Ost 78685[73]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Țuțora 		99♠ 31 August 1944 14:11 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11185[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
55 31 May 1944 11:36 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 10] PQ 24 Ost 78821[73]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Iași 		100♠ 31 August 1944 14:12 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11189[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
56 1 June 1944 12:35 Yak-9 PQ 24 Ost 78679[73]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Silistra 		101♠ 31 August 1944 14:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11177[70]
20 km (12 mi) west of Opatów
57 3 June 1944 11:50 Yak-9?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 78674, north of Iași[73]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași 		102♠ 31 August 1944 16:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11185[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
58 3 June 1944 12:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 24 Ost 78592[73] 103♠ 31 August 1944 16:03 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11322[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
59 4 June 1944 16:14 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 10] PQ 24 Ost 78231[73] 104♠ 31 August 1944 16:04 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11327[70]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
60 4 June 1944 16:22 P-39?[Note 10] PQ 24 Ost 78231[73]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Iași 		105♠ 31 August 1944 16:08?[Note 19] Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11353[70]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
61 6 June 1944 09:05?[Note 20] Yak-9?[Note 20] PQ 24 Ost 78649[73]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Țuțora 		106♠ 31 August 1944 17:50 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11327[74]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
62 26 June 1944 15:30 P-39 PQ 24 Ost 49655[73]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Kolomea 		107♠ 31 August 1944 17:52 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11353[74]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
63 26 June 1944 15:33 P-39?[Note 21] PQ 24 Ost 49663[73]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Kolomea 		108♠ 31 August 1944 17:54 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11362[74]
20 km (12 mi) south of Opatów
64 7 July 1944 16:55 B-25?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 50598[66]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Kovel 		109♠ 31 August 1944 19:01 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11185[74]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
65 14 July 1944 12:00 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 24 Ost 41822[66]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Brody 		110♠ 1 September 1944 10:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11411[74]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
66 14 July 1944 12:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 24 Ost 51741[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Zolkiew 		111♠ 1 September 1944 10:01 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11415[74]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
67 14 July 1944 12:08 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 24 Ost 51751[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Brody 		112♠ 1 September 1944 10:04 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11418[74]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
—
 14 July 1944 14:00~ P-39?[66][Note 6] 113♠ 1 September 1944 14:04 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11181[74]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
68 15 July 1944 16:40 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 10] PQ 25 Ost 41681[66]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Brody 		114♠ 1 September 1944 14:06 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11321[74]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów
69 15 July 1944 16:44 Yak-9?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 41656[66]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Brody 		115 2 September 1944 10:00 P-39?[Note 6] PQ 25 Ost 11181[74]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
70 16 July 1944 11:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 41617[66]
60 km (37 mi) north of Busk 		116 2 September 1944 10:03 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 25 Ost 11316[74]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Opatów
71 16 July 1944 11:03 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 10] PQ 25 Ost 41655[66]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Brody 		117?[Note 22] 2 September 1944 10:06 P-51[16]
– 2. Staffel of Kommando "Nowotny" –[16]
Defense of the Reich — October – November 1944
—
 7 October 1944
—
 B-24[75] Magdeburg/Rothensee 120 8 November 1944 10:36 P-51[76] Bielefeld
118 28 October 1944 12:04 P-51[75] Coesfeld[77] 121 8 November 1944 10:37 P-51[76] Osnabrück
119 6 November 1944 10:57 P-47[76] Schorlingborsteler Beeke[77]
Lake Dümmer 		122 8 November 1944 10:40 P-51[76] vicinity of Südmerzen
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 7 –[16]
Defense of the Reich — March – 10 April 1945
123 18 March 1945 11:15 P-51[78] Nauen-Rathenow-Brandenburg-Potsdam 129 31 March 1945 08:37–09:32 Lancaster[79] Hamburg
124 19 March 1945 14:00+ B-17[78] vicinity of Chemnitz 130 31 March 1945 08:37–09:32 P-51 Hamburg
125 21 March 1945 09:15~ P-51[80] northwest of Dresden 131 4 April 1945 09:00+ P-51[81] south of Bremen
126 22 March 1945 12:45~ P-51[80] Cottbus-Bautzen-Dresden 132 9 April 1945
—
 Lancaster Hamburg
127 24 March 1945 11:36–12:28 B-17 vicinity of Wittenberg 133 10 April 1945
—
 P-51
128 25 March 1945 10:10 P-51[82]

Awards

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ For a list of Luftwaffe Jet aces see List of German World War II jet aces
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-1.[10]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Bell P-39 Airacobra.[53]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[53]
  7. ^ a b c d e According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin La-5.[62]
  8. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov Po-2, referred to as U-2.[62]
  9. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 at 17:55.[10]
  10. ^ a b c d e f g According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9.[62]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-11.[67]
  12. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9.[10]
  13. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin La-5.[67]
  14. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Bell P-39 Airacobra at 12:05.[67]
  15. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[67]
  16. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Petlyakov Pe-2.[67]
  17. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Polikarpov R-5.[67]
  18. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Douglas A-20 Havoc, also known as "Boston".[67]
  19. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:09.[16]
  20. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Bell P-39 Airacobra at 09:00.[67]
  21. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a North American B-25 Mitchell.[67]
  22. ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Balke and Bock.[74]
  23. ^ According to Obermaier on 22 February 1944.[2]
  24. ^ According to Scherzer as Staffelführer of the 3./Jagdgeschwader 52[86]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 192.
  3. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 278.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 209.
  5. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 283.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 237.
  7. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 96.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Forsyth 2019, p. 54.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 300.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1102.
  11. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2022, p. 67.
  12. ^ Schreier 1990, pp. 140–141.
  13. ^ Schreier 1990, pp. 137–138.
  14. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 141.
  15. ^ Schreier 1990, pp. 142, 144.
  16. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1104.
  17. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 82.
  18. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  19. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 146.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 11.
  21. ^ a b Boehme 1992, p. 57.
  22. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 61.
  23. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 61–62.
  24. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 62.
  25. ^ Morgan & Weal 1998, p. 27.
  26. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 62–63.
  27. ^ Scutts 1987, p. 118.
  28. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 63.
  29. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 71.
  30. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 17.
  31. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 72.
  32. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 18–19.
  33. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 111.
  34. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 616.
  35. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 69–70.
  36. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 119.
  37. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 618.
  38. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 70.
  39. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 124.
  40. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 73.
  41. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 127.
  42. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 76.
  43. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 130.
  44. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 137–139.
  45. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 148.
  46. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 88.
  47. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 158.
  48. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 160–161.
  49. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 100.
  50. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 100–101.
  51. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  52. ^ Spick 1996, p. 229.
  53. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1102–1104.
  54. ^ Planquadrat.
  55. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 290.
  56. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 284.
  57. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 291.
  58. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 285.
  59. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 286.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 292.
  61. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 287.
  62. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1102–1103.
  63. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 288.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 293.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2022, p. 71.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2022, p. 76.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1103.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2022, p. 77.
  69. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2022, p. 72.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Prien et al. 2022, p. 78.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2022, p. 73.
  72. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2022, p. 74.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2022, p. 75.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2022, p. 79.
  75. ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 266.
  76. ^ a b c d Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 267.
  77. ^ a b Prien et al. 2019, p. 13.
  78. ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 270.
  79. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 273.
  80. ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 271.
  81. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 274.
  82. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 272.
  83. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 177.
  84. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 399.
  85. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 374.
  86. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 656.

Bibliography

[edit]
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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish] (2008). Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdgeschwader 7 'Nowotny'. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 29. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-320-9.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2019). Me 262 vs P-51 Mustang: Europe 1944–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2956-6.
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  • Morgan, Hugh; Weal, John (1998). German Jet Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 17. London; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-634-7.
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  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Trophy for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Balke, Ulf; Bock, Winfried (2022). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 15/II—Einsatz im Osten—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 15/II—Action in the East—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-28-4.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
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  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces: The Jadgflieger and their Combat Tactics and Techniques. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
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