Jump to content

Black Friday (shopping)

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Day after Thanksgiving)

Black Friday
Shoppers rush into a store as it opens on Black Friday, 2013.
Observed byTraditionally:[1]
United States
Others:
Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Romania, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, India, Malta, Norway, Sweden, Finland, France, Spain, Iran, Israel, Brazil, The Netherlands, South Africa, Mexico (as El Buen Fin) and increasingly in other parts of the world.
TypeCommercial
SignificancePopular shopping day
ObservancesShopping
DateDay after U.S. Thanksgiving
2023 dateNovember 24  (2023-11-24)
2024 dateNovember 29  (2024-11-29)
2025 dateNovember 28  (2025-11-28)
2026 dateNovember 27  (2026-11-27)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toThanksgiving, Small Business Saturday, Cyber Monday, Giving Tuesday, Christmas, Buy Nothing Day

Black Friday is the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States. It traditionally marks the start of the Christmas shopping season and is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at heavily discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight[2] or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("Cyber Monday") or for a week ("Cyber Week").

"Black Friday" has evolved in meaning and impact over the years, initially referring to calamitous days, with a notable early instance being Black Friday (1869) in the US. This financial crisis saw a dramatic plunge in gold prices, affecting investors. The term was later used in American retail, starting ambiguously in the 1950s. Initially associated with workforce absence post-Thanksgiving, it was reinterpreted by Philadelphia police to describe the shopping-induced congestion. Attempts at rebranding to "Big Friday" failed, and the term "Black Friday" solidified by the 1980s, referring to the pivotal point where retailers purportedly shifted from loss ("in the red") to profit ("in the black"). This day marks the unofficial start of the Christmas shopping season, with promotional sales aiming to draw large crowds. Black Friday is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States[3][4][5] and retailers prioritize it and Cyber Monday as highly profitable holiday shopping days.[6]

The concept has since globalized, with countries around the world adopting "Black Friday" sales to mimic the U.S. phenomenon, adjusting local customs or creating similar events. The advent of online shopping and events like "Cyber Monday" have expanded the traditional one-day shopping frenzy into a broader holiday shopping season, diluting the singular focus of Black Friday, and expanding its economic impact.

Etymology

For centuries, the adjective "black" has been applied to days upon which calamities occurred. Many events have been described as "Black Friday", although the most significant such event in American history was the Panic of 1869, which occurred when financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk took advantage of their connections with the Grant Administration in an attempt to corner the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by 18%. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was ruined.

The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal, Factory Management and Maintenance, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day weekend. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms "Black Friday" and "Black Saturday" came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and Rochester to describe the crowds and traffic congestion accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days "Big Friday" and "Big Saturday", but these terms were quickly forgotten.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in The New York Times on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread, The Philadelphia Inquirer reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.[13]

As the phrase gained national attention in the early 1980s, merchants objecting to the use of a derisive term to refer to one of the most important shopping days of the year suggested an alternative derivation: that retailers traditionally operated at a financial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season, beginning on the day after Thanksgiving.[7] When this was recorded in the financial records, once-common accounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and black ink to show positive amounts. Black Friday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period when retailers would no longer be "in the red", instead of taking in the year's profits.[7][13][14] The earliest known published reference to this explanation occurs in The Philadelphia Inquirer for November 28, 1981.[15]

Since the early 21st century, there have been attempts by U.S.-based retailers to introduce a retail "Black Friday" to other countries around the world. Retailers outside the US have attempted to promote the day to remain competitive with US-based online retailers.[16]

In more recent decades, global retailers have adopted the term and date to market their own holiday sales.[17]

History

Thanksgiving's relationship to Christmas shopping led to controversy in the 1930s. Retail stores would have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to start advertising before Thanksgiving. For this reason, in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a presidential proclamation proclaiming Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November rather than the last Thursday, meaning in some years one week earlier, in order to lengthen the Christmas shopping season.[18] Most people adopted the President's change, which was later reinforced by an act of Congress, but many continued to celebrate Thanksgiving on the traditional date.[18]

In 2015, Amazon.com was the first to offer "Black Friday in July" deals on what they called "Prime Day", promising better deals than on Black Friday. Amazon repeated the practice in 2016 and 2017, and other companies began offering similar deals.[19]

Analyst Marshal Cohen of The NPD Group claimed in 2020 that Black Friday is declining in favor of online shopping, and that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this process. The pandemic also resulted in holiday deals being offered over a longer period of time, even as early as October.[20] Fewer people shopped in person on Black Friday 2020, and most business took place online. Market research company Numerator said sellers of clothing, tools and other items considered nonessential during lockdowns were not promoted as heavily because lower production meant less available to sell.[21] Adobe Analytics reported that online sales reached $9 billion in 2020, 22% more than the previous year. Foot traffic to stores fell 48% in 2020 from last year, according to RetailNext, while Sensormatic Solutions reported a 52% decrease.[22]

"Black Thursday"

Black Thursday, Walmart

For many years, retailers pushed opening times on Black Friday earlier and earlier, eventually reaching midnight, before opening on the evening of Thanksgiving. Kmart opened its stores on Thanksgiving as early as 1991, and was open on Thanksgiving Day for many years.[23] In 2009, Kmart manager Freddy Moss opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving in order to allow shoppers to avoid Black Friday traffic and return home in time for dinner with their families. Two years later, a number of retailers began opening at 8 p.m. or 9 p.m., on what became derisively known as "Black Thursday". In subsequent years, other stores followed this trend, opening earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving, or remaining open all day, beginning in the early morning hours.[24][25] Some retail and media sources have used the terms "Gray Thursday" or "Brown Thursday" instead.[26][27][28]

The 2014 "Black Thursday" sales were generally a failure, as overall sales for the holiday week-end fell 11% compared to the previous year despite heavy traffic at the stores on Thanksgiving night.[29] In response, a number of retailers decided to go back to closing on Thanksgiving for 2015, and Walmart, although its holding firm opening on the holiday and holding its sale, also pledged to offer the same deals online for those who wished to stay home.[30]

Retailers have received pushback from some consumers over opening on Thanksgiving Day.[31] Shopper opposition to stores opening on Thursday includes the perceived over-commercialization of Thanksgiving, retail workers not being able to spend time with their loved ones on the holiday,[32] and Thursday doorbuster sales forcing consumers to sacrifice enjoying Thanksgiving evening with their families in order to avoid missing out on highly sought-after items which might not be available again prior to Christmas.

Most retailers abandoned efforts to hold doorbuster sales on Thanksgiving in 2020; large crowds had been forbidden under most circumstances since March due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, major retailers such as Walmart and Target had already reduced their hours and dropped 24/7 operations in response to the pandemic, and several retailers known for opening on the holiday (particularly Kmart, which has typically been open regular hours) have rapidly declined.[33] According to Adobe Analytics, online shopping set a record on Thanksgiving 2020 with $5.1 billion in total spending, 21.5% higher than in 2019.[21] Most major retailers again closed on Thanksgiving in 2021, with Target stating that its decision would be permanent; the small minority of retail chains remaining open on the holiday that year were limited mainly to pharmacies, dollar stores and grocery stores, retail categories that traditionally do not hold doorbusters.[34]

Black Friday around the world

High discounts at a store in Catalonia during Black Friday

Africa

Egypt

Black Friday, in Egypt, started in 2014, being introduced as White Friday. The change of name was due to religious, traditional, and cultural concepts.[35][36]

Libya

Black Friday deals started in Libya since 2019, also introduced as White Friday due to religious, traditional and cultural concepts.[37]

Asia

Pakistan

The use Black Friday shopping festival terminology started in 2014 in major cities of Pakistan which later changed with "Blessed Friday" due to the religious reasons and welcomed by all religions and ethnic societies of Pakistan. Now Blessed Friday (Black Friday) shopping festival is being observed regularly all over Pakistan.[citation needed]

India

The holiday shopping season in India has traditionally been aligned around the "festive period" of major festivals usually falling around October or November, such as Diwali.[38][39][40] Similar to U.S.-style shopping events such as Black Friday, online retailers adopted the practice of holding multi-day promotions during this period, such as Amazon's "Great Indian Festival" and Flipkart's "Big Billion Days". India's Independence Day (August 15) had also recently attracted similar events.[40][41]

Nonetheless, the concept of Black Friday has also been imported into the subcontinent via international retailers – a move that influenced some Indian retailers to also adopt the promotion.[40][42]

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, black Friday started when a local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday Sale which is now an annual event.[citation needed]

United Arab Emirates

U.A.E. Black Friday started as White Friday campaign in 2014. In 2018 local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday in the U.A.E.. The Yellow Friday Sale is now an annual event in U.A.E., falling around the same time as Black Friday globally.[citation needed]

Europe

Belgium

Black Friday in Belgium is seriously marketed by retailers since 2016. Especially online shops have broke sales records during the last edition of Black Friday, which provides a base for further growth of popularity of Black Friday in Belgium. After 2016, Black Friday in Belgium has grown strongly. The participating shops have increased to over seventy during the Black Friday period of 2017. During Black Friday 2018, a total of 119 participating stores were measured in Belgium.[citation needed]

France

French businesses are slowly introducing the Black Friday custom into the market.[43] Discounts of up to 85% were given by retailing giants such as Apple and Amazon in 2014.[44] French electronics retailers such as FNAC and Auchan advertised deals online, while Darty also took part in this once-a-year monster sale. Retailers favored the very American term "Black Friday" to "Vendredi noir" in their advertisements.[45] In 2016, because of the terror attacks in Paris in November the year before, some retailers used the name "Jour XXL" (XXL day) instead of Black Friday.[46] An alternative was brought up by some online businesses in 2018, called "French Days",[47] which goal is to replicate Black Friday during spring season (starting around the first day of May).

On November 20, 2020, the French government finalized an agreement with e-commerce businesses like Amazon and supermarket chains to postpone Black Friday promotions by a week. Discounted shopping promotions were to begin on December 4 instead, after physical stores shuttered during the COVID-19 pandemic were allowed to reopen.[48]

Germany

In Germany, "Black Friday" retailer advertisements refer to "Black Week" and "Black Shopping" in English with sales lasting an entire week (excluding Sundays when most retail stores are closed). During this sales period, stores keep their normal working hours. Although goods are offered at reduced prices, the prices are not cut significantly more than normal weekly price reductions. Apple was the first company to run a special Black Friday campaign for the German market in 2006.[49] Apple never used the name Black Friday in Germany, but promotes only a "one-day shopping event".[50] In the first years, mostly internet retailers have used the event as an occasion to attract new customers with discounts, but bricks and mortar stores have already begun to adapt.

Ireland

Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[51]

Latvia

In 2017, Black Friday became widely popular in Latvia. There was even a Black week and Black week-end sales in shopping centres.[citation needed]

Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein, Black Friday Sale is a joint sales initiative by hundreds of online vendors. Over its first 24-hour run on November 28, 2013, more than 1.2 million people visited the site, making it the single largest online shopping event in German-speaking countries.[citation needed]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Black Friday was introduced in 2015. Some years before, there were already a number of large and small retailers that used Black Friday in their marketing. However, with a total of 35 participating stores, 2015 can be considered the year in which Black Friday started in the Netherlands due to a more widespread support of large retailers. The popularity of Black Friday has grown rapidly in the Netherlands. The number of participating stores has increased to over 125 during the Black Friday period of 2017. For the 2018 edition, 166 shops joined the largest black Friday platform in the Netherlands.[citation needed]

Norway

In Norway, Black Friday started as a publicity stunt campaign back in 2010 to increase the sales to the shopping mall Norwegian Outlet. Since the introduction, it has been promoted every year in a larger and growing market all over the country.[52]

Poland

There has been growing interest for Black Friday in Poland as well.[53]

Romania

The concept was imported in Romania by eMAG [ro] and Flanco in 2011 and became bigger each year. The two reported the biggest Black Friday sales in 2014. eMAG sold products worth some 37 million euros while Flanco's sales totaled 22 million euros. Hundreds of retailers announced their participation in the 2015 campaign.[54]

In 2015, 11 million Romanians say they have heard about Black Friday which is 73% of the 15 million people target segment; 6.7 million plan on buying something on biggest shopping event of the year in Romania.[55]

In Romania, Black Friday is two weeks before the US Black Friday.

Spain

In 2015, Spain joined with some small retailers. The celebration became more famous year by year, until the big retailers grew.[citation needed]

Sweden

In Sweden, Black Friday is widely practiced.[56]

Switzerland

In 2015, Swiss retailer Manor was the first to launch a special Black Friday promotion. The year after, most Swiss retailers launched special offers during the Black Friday Week. This year, sales of 470 million Swiss francs are expected. Although Singles Day initially grew in importance, it has now become significantly less relevant than Black Friday in Switzerland.[57]

Turkey

Efsane Cuma, or "Legendary Friday," is the Turkish version of Black Friday – a major shopping event that falls on the last Friday of November. Efsane Cuma offers customers substantial discounts, promotions, and special deals across a variety of products, from electronics to clothing. This sales period has gained popularity in Turkey as both online and brick-and-mortar stores attract large crowds seeking bargains, often extending the deals for a few days or even over a week.[citation needed]

Ukraine

In 2016, Black Friday was introduced in Ukraine.[58]

United Kingdom

See also: Boxing Day § Shopping

In the United Kingdom, the term "Black Friday" originated within the police and NHS to refer to the Friday before Christmas. It is the day when emergency services activate contingency plans to cope with the increase in workload due to many people going out drinking on the last Friday before Christmas. These plans can include setting up mobile field hospitals near city centre nightspots.[59] The term has then been adopted outside those services to refer to the evening and night of the Friday immediately before Christmas, and would now be considered a mainstream term and not simply as jargon of the emergency services.

Traditionally, Boxing Day had been considered the biggest shopping day of the year in the UK. However in the 2010s, several American-owned retailers, such as Amazon UK and the Walmart-owned chain Asda, began to hold U.S.-style Black Friday promotions; in 2014, more British retailers began to adopt the concept, including Argos, John Lewis, and Very. That year, police forces were called to shops across Britain to deal with crowd control issues, assaults, threatening customers, and traffic issues.[60][61] In response to incidents at branches of Tesco, Greater Manchester Police's deputy chief constable Ian Hopkins said shoppers had behaved in an "appalling" fashion, and criticized shops for not making adequate security arrangements to ensure the safety of customers."[62] Following these incidents, some retailers began to discontinue or heavily modify their promotions, with Asda stating that it would not hold all of its sales across a single day.[63][64][65]

In 2016, total spending on online retail sites on Black Friday was £1.23 billion, a 2.2% year-over-year increase over 2015.[Needs updating][66][67] In 2017, UK retail sales in November grew faster than in December for the first time.[68][69]

In Welsh, Black Friday is known by some as Dydd Gwener y Gwario Gwirion (Silly Spending Friday).[70]

North America

Canada

See also: Boxing Day § Shopping

The large population centers on Lake Ontario and the Lower Mainland in Canada have always attracted cross-border shopping into the United States, and as Black Friday became more popular in the U.S., Canadians often flocked over the border because of their lower prices and a stronger Canadian dollar. After 2001, many were traveling for the deals across the border. Starting in 2008 and 2009, due to the parity of the Canadian dollar compared with the American dollar, several major Canadian retailers ran Black Friday deals of their own to discourage shoppers from leaving Canada.[71][72]

The year 2012 saw the biggest Black Friday to date in Canada, as Canadian retailers embraced it in an attempt to keep shoppers from travelling across the border.[73]

Before the advent of Black Friday in Canada, the most comparable holiday was Boxing Day in terms of retailer impact and consumerism.[74]

Mexico

In Mexico, Black Friday was the inspiration for the government and retailing industry to create an annual week-end of discounts and extended credit terms, El Buen Fin, meaning "the good weekend" in Spanish.[75] El Buen Fin has been in existence since 2011 and takes place on November in the week-end prior to the Monday in which the Mexican Revolution holiday is pushed from its original date of November 20, as a result of the measure taken by the government of pushing certain holidays to the Monday of their week in order to avoid the workers and students to make a "larger" week-end (for example, not attending in a Friday after a Thursday holiday, thus making a four-day week-end). On this week-end, major retailers extend their store hours[76] and offer special promotions, including extended credit terms and price promotions.

United States

Interior of a Target store on Black Friday

Black Friday is not an official holiday in the United States, but California and some other states observe "The Day After Thanksgiving" as a holiday for state government employees. It is sometimes observed in lieu of another federal holiday, such as Columbus Day. Many non-retail employees and schools have both Thanksgiving and the following Friday off. Along with the following regular week-end, this makes Black Friday weekend a four-day weekend, which is said to increase the number of potential shoppers.

The SouthPark neighborhood of Charlotte, North Carolina, is the most trafficked area of the United States on Black Friday.[77][78]

Black Friday is a shopping day for a combination of reasons. As the first day after the last major holiday before Christmas, it marks the unofficial beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Additionally, many employers give their employees the day off as part of the Thanksgiving holiday week-end. In order to take advantage of this, virtually all retailers in the country, big and small, offer various sales including limited amounts of "doorbuster" items to entice traffic.

For many years, it was common for retailers to open at 6 a.m., but in the late 2000s many opened at 4 a.m.–5 a.m. The early 2010s have seen retailers extend beyond normal hours in order to maintain an edge or to simply keep up with the competition. In 2010, Toys "R" Us began their Black Friday sales at 10 p.m. on Thanksgiving and further upped the ante by offering free boxes of Crayola crayons and coloring books for as long as supplies lasted. Other retailers, like Sears, Express, MK, Victoria's Secret, Zumiez, Tillys, American Eagle Outfitters, Nike, Jordan, Puma, Aéropostale, and Kmart, began Black Friday sales early Thanksgiving morning and ran them through as late as 11 p.m. Friday evening. Forever 21 went in the opposite direction, opening at normal hours on Friday, and running late sales until 2 a.m. Saturday morning.[79][80] In 2011, several retailers (including Target, Kohl's, Macy's, Best Buy, and Bealls)[2] opened at midnight for the first time.[81] In 2012, Walmart and several other retailers announced that they would open most of their stores at 8 p.m. on Thanksgiving, prompting calls for a walkout among some workers.[82] In 2014, stores such as JCPenney, Best Buy, and Radio Shack opened at 6 a.m. on Thanksgiving while stores such as Target, Walmart, Belk, and Sears opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving.[83][84] Three states – Rhode Island, Maine, and Massachusetts – prohibit large supermarkets, big box stores, and department stores from opening on Thanksgiving, in what has been referred to as a legacy of blue laws.[85][86] A bill to allow stores to open on Thanksgiving was the subject of a public hearing on July 8, 2017.[87]

Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales to extend throughout the following week-end. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhaps because of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.

The news media usually give heavy play to reports of Black Friday shopping and their implications for the commercial success of the Christmas shopping season, but the relationship between Black Friday sales and retail sales for the full holiday season is quite weak and may even be negative.[88]

Camping overnight at a Best Buy store on Thursday, November 22, 2012

In 2014, spending volume on Black Friday fell for the first time since the 2008 recession. 50.9 billion dollars was spent during the four-day Black Friday week-end, down 11% from the previous year. However, the U.S. economy was not in a recession. Christmas creep has been cited as a factor in the diminishing importance of Black Friday, as many retailers now spread out their promotions over the entire months of November and December rather than concentrate them on a single shopping day or week-end.[89]

On April 23, 2014, ".blackfriday" joined a growing list of ICANN top-level domains (such as – traditionally – .com, .net, and .org).[90][91]

In 2015, Neil Stern of McMillan Doolittle said, "Black Friday is quickly losing its meaning on many fronts," because many stores opened on Thanksgiving, and a lot of sales started even earlier than that. Online shopping also made the day less important.[92] A Gallup poll in 2012 has shown that only 18% of American adults planned to shop during Black Friday.[93]

In 2020, an article in Ad Age magazine stated that "an American capitalist tradition ... has been on the wane for years as online shopping rises in popularity" but the COVID-19 pandemic, "which has dramatically altered shopping patterns, has seemingly dealt a fatal blow."[94]

By 2021, spending during the holiday season was expected to continue to increase, but Black Friday was no longer a single day. It was instead an opportunity for retailers to offer deals during the season as online shopping continued to change consumer behavior. COVID-19 had increased the changes in buyer and retailer moves toward online transactions. Supply chain disruptions caused consumers to buy earlier when they could find items.[95]

Oceania

Australia

See also: Boxing Day § Shopping

In Australia, the term is controversial,[96][97] as prior to its popularisation as a shopping day, it referred not to shopping at all, but to the devastating Black Friday bushfires that occurred in Victoria 1938–39.[96][97][98][99] It was not until the 2010s that it was heavily promoted as a shopping day in Australia by in-store and online retailers, despite backlash and confusion by consumers. In 2011, Online Shopping USA hosted an event on Twitter. Twitter users had to use the hashtag #osublackfriday, which allowed them to follow along and tweet their favourite deals and discounts from stores.[100] In 2013, Apple extended its Black Friday deals to Australia. Purchasing online gave customers free shipping and free iTunes gift cards with every purchase. The deals were promoted on its website, reading "Official Apple Store – One day Apple shopping event Friday, November 29".[101] Australia Post's ShopMate parcel-forwarding service allows Australian customers to purchase products with "Black Friday" deals from the US and get them shipped to Australia. ShopMate ran from 2014 to 2022. It closed in February 2022 amid controversy about shipping costs.[102] In addition to this service, numerous stores in the country run Black Friday promotions in-store and online throughout the country.[103]

New Zealand

Black Friday started picking up in New Zealand around 2013. In 2015, major retailers such as The Warehouse, Noel Leeming and Harvey Norman offered Black Friday sales,[104] and by 2018 were joined by Farmers, JB Hi-Fi, Briscoes and Rebel Sport. Paymark, which processes around 75% of New Zealand's electronic transactions, recorded $219 million NZD (US$151 million) of transactions on Black Friday 2017, up over 10% from the previous year.[105]

South America

Bolivia

2014 marked the introduction in Bolivia.[106]

Brazil

Black Friday has been increasingly adopted by stores in Brazil since 2010,[107] although not without its share of inflated prices and other scams, especially in its earlier years, earning the nickname "Black Fraude"[108] (Black Fraud) or also "Black Furadei", which comes from the slang word "furada", meaning a "jam" or tough situation, usually involving money. It is also common to hear Brazilian people say that prices on Brazilian Black Friday are "half of the double".[citation needed]

Colombia

Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[109]

Costa Rica

Black Friday is known as Viernes Negro in Costa Rica.[110]

Panama

In Panama, Black Friday was first celebrated in 2012, as a move by the government to attract local tourism to the country's capital city. During its first year, it was believed to have attracted an inflow of about 35,000 regional tourists according to the government's immigration census.[citation needed]

Violence

Despite frequent attempts to control the crowds of shoppers, minor injuries are common among the crowds, usually as a result of being pushed or thrown to the ground in small crowd crushes. While most injuries remain minor, serious injuries and even deliberate violence have taken place on some Black Fridays.

2008

In 2008, a crowd of approximately 2,000 shoppers in Valley Stream, New York, waited outside for the 05:00 opening of the local Walmart. When the doors were opened, the crowd pushed forward, breaking the door down, and 34-year-old employee Jdimytai Damour was trampled to death. The shoppers did not appear concerned with the victim's fate, expressing refusal to halt their charge when other employees attempted to intervene and help the injured employee, complaining that they had been waiting in the cold and were not willing to wait any longer. Shoppers had begun assembling as early as 21:00 the evening before. Even when police arrived and attempted to render aid to the injured man, shoppers continued to pour in, shoving and pushing the officers as they made their way into the store. Several other people incurred minor injuries, including a pregnant woman who had to be taken to the hospital.[111][112][113] The incident may be the first case of a death occurring during Black Friday sales; according to the National Retail Federation, "We are not aware of any other circumstances where a retail employee has died working on the day after Thanksgiving."[111]

On the same day, two people were fatally shot during an altercation at a Toys 'R' Us in Palm Desert, California.[114]

2010

During Black Friday 2010, a Madison, Wisconsin woman was arrested outside of a Toys 'R' Us store after cutting in line, and threatening to shoot other shoppers who tried to object.[115] A Toys for Tots volunteer in Georgia was stabbed by a shoplifter.[116] An Indianapolis woman was arrested after causing a disturbance by arguing with other Wal-Mart shoppers. She had been asked to leave the store, but refused.[117]

A man was arrested at a Florida Walmart on drug and weapons charges after other shoppers waiting in line for the store to open noticed he was carrying a handgun and reported it to the police. He was discovered to also be carrying two knives and a pepper spray grenade.[118] A man in Buffalo, New York, was trampled when doors opened at a Target store and unruly shoppers rushed in, in an episode reminiscent of the deadly 2008 Wal-Mart crowd crush.[119]

2011

On Black Friday 2011, a woman at a Porter Ranch, California Walmart used pepper spray on fellow shoppers, causing minor injuries to a reported 20 people who had been waiting hours for the store to open. The incident started as people waited in line for the newly discounted Xbox 360. A witness said a woman with two children in tow became upset with the way people were pushing in line. The witness said she pulled out pepper spray and sprayed the other people in line. Another account stated: "The store had brought out a crate of discounted Xbox 360s, and a crowd had formed to wait for the unwrapping, when the woman began spraying people 'in order to get an advantage,' according to the police.[120] In an incident outside a Walmart store in San Leandro, California, one man was wounded after being shot following Black Friday shopping at about 1:45 a.m.[121] A 61-year-old pharmacist collapsed and was left for dead by shoppers while being trampled in the crush. He died soon after from his injuries.[122]

2012

On Black Friday 2012, two people were shot outside a Wal-Mart in Tallahassee, Florida, during a dispute over a parking space.[123]

2013

On Black Friday in 2013, a person in Las Vegas who was carrying a big-screen TV home from a Target store on Thanksgiving was shot in the leg as he tried to wrestle the item back from a robber who had just stolen it from him at gunpoint.[124] In Romeoville, Illinois, a police officer shot a suspected shoplifter driving a car that was dragging a fellow officer at a Kohl's department store. The suspect and the dragged officer were treated for shoulder injuries. Three people were arrested.[125] In another situation, a 29-year-old shopper was arrested in a Walmart in New Jersey after arguing with a store manager about a TV and attacking an officer. He was charged with disorderly conduct, aggravated assault, and resisting arrest.[126]

2014

In 2014, three buyers were arrested after a group of five people started fighting at a Kohl's store in Tustin, California. Two female victims were found with facial lacerations, and one of them was taken to hospital with minor injuries, while the other was released on scene. According to officials, three other females were suspects for the assault and were taken into custody.[127] Two people were arrested after a brawl on Black Friday at a northwest side mall in Indianapolis. In Los Angeles, two women were fighting at a Walmart in Norwalk, California, over a Barbie doll on Thanksgiving night.[128]

2015

Several people fighting at a mall in Florence, Kentucky, allegedly over a pair of Air Jordan sneakers. This year was called "The worst Black Friday brawls in history" at that time due to the heavy use of smartphones that could instantly capture video.[129]

2016

In 2016, 21-year-old Demond Cottman was shot and killed around 01:00 Friday morning outside a Macy's store in New Jersey. The shooter fired multiple shots, leaving an SUV covered in bullet holes, but the motives remain unclear. Cottman's 26-year-old brother was also injured.[130] A shooting at the Wolfchase Galleria Mall in Memphis, Tennessee, left one man injured. Derrick Blackburn, 19, was later arrested for unlawful possession of a weapon.[131]

In Vancouver, a shirtless man attacked several people using his belt as a whip. The incident occurred outside an Adidas store where a crowd was awaiting the release of a rare shoe.[132]

2018

See also: Killing of Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr.

At the Riverchase Galleria in Hoover, Alabama, Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., was shot and killed by a security guard after two people were wounded in a shooting.[133] On Saturday, the police announced that the shooter was not Bradford, but claimed he was involved in the shooting.[134][135]

2019

A fight led to a shooting in the food court of the Destiny USA mall in Syracuse, New York.[136] The mall went into lockdown until shoppers and staff were released starting at about 8:00 p.m. with all shopping activity suspended.[136] 21-year-old Kyree Truax was arrested and charged with second-degree assault, second-degree criminal possession of a weapon, and second-degree reckless endangerment for shooting the victim twice in the leg.[137]

2023

Three people were stabbed during a fight between two groups at the Market Mall in Calgary. Four people were arrested. Hours later, three others were injured after a stabbing at CrossIron Mills, another mall in Calgary.[138]

Black Friday online

Main article: Cyber Black Friday

High traffic challenges for retailers

Some online stores invest a lot of money in promotional campaigns to generate more sales and drive traffic to their stores. However, they often forget about the high loads their sites are going to experience. According to Retail Gazette, "A number of major retailers' websites went down as they failed to cope with the surge in Black Friday traffic in 2017 ... This just highlights that some retailers have not taken the necessary steps to prepare for Black Friday. Failing to prepare for peak can cause poor performance, site downtime, and ultimately lost revenue for retailers".[139] Such carelessness results in huge reputational damage. Moreover, the 2017 Veeam Availability Report in South Africa found that "Unplanned downtime costs organisations around the world an average of R270m annually, up from the R210m of the previous year".[140]

Advertising tip sites

Some websites offer information about day-after-Thanksgiving specials up to a month in advance.[141] The text listings of items and prices are usually accompanied by pictures of the actual ad circulars. These are either leaked by insiders or intentionally released by large retailers to give consumers insight and allow them time to plan.

In recent years, some retailers (including Walmart, Target, OfficeMax, Big Lots, and Staples) have claimed that the advertisements they send in advance of Black Friday and the prices included in those advertisements are copyrighted and are trade secrets. Some of these retailers have used the take-down system of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act as a means to remove the offending price listings.[142]

The benefit of threatening Internet sites with a DMCA based lawsuit has proved tenuous at best. While some sites have complied with the requests, others have either ignored the threats or simply continued to post the information under the name of a similar-sounding fictional retailer. However, careful timing may mitigate the take-down notice. An Internet service provider in 2003 brought suit against Best Buy, Kohl's, and Target Corporation, arguing that the take-down notice provisions of the DMCA are unconstitutional. The court dismissed the case, ruling that only the third-party posters of the advertisements, and not the ISP itself, would have standing to sue the retailers.[143]

Usage of Black Friday Advertising Tip sites and buying direct varies by state in the U.S., influenced in large part by differences in shipping costs and whether a state has a sales tax. However, in recent years, the convenience of online shopping has increased the number of cross-border shoppers seeking bargains from outside of the U.S., especially from Canada. Statistics Canada indicates that online cross-border shopping by Canadians has increased by about 300M a year since 2002.[144] The complex nature of additional fees such as taxes, duties, and brokerage can make calculating the final cost of cross-border Black Friday deals difficult. Cross-border shopping solutions exist to mitigate the problem through estimation of the various cost involved.

In 2019, Adobe shopping data showed that around 39% of the shopping was done through smartphones.[145] In 2022, 48% of online sales are made through smartphones, up from 44% in 2021. Meanwhile, consumers spent a record $9.12 billion shopping online during Black Friday this year.[146]

Cyber Monday

Main article: Cyber Monday

The term Cyber Monday, a neologism invented in 2005 by the National Retail Federation's division Shop.org,[147] refers to the Monday immediately following Black Friday based on a trend that retailers began to recognize in 2003 and 2004. Retailers noticed that many consumers, who were too busy to shop over the Thanksgiving week-end or did not find what they were looking for, shopped for bargains online that Monday from home or work. In 2010, Hitwise reported:

Thanksgiving weekend offered a strong start, especially as Black Friday sales continued to grow in popularity. For the 2nd consecutive year, Black Friday was the highest day for retail traffic during the holiday season, followed by Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. The highest year-over-year increases in visits took place on Cyber Monday and Black Friday with a growth of 16% and 13%, respectively.[148]

In 2013, Cyber Monday online sales grew by 18% over the previous year, hitting a record $1.73 billion, with an average order value of $128.[149] In 2014, Cyber Monday was the busiest day of the year with sales exceeding $2 billion in desktop online spending, up 17% from the previous year.[150]

Cyber Week

As reported in the Forbes "Entrepreneurs" column on December 3, 2013: "Cyber Monday, the online counterpart to Black Friday, has been gaining unprecedented popularity – to the point where Cyber Sales are continuing on throughout the week."[151] Peter Greenberg, Travel Editor for CBS News, further advises: "If you want a real deal on Black Friday, stay away from the mall. Black Friday and Cyber Monday are all part of Cyber Week ..."[152]

Retail sales impact

The National Retail Federation releases figures on the sales for each Thanksgiving week-end.[153] The Federation's definition of "Black Friday week-end" includes Thursday, Friday, Saturday and projected spending for Sunday. The survey estimates number of shoppers, not number of people.

The length of the shopping season is not the same across all years: the date for Black Friday varies between November 23 and 29, while Christmas Eve is fixed at December 24.

Year Date Survey published Shoppers (millions) Average spent Total spent Consumers polled Margin for error
2021 Nov 26 Nov 30[154] 180 $301.27 $54.2 billion 5,759 ± 1.3%
2020 Nov 27 Dec 1[155] 186 $311.75 $58.1 billion 6,615 ± 1.2%
2019 Nov 29 Dec 3[156] 190 $361.90 $68.8 billion 6,746 ± 1.2%
2018 Nov 23 Nov 27[157] 165 $313.29 $51.7 billion 3,058 ± 1.8%
2017 Nov 24 Nov 28[158] 174 $335.47 $58.3 billion 3,242 ± 1.7%
2016 Nov 25
2015 Nov 27
2014[159] Nov 28 Nov 30 233 $380.95 $50.9 billion 4,631 ± 1.5%
2013 Nov 29 Dec 1 249 $407.02 $57.4 billion 4,864 ± 1.7%
2012 Nov 23 Nov 25 247 $423.66 $59.1 billion 4,005 ± 1.6%
2011 Nov 25 Nov 27 226 $398.62 $52.5 billion 3,826 ± 1.6%
2010 Nov 26 Nov 28 212 $365.34 $45.0 billion 4,306 ± 1.5%
2009 Nov 27 Nov 29 195 $343.31 $41.2 billion 4,985 ± 1.4%
2008 Nov 28 Nov 30 172 $372.57 $41.0 billion 3,370 ± 1.7%
2007 Nov 23 Nov 25 147 $347.55 $34.6 billion 2,395 ± 1.5%
2006 Nov 24 Nov 26 140 $360.15 $34.4 billion 3,090 ± 1.5%
2005 Nov 25 Nov 27 132 $301.81 $26.8 billion

See also

These are various day-long events similar to Black Friday around the world or any other events on the same day as Black Friday.

References

  1. ^ "Retailers & Sales: Using Social Listening To Learn More About Black Friday". Brandwatch. December 2, 2014. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Albright, Mark. "Holiday Shopping Strategy Guide for Black Friday". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  3. ^ International Council of Shopping Centers. "Holiday Watch: Media Guide 2006 Holiday Facts and Figure". Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2010.; ShopperTrak, Press Release,"ShopperTrak Reports Positive Response to Early Holiday Promotions Boosts Projections for 2010 Holiday Season". Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2012. (November 16, 2010).
  4. ^ International Council of Shopping Centers. "Daily Sales Comparison Top Ten Holiday Shopping Days (1996–2001)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012.
  5. ^ "HOLIDAY SHOPPERS JAM U.S. STORES". The New York Times. November 28, 1981. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  6. ^ Swilley, Esther; Goldsmith, Ronald E. (January 1, 2013). "Black Friday and Cyber Monday: Understanding consumer intentions on two major shopping days". Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 20 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2012.10.003. hdl:2097/15213. ISSN 0969-6989. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Zimmer, Ben (November 25, 2011). "The Origins of "Black Friday". Word Routes. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  8. ^ Apfelbaum, Martin L. "Philadelphia's 'Black Friday'". American Philatelist. Vol. 69, no. 4. p. 239. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  9. ^ "snopes.com: How Did 'Black Friday' Get Its Name?". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. December 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  10. ^ "Around and About". The Shortsville-Manchester Enterprise. December 1, 1961. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  11. ^ "Black Friday" Archived December 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine in Oxford Online Dictionaries
  12. ^ Drum, Kevin (November 26, 2010). "Black Friday". Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Lin, Jennifer (November 30, 1985). "Why the Name Black Friday? Uh ... Well ..." The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  14. ^ "Black Friday FAQ". BFAds.net. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  15. ^ "Shoppers Flood Stores for 'Black Friday'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 28, 1981. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  16. ^ "Retailers riding Black Friday's cyber wake". Radio New Zealand. November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  17. ^ "Black Friday 2020: When do the UK sales start and what are the best deals to look out for?". The Telegraph. November 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Congress Establishes Thanksgiving". Archived from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  19. ^ Jespersen, Courtney (June 29, 2016). "Just how good are Black Friday in July sales?". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  20. ^ Chang, Andrea (November 24, 2020). "Retailers plan for a Black Friday like no other". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  21. ^ a b Olson, Alexandra; D'innocenzio, Anna; Pisano, Joseph (November 27, 2020). "Virus keeps Black Friday crowds thin, shoppers shift online". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  22. ^ Kapner, Sarah Nassauer and Suzanne (November 29, 2020). "Black Friday Was a Bust for Many Stores, Better for Online". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  23. ^ "HOLIDAY SHOPPING : Retail--Attention Kmart Shoppers, the Door's Open". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 1991. Archived from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  24. ^ Li, Shan (November 21, 2011). "Black Friday becoming Black Thursday as stores open on Thanksgiving". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  25. ^ Clifford, Stephanie (November 9, 2012). "Make Room for Deals After Turkey This Year". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
  26. ^ Castellano, Anthony (November 22, 2012). "Black Friday Shopping Kicks Off After Thanksgiving Dinner". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  27. ^ Sreenivasan, Hari (November 22, 2012). "How 'Black Friday' Morphed Into 'Gray Thursday'". PBS. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  28. ^ "Punchlines: The new Black Friday is Brown Thursday". USA Today. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 25, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  29. ^ Tabuchi, Tiroko (December 1, 2014). "Black Friday Fatigue? Thanksgiving Weekend Sales Slide 11 Percent". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  30. ^ Fores, Betsi (November 12, 2015). "Wal-Mart Just Made a Black Friday Announcement that Might Be a Game Changer". Rare.us. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  31. ^ Steeker, Matt; Platsky, Jeff (November 18, 2016). "Holiday Pushback: Many oppose Thanksgiving shopping". pressconnects.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  32. ^ "Several stores plan to close for Thanksgiving so workers can spend time with their families". Fox 59. October 3, 2019. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  33. ^ Sozzi, Brian (September 10, 2020). "Black Friday shopping like we all know it is officially over because of COVID-19". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  34. ^ Franklin, Jonathan (November 25, 2021). "A complete guide to what is – and isn't – open this Thanksgiving Day". NPR. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  35. ^ A.Moneim, Doaa (November 27, 2019). "The evolving journey of Black Friday in Egypt". Ahram Online. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  36. ^ El-Assasy, Ahmad (November 5, 2019). "When Was Black Friday First Launched in Egypt, Changed to White Friday?". Sada El-Balad. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  37. ^ ""الجمعة البيضاء" و"الجمعة السوداء"..أصل الحكاية التي ينتظرها المستهلكون كل عام". Archived from the original on 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  38. ^ "Holiday 2021: India's Festive Season Will Generate $9.2 Billion In Online Sales". Forrester. October 2, 2021. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  39. ^ Mukherjee, Writankar; Malviya, Sagar. "Festive stocking fires up consumer goods sales in September". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  40. ^ a b c "Riding the Black Friday hype: India has a new sale season and sellers are cashing in". Business Today. November 26, 2021. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  41. ^ "Flipkart Amazon drive psot GST with largest ever Diwali sales". Asia Nikkei. October 12, 2017. Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  42. ^ "Black Friday sales in India; check deals on phones, electronics". cnbctv18.com. November 26, 2021. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  43. ^ "Black Friday Struggles to Seduce French Shoppers". The Local. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  44. ^ "'Black Friday' : comment les marques françaises tentent de surfer sur ces soldes à l'américaine". Le Huffington Post (in French). Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  45. ^ "Black Friday Goes Global as Retailers Import the US Spending Holiday". CNET. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  46. ^ "Attentats de Paris: Les commerçants rebaptisent le "Black Friday"". 20minutes. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  47. ^ "Avec les " French Days ", les sites d'e-commerce français cherchent à lancer leur " Black Friday "". Le Monde.fr. April 28, 2018. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  48. ^ "France postpones 'Black Friday' to help locked-down shops". Associated Press. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  49. ^ "Apple brachte den Black Friday nach Deutschland". Der Westen. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  50. ^ "Apple lässt Black Friday in Deutschland ausfallen". ZDNet. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  51. ^ "Black Friday: Ireland makes weekend of it". The Irish Times. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  52. ^ "Skøytelegendens nakenstunt brakte Black Friday til Norge" [Skate legend naked stunt brought Black Friday to Norway]. vg.com (in Norwegian). November 24, 2016. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  53. ^ "Poland: Participation in Black Friday 2024". Statista. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  54. ^ "Romanian Retailers Import 'Black Friday' Concept". El Rancho. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  55. ^ "The Retailer that Hosts the Biggest Shopping Event of the Year: 6.7 mln Romanians Want to Buy Something on Black Friday". El Rancho. November 17, 2015. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  56. ^ "Black Friday i Sverige" [Black Friday in Sweden]. Veckans Affärer. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  57. ^ Zrotz, Julian (2024-10-28). "Aktuelle Zahlen zum Black Friday 2024". blackfridaydeals.ch (in Swiss High German). Archived from the original on 2024-11-13. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  58. ^ Ukraine to have its grand Black Friday sale late November Archived November 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, ZIK (October 24, 2016)
  59. ^ Smith, Adam (December 17, 2011). "Field hospital set up for Cardiff's 'black Friday' revellers". Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  60. ^ "'Black Friday': Police Called to Supermarket Crowds". BBC News. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  61. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (November 28, 2014). "Black Friday UK: The Shops Hit by Chaos and Violence as Shopping Frenzy Sweeps Country". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  62. ^ Silverman, Rosa (November 28, 2014). "Chaos and Violence Marrs [sic] Black Friday Across Country". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  63. ^ "Bicester Village 'will not take part' in Black Friday'". Oxford Mail. November 18, 2016. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  64. ^ "Black Friday: Responding to last year's mayhem". BBC. November 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  65. ^ "Asda to Shun Black Friday Sales". BBC News. November 10, 2015. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  66. ^ "Black Friday UK stats: 12% increase on last year (but lower than forecast)". Net Imperative. December 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  67. ^ "How Black Friday came to the UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  68. ^ Jones, Lora (November 21, 2018). "Have eight years of Black Friday changed the UK?". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  69. ^ Ruddick, Graham (November 26, 2015). "What is Black Friday and who's to blame for it?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  70. ^ @WelshGovernment (November 29, 2019). "Did you know #BlackFriday in Welsh is..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  71. ^ "Canadian Retailers Test Their Own Black Friday". CBC News. November 27, 2009. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  72. ^ "Canadian Retailers Fight Back Against Black Friday Deals". Toronto Star. 2012. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  73. ^ "Canadian Retailers Embracing Black Friday to Keep Shopping Dollars on Home Turf". National Post. 2012. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  74. ^ CTV.ca News Staff (December 26, 2005). "Boxing Day expected to rake in $1.8 billion". Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  75. ^ Guthrie, Amy (November 18, 2011). "Mexico Introduces Its Own Version of 'Black Friday'-Style Shopping Blitz". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  76. ^ Espinosa, Eréndira (November 17, 2011). "Las tiendas ampliarán horarios en Buen Fin" [Stores will extend hours in Buen Fin]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  77. ^ "Charlotte boasts worst Black Friday traffic in U.S." WCNC. November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  78. ^ Mack, Brigida (December 24, 2011). "New study says Charlotte Mall most congested in U.S." WB TV. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017.
  79. ^ Yi, David (November 23, 2010). "Black Friday Deals for Target, H&M, Forever21, Old Navy, Radio Shack, and More". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011.
  80. ^ "Black Friday Moves to Thursday as Stores Woo Shoppers". Financially. Yahoo! Finance. November 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  81. ^ Sneed, Tierney (November 23, 2011). "Does 'Black Friday' Start Too Early This Year?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  82. ^ Fox, Emily (November 15, 2012). "Wal-Mart Workers Plan Black Friday Walkout". CNN Money. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  83. ^ "Which stores open early on Thanksgiving Day? Beat Black Friday". SiliconANGLE. November 26, 2014. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  84. ^ "JC Penney takes "Black Friday" creep up a notch with earliest opening". Fortune. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  85. ^ Smith, Michelle R. (November 27, 2013). "Thanksgiving shopping? Not in states that ban it". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  86. ^ Vaccaro, Adam (November 23, 2016). "Want to shop on Thanksgiving? Not in Mass". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  87. ^ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the General Court". Malegislature.gov. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
  88. ^ Irwin, Neil (November 23, 2012). "Black Friday Is a Bunch of Meaningless Hype, in One Chart". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 27, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  89. ^ "What Really Happened on Black Friday (By The Numbers)". PYMNTS.com. December 1, 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  90. ^ Preddy, Melissa (July 9, 2014). "Fresh Peg on New Domain Names: 'dot-vodka', 'dot-Christmas', 'dot-fail'". Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Business Journalism / Arizona State University. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  91. ^ "Delegated Strings". Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  92. ^ Karp, Gregory (November 23, 2015). "Is Black Friday dying?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  93. ^ "Black Friday Shopping Mostly for the Young". Gallup Inc. November 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  94. ^ Pasquarelli, Adrianne (November 9, 2020). "So Long, Black Friday: Don't let the doorbusters hit you on the way out". Ad Age. 91 (18). Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  95. ^ Pasquarelli, Adrianne (November 22, 2021). "Everything marketers need to know about Black Friday: Consumers are shopping earlier than ever, but products will be more expensive". Ad Age. 92 (17). Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  96. ^ a b Fine, Duncan (November 25, 2021). "Why I see red on Black Friday". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  97. ^ a b May, Daniel (November 26, 2018). "Why Australian retailers should respect the past and rename their 'Black Friday' sales". EconoTimes. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  98. ^ Hannam, Peter (January 11, 2019). "Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  99. ^ Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. pp. 154–158. ISBN 978-1-74110-492-9.
  100. ^ "Black Friday Shopping Live in Australia". RetailBiz.com. November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  101. ^ "Apple's Black Friday Deals Go Live in Australia". Sydney Morning Herald. November 29, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  102. ^ "US freight-forwarding services". Choice Australia. October 11, 2023. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  103. ^ "60 of the best Black Friday sales and secret codes". www.couriermail.com.au. November 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  104. ^ Dougan, Patrice (November 27, 2015). "Black Friday mania to hit New Zealand". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  105. ^ "Black Friday sales madness sweeps country, set to break record". NZ Herald. November 23, 2018. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
  106. ^ "La campaña 'black friday' desata fiebre de compras". eldeber.com.bo. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  107. ^ "Brasileiros também terão os descontos da chamada 'Black Friday'". November 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  108. ^ "10 dicas para evitar a 'black fraude'". Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  109. ^ "Le Black Friday s'invite dans les enseignes françaises" [Black Friday Shows up Among French Retailers]. Le Figaro (in French). November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  110. ^ "Clientes esperaban ofertas más agresivas este Viernes Negro". La Nación (in Spanish). November 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  111. ^ a b "Wal-Mart Worker Dies When Shoppers Break Down Doors". Fox News. November 28, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  112. ^ Gould, Joe; Trapasso, Clare; Schapiro, Rich (November 28, 2008). "Worker Dies at Long Island Wal-Mart After Being Trampled in Black Friday Stampede". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on November 28, 2008.
  113. ^ "Wal-Mart Worker Dies in Rush: Two Killed at Toy Store". CNN. November 28, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  114. ^ "Shots Fired at Toys R Us in Palm Desert; Two Dead". Los Angeles Times. November 28, 2008. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  115. ^ "Black Friday Shopper Accused of Gun Threat". CNN. November 26, 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  116. ^ Martinez, Edecio (29 November 2010). "Marine Stabbed at "Toys for Tots" Drive at Georgia Best Buy on Black Friday". cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  117. ^ "Woman Arrested In Walmart Black Friday Dispute". Theindychannel.com. Indianapolis: WRTV. November 26, 2010. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  118. ^ "Black Friday shopper arrested on weapons, drug charges in Boynton Beach | boynton, arrested, beach". West Palm Beach: WPEC. November 26, 2010. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  119. ^ "Black Friday shoppers trampled in New York". CNN. November 28, 2010. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  120. ^ Jablon, Robert (November 25, 2011). "Woman pepper sprays other Black Friday shoppers". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  121. ^ Wildermuth, John (November 26, 2011). "Black Friday shopper shot in robbery attempt". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  122. ^ "Man dies after collapsing in shopping center during Black Friday". New York Daily News. November 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  123. ^ "2 shot at Florida Walmart over parking space, police say". Fox News. November 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 24, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  124. ^ "Shopper carrying TV home from Target shot in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Sun. November 29, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  125. ^ Sege, Adam; Perez, Juan Jr. (November 29, 2013). "Charges filed after shoplifting suspect shot by police". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  126. ^ "Shopper Pepper Sprayed, Arrested in Argument over TV at New Jersey Walmart". 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  127. ^ "Black Friday brawl at Kohl's in Tustin ends with 3 arrests". abc7.com/. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  128. ^ "Black Friday brawl at northwest side mall". Fox 59. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  129. ^ Lisi, Brian; Boroff, David; Hensley, Nicole (November 23, 2017). "The worst Black Friday brawls in history (WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT)". New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  130. ^ Worl, Justin (25 November 2016). "Black Friday Shootings Kill Two and Leave More Injured". Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  131. ^ "One injured, one charged, after shots were fired outside Wolfchase Galleria". November 25, 2016. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  132. ^ Mangione, Kendra (November 27, 2016). "Shirtless man uses belt as a whip outside Vancouver Black Friday sale". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  133. ^ Joe Sutton; Madeline Holcombe. "Gunman dead and two wounded – including 12-year-old girl – in Alabama mall shooting". CNN. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  134. ^ Madeline Holcombe; Faith Karimi. "Gunman thought responsible for Alabama mall shooting is at large, not dead, police now say". CNN. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  135. ^ Madeline Holcombe and Faith Karimi (November 24, 2018). "Alabama mall gunman still at large after police say armed man killed by officer 'likely did not fire' shots". CNN. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  136. ^ a b Libonati, Chris (November 29, 2019). "Update: Chaos after shots fired at Destiny USA on Black Friday; mall is closed for day". Syracuse.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  137. ^ Taddeo, Sarah (November 30, 2019). "Syracuse chief after mall shooting: Don't allow 'knuckleheads to ruin our holiday season'". Democrat & Chronicle (Rochester). Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  138. ^ Mansukhani, Hiren (November 25, 2023). "Separate Black Friday mall stabbings send six people to hospital". The Calgary Herald. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  139. ^ "Major retailers' sites down as Black Friday traffic hits". Retailgazette.co.uk. November 24, 2017. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  140. ^ "#BlackFriday website crashes could cause massive damage to online firms". Fin24.com. November 23, 2017. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  141. ^ Townsend, Matthew (November 23, 2022). "Inside the Business of Black Friday Deals Websites". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  142. ^ Martyn Chase (November 26, 2002). "Sale fight no fright for area Web site". Charleston Gazette & Daily Mail. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
  143. ^ Fatwallet, Inc. v. Best Buy Enterprises Services, 2004 WL 793548 (N.D.Ill. 2004).
  144. ^ "Canadian Economic Observer". Stats Canada. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  145. ^ "Nearly 40 percent of online Black Friday purchases were made with phones". Engadget. December 2019. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  146. ^ Capoot, Ashley (26 November 2022). "Black Friday online sales top $9 billion in new record". CNBC. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  147. ^ Hof, Robert D. (November 29, 2005). "Cyber Monday, Marketing Myth". Business Week. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  148. ^ "Hitwise: Retail traffic up throughout holidays". December 28, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26.
  149. ^ "Cyber Monday Jumps 18 Percent to $1.73 billion in 2013". comscore.com. November 1, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  150. ^ "Cyber Monday Exceeds $2 Billion in Desktop Sales for First Time Ever to Rank as Heaviest U.S. Online Spending Day in History". Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  151. ^ "Cyber Week: Crash Prevention Tips". Forbes. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  152. ^ Greenberg, Peter (November 20, 2013). "The Ultimate Guide to Cyber Week Travel Deals: Black Friday, Cyber Monday & More". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  153. ^ "Holiday and Seasonal Trends". nrf.com – National Retail Federation. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  154. ^ "Nearly 180 Million Shop Over Thanksgiving Holiday Weekend". NRF. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  155. ^ "Holiday Shoppers Take Advantage of Early, Thanksgiving Weekend Deals". NRF. December 2020. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  156. ^ "Thanksgiving weekend draws nearly 190 million shoppers, spending up 16 percent". NRF. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  157. ^ "Thanksgiving weekend multichannel shopping up almost 40 percent over last year". NRF. 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  158. ^ "Consumers and retailers win big over Thanksgiving holiday". Archived from the original on November 9, 2018.
  159. ^ "Early Promotions, Online Shopping and Improving Economy Changing the Face of Black Friday Weekend". National Retail Federation. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(shopping)&oldid=1260294637"