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The seal of the Clarence Railway
Christopher Tennant, chief promoter

The Clarence Railway was an early railway company that operated in north-east England between 1833 and 1853. The railway was built to take coal from mines in County Durham to ports on the River Tees and was a competitor to the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR). It suffered financial difficulty soon after it opened because traffic was low and the S&DR charged a high rate for transporting coal to the Clarence, and the company was managed by the Exchequer Loan Commissioners after July 1834. An extension of the Byers Green branch was opened in 1839 by the independent West Durham Railway to serve collieries in Weardale.

The Stockton and Hartlepool Railway opened in 1841 to connect the Clarence to Hartlepool Docks and the Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock opened in West Hartlepool in 1844. On 17 May 1853 the Clarence Railway, Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock and Stockton and Hartlepool Railway were merged to become the West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway. The West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway became part of the North Eastern Railway in 1865.

The line from Ferryhill to Stockton has been identified by Campaign for a Better Transport as a priority 1 candidate for reopening.[1]

History

[edit]
Clarence Railway
Legend
Weardale Railway
to Stanhope
Durham to Bishop Auckland Line
to Durham
Bishop Auckland
S Durham & Lancs Union Rly
to West Auckland
West Durham Railway
to Collieries
 Byers Green (2nd station)
Coundon
Byers Green (1st station)
Byers Green (3rd station)
West Durham Railway
Clarence Railway
Shildon Tunnel
NER extension │Clarence Railway
Shildon
Page Bank Branch
to Collieries
Stockton & Darlington Railway
to Brussleton Lane & Collieries
Spennymoor
Shildon Sidings
Tudhoe Iron Works
Binchester Colliery Railway
to Binchester Colliery
Newton Aycliffe
East Howle Colliery
Tees Valley line
to Darlington
Stockton & Darlington Railway
Clarence Railway
Simpasture
East Coast Main Line
to Durham
Authorised Deanery Branch
to Shildon (not built)
Leamside line
to Leamside
Demons Bridge
Authorised Durham Branch
to Durham (not built)
Coxhoe
Authorised Sherburn Branch
to Sherburn (not built)
GNEC&HJR
to Hartlepool
River Skerne
Ferryhill
East Coast Main Line
to Darlington
Chilton Branch
to Collieries
Fishburn Branch
to Fishburn Colliery
River Skerne
 Sedgefield
Stillington Junction
 Stillington
Carlton Iron Works
Redmarshall
Shildon to Middlesbrough
formerly electrified at 1,500V D/C
Castle Eden Railway
to Thornaby
Castle Eden Railway
to Wellfield
Norton Junction
Norton-on-Tees
Clarence Railway │NER branch
Billingham-on-Tees
Leeds Northern Railway │Clarence Railway
Durham Coast Line
to Hartlepool
North Stockton
Belasis Lane
Durham Coast Line
to Thornaby
Stockton (Clarence)
North Shore Staithes
Teesside Energy
from Waste Plant
River Tees
NER branch │Clarence Railway
 Haverton Hill
Port Clarence
ConocoPhillips Oil Refinery
Clarence Railway │NER extension
Port Clarence Sidings
Ineos Nitriles
Simon Storage
Seal Sands Oil Terminal
Tees Estuary

Origins

[edit]
Founder's share of Clarence Railway Company, issued 23 May 1828 in Stockton
Founder's share of Clarence Railway Company, issued 23 May 1828 in Stockton

The S&DR opened in 1825 linking Stockton-on-Tees with the coal fields in the Shildon area via Darlington,[2] although a more direct, northerly route to Stockton had support in that town.[3] The promoters of a competing Tees and Weardale Railway, supported by Christopher Tennant, petitioned Parliament in 1823 for permission for a railway from the coal field south of Durham to the River Tees to allow onward transport by sea.[4] This application failed as the standing orders had not been complied with,[5] and another in 1824 failed, partly due to opposition to use of steam locomotives.[6] By 1826 the S&DR had outgrown the port in Stockton and initially a port was proposed on the north bank of the Tees near Haverton Hill, but a branch to Middlesbrough on the south bank was proposed at a meeting in July 1827, and this was ratified by the shareholders that October.[7]

A map of the Clarence Railway in 1835

The Tees & Weardale promoters developed a new scheme to transport coal to Haverton Hill: a main line that formed a junction the S&DR at Simpasture, a branch to the Deanery estate and a branch to Stockton that would provide a shorter route than the S&DR. This route didn't go into Weardale, so it was named Clarence Railway after the Duke of Clarence, later King William IV.[8] The line was surveyed by Tennant with Edward Steel, an early assistant of Stephenson, the railway was supported by a town meeting in Stockton, and Henry Blanshard leased Coxhoe colliery for a high price from the Hale sisters, on condition they use their family's influence to promote the railway.[9]

Clarence Railway Act 1828
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation9 Geo. 4. c. lxi
Dates
Royal assent23 May 1828
Text of statute as originally enacted
Clarence Railway Act 1829
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation10 Geo. 4. c. cvi
Dates
Royal assent1 June 1829
Text of statute as originally enacted

The Clarence Railway Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. lxi) received royal assent on 23 May 1828,[10] for a 26-mile-73-chain (43.3 km) line from Haverton Hill to Simpasture with three branches, one to the Deanery estate near Bishop Auckland, another to Broom Hill, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Ferryhill and a third to Stockton.[11] The route was surveyed again, this time by George Leather, who suggested different route that was straighter and with better gradients. Samphire Batts replaced Haverton Hill as the terminus, as this would allow loaded ships in the docks at low water. Branches were planned to Sherburn via Coxhoe, Durham via Shincliffe, Byers Green and to the S&DR at West Auckland,[12] although this last branch was not in the bill put before Parliament.[13] Opposed by the S&DR and also the Marquis of Londonderry, who was building a port at Seaham and planning a railway to the pits at Rainton (near Houghton le Spring), the Clarence Railway Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. cvi) received royal assent on 1 June 1829. The new railway was 45 miles 23 chains (72.9 km) long; the main line to Samphire Batts was now 15 miles (24 km) long, the City of Durham branch was 13 miles (21 km), and there were four other branches to Stockton, Deanery, Sherburn and Byers Green.[14] Due to the objection of Robert Surtees of Mainsforth, locomotives were not permitted on parts of the Byers Green and City of Durham branches.[15]

Opening and early operation

[edit]
Clarence Railway Act 1832
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to alter, amend, enlarge, and extend the Powers of several Acts passed in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth for making and maintaining the Clarence Railway.
Citation2 & 3 Will. 4. c. xxv
Dates
Royal assent3 April 1832
Other legislation
Relates to
  • Clarence Railway Act 1828
  • Clarence Railway Act 1829
Text of statute as originally enacted
Clarence Railway Act 1833
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation3 & 4 Will. 4. c. iv
Dates
Royal assent29 March 1833
Text of statute as originally enacted

The Clarence Railway Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. xxv) and the Clarence Railway Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. iv) allowed for two more branches and the Durham branch to be cut short at Shincliffe.[10] Construction involved heavy earthworks, such a 67-foot (20 m) deep cutting through solid rock near Ferryhill and a 75-foot (23 m) high embankment at Whitton or Bishopton Beck. With the main line built between Simpasture and Samphire Batts, the Stockton branch complete, the Durham branch ready as far as Thrislington and the Sherburn branch as far as Quarrington, the company needed to earn some income. It started carrying coal on its main line in August 1833, and in a year had reduced the traffic over the S&DR to Stockton from over 26,000 tons to under 9,500 tons.[16] In October 1833, the Clarence started shipping coal for export, but the S&DR continued to charge the landsale rate, rather than the lower export rate.[17]

The drops at Port Clarence

In January 1834 the railway opened as far as Quarrington on the Sherburn branch and a staith was opened at Haverton Hill; Port Clarence opened at Samphire Batts a few months later. Traffic was low and in financial difficulty the company asked the Exchequer Loan Commissioners to take over management in July, and the line was managed from London.[18] A branch to Chilton Pit was authorised in 1833 and opened in 1835 and the Byers Green branch opened on 31 March 1837; the City of Durham branch was not built north of Ferryhill, and nor was the Deanery branch.[19][20] The line was mainly double track, originally laid with 38 pounds per yard (19 kg/m) rails, but later heavier ones weighing 44–45 lb/yd (22–22 kg/m) were used; trains ran on the right.[21] Horses were used exclusively until 1835, when a colliery owner began trains using his locomotives after having obtained permission from Surtees; the Clarence Railway used them from the following year.[22] A passenger service was operated over the Clarence Railway between Stockton and Coxhoe from January 1836, initially by a contractor using horse-drawn coaches. A service using steam locomotives hauling two carriages began in June 1838, a new contractor providing the carriages and two locomotives, Victoria and Norton. The three services a day ran the 16+1⁄4 miles (26.2 km) at an average speed of 18 miles per hour (29 km/h); the fare was 2s outside and 2s 6d inside; a horse omnibus provided a connecting service between Coxhoe and Durham.

Locomotives

[edit]

In 1839 the Clarence owned twelve locomotives for hauling mineral trains; these travelled at 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).[23][24] By 1840, locomotives included:

Number Name Wheels Builder Date introduced Comments
Victoria ? ? 1838
Norton ? ? 1838
Coxhoe 0-6-0 Timothy Hackworth 1840 [25]
Evenwood 0-6-0 Timothy Hackworth 1840 [26]

West Durham Railway

[edit]
West Durham Railway Act 1839
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act for incorporating certain Persons for the making and maintaining a Railway from the Township of Crook and Billy Row to the Byers Green Branch of the Clarence Railway in the Parish of Saint Andrew Auckland, all in the County of Durham, to be called "The West Durham Railway."
Citation2 & 3 Vict. c. lxxi
Dates
Royal assent4 July 1839
Text of statute as originally enacted

Plans for a South Durham Railway, connecting the Clarence Railway's Byers Green branch with the collieries in Weardale, was presented to Parliament in 1836, but the bill failed in the House of Lords[27] and amended plans failed again the following year.[28] In March 1837 some wagons of coal were drawn by horse on temporary track laid on the Byers Green branch to allow the Clarence Railway to show the line had been opened within the limit of time specified in its act of Parliament;[which?] the branch was only fully open in 1841.[29] Work started on the West Durham Railway (WDR) in 1837, effectively an extension of the Byers Green branch to Willington Colliery; an act of Parliament for the line, the West Durham Railway Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. lxxi), received royal assent on 4 July 1839.

A 2+1⁄4 miles (3.6 km) section of line had opened on 12 June, although coal was not carried until 19 October, as before then locomotives were unable to be used on the Byers Green branch. From Byers Green a stationary engine was used to haul loaded wagon up a 5⁄8 mile (1.0 km) incline, the River Wear was crossed by a 206 feet (63 m) bridge and there were two more inclines before the terminus.[30][31] The line was primarily for minerals, although there was a Saturday market-day train to Stockton;[32] in 1854 this was still horse-drawn to Ferryhill, a dandy cart was used by the horse after it started the train at Byers Green.[33]

Stockton and Hartlepool Railway

[edit]

Christopher Tennant, who had moved to Hartlepool, backed the Hartlepool Dock & Railway (HD&R) and this was given permission on 1 June 1832 for a line from the coal miles in central Durham to a port at Hartlepool. With a 14-mile (23 km) main line, 9+1⁄4 miles (14.9 km) of branch and 65 acres (26 ha) of land set aside for the docks,[34] trains ran between Thornley pit and Castle Eden after January 1835, Hartlepool dock opened that July and on 23 November the first train ran the 12+1⁄4 miles (19.7 km) between Haswell and Hartlepool. By the end of that year there was 14+1⁄2 miles (23.3 km) of line operational.[35]

Stockton and Hartlepool Railway Act 1842
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation5 & 6 Vict. c. xc
Throston Engine House was built to haul wagons from the Stockton and Hartlepool to the staiths at the docks[36]

In 1837 the Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway (GNEC&HJR) obtained permission for a line connecting the HD&R with the Byers Green branch, thus giving access to Hartlepool Dock bypassing Stockton. The Stockton and Hartlepool Railway was built to keep the traffic on the Clarence by building a branch from Billingham to Hartlepool.[28] Work started in 1839, without an act of Parliament, and the line officially opened to passengers on 9 February 1841, although freight had travelled earlier.[a] At Hartlepool an HD&R locomotive took trains forward to a 14 feet (4.3 m) inclined plane to a new Victoria Dock.[37] The S&HR was incorporated by the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. xc) that received royal assent on 30 June 1842.[38]

The WDR closed for some weeks at the beginning of 1842 as it was short of money. This had an adverse effect on the revenues of the Clarence, the Exchequer Loan Commissioners taking possession of the railway that September, to sell it by public auction, although the debt was paid by raised by issuing and selling more shares.[39] The Stockton and Hartlepool Railway leased the Clarence Railway for 21 years from 2 September 1844, and the Clarence paid its first dividend, of 1+1⁄2 per cent, in 1845.[40][41]

Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1837
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act for making and maintaining a Railway to connect the Great North of England, Clarence, and Hartlepool Railways, in the County of Durham.
Citation7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. xcv
Dates
Royal assent3 July 1837
Text of statute as originally enacted
Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1843
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation6 & 7 Vict. c. lxxxii

To prevent traffic being diverted over the shorter GNEC&HJR to Hartlepool, the WDR was linked to the Clarence Railway by 97 yards (89 m) line over private land; as this was not limited by requiring an act of Parliament, and the Clarence was able to change whatever toll it wished. The GNEC&HJR also found it lacked permission in the Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. xcv) to cross the Clarence Railway to reach the Byers Green. Unable to come to an agreement it returned to Parliament in 1843, where the GNEC&HJR was able get the Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1843 (6 & 7 Vict. c. lxxxii) passed that fixed a toll for traffic on the short private line and gave permission to build a bridge over the line. However, the Clarence Railway still refused to co-operate in building a bridge over the line and it was 1846 before the railway was completed.[42][41]

Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock

[edit]
West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Act 1852
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Citation15 & 16 Vict. c. cxlii
The Clarence, Stockton and Hartlepool and West Durham Railways highlighted on an 1854 railway map

The Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock received permission on 23 May 1844,[43] and this opened on the Stranton shore on 1 June 1847.[44] Port Clarence suffered as traffic was being diverted to Hartlepool and the relationship between the S&HR and the Clarence Railway became strained. Some Clarence shareholders suggested a merger with the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Tennant had died in 1839;[45] Ralph Ward Jackson had backed the S&HR and Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock[46] and now negotiated a permanent lease of the Clarence from 1 January 1851. The Hartlepool West Harbour and Stockton and Hartlepool Railway were united from 1 July 1851.[47] By an act of Parliament, the West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Act 1852 (15 & 16 Vict. c. cxlii) given royal assent on 30 June 1852, the Clarence Railway, Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock and Stockton and Hartlepool Railway were merged to become the West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway on 17 May 1853;[48] Clarence Railway shareholders held the majority of the shares with voting rights.[49]

West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway

[edit]

In 1852, the Leeds Northern Railway (LNR) reached Stockton and formed a junction with the Clarence Railway Stockton branch; an alliance had been formed and in anticipation the West Harbour had been enlarged from 13 to 44 acres (5.3 to 17.8 ha).[50] From the following year the West Hartlepool moved services to the LNR Stockton station and this became known as North Stockton, the 1848 S&DR station becoming South Stockton.[51] A price war broke out between the LNR and York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway (YN&BR), the fare for the 238 miles (383 km) between Leeds and Newcastle dropping to two shillings.[b][53]

The West Hartlepool Harbour and Dock as it opened in 1847

In 1862, the WHH&R was in financial difficulty, and as a result of legal action it was discovered that the company owned over £3,700,000, above the permitted £2,800,000; the level of debenture debt was almost three times that allowed. The company had purchased collieries and steam ships costing £1,000,000.[54] Jackson was held responsible, and he resigned in April, although a report the following year showed there had been good commercial reasons for buying the collieries and ships.[55] The debt was able to be converted into shares in 1863 and the new board sold the ships at a loss, but it was not possible to sell the coal mines, as the trade in coal being depressed at the time due to the American Civil War.[56] Jackson suggested merger of the WHH&R and NER in a letter to the Railway Times in April 1864, and this was agreed later that year. An Act was gained the following year[57] and the companies merged in June or July 1865. [c]

Later history

[edit]

The Leeds Northern Railway opened from Melmerby to Stockton in June 1852. The line continued beyond the Leeds Northern station at Bishopton Lane and joined the Clarence Railway North Shore branch a little further north at a location later called North Shore Junction. There was an accident here on 21 July 1852 when a Clarence passenger train from Ferryhill was run into by a short train of vans and trucks which was reversing along the North Shore branch towards the junction. In his report[58] Capt. Wynne of the Board of Trade criticised the conflicting signals at the new junction and pointed out that there should have been a crossover to allow Clarence trains (which were still using the right-hand running line) to cross over to the correct line before proceeding towards the Leeds Northern station.

The merger of the West Durham Railway with the NER was agreed in 1866 and was complete in 1870.[59] The NER opened a new line to Bishop Auckland in 1885 from the Byers Green branch and the passenger service was diverted over this line, a new station opening at Byers Green.[60] The West Durham Railway closed west of Todhills in 1891.[32] From 1913, former Clarence Railway lines were electrified with 1,500 V DC overhead lines and electric locomotives hauled coal trains between Shildon and Erimus marshalling yard, which had opened in 1908 between Middlesbrough and Thornaby. The trains took the former S&DR line from Shildon to Simpasture Junction, joining the former Clarence Railway line to Carlton, where a later line allowed access to the Stockton to Middlesbrough extension. The locomotives operated for 20 years, but then coal traffic had reduced, which made it uneconomical to maintain the electrification system.[61]

As a result of the Grouping on 1 January 1923, the North Eastern Railway became the North Eastern area of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).[62][63] In 1933, The rest of the former West Durham Railway was closed.[32] In 1939 the services from Spennymoor to Bishop Auckland were withdrawn and the Billingham to Port Clarence services cut back to Haverton Hill.[64]

During World War II, a Royal Ordnance Factory was built at ROF Aycliffe, served by two stations at Simpasture and Demons Bridge.[65] Britain's railways were nationalised on 1 January 1948 and the lines were placed under the control of British Railways.[62] On 31 March 1952 the passenger service was withdrawn from Stockton to Spennymoor via Ferryhill. On 14 June 1954 the public passenger service ceased on the Port Clarence Branch, although workman's trains continued until November 1961. In 1963 the line closed between Simpasture and the junction with the former Durham branch.[66]

Legacy

[edit]
Train on the freight only Stillington Branch in 2010

Current Durham Coast Line passenger services provide one train per hour over the route of the former Clarence Railway from Stockton to Billingham, from where the former Stockton and Hartlepool Railway is taken to Hartlepool; four trains a day travelling between London King's Cross and Sunderland use the route.[67] The line to Port Clarence was previously used by an irregular freight service, this having ceased between late 2018 and early 2019, the branch signalled for one train working.[68] The freight only Stillington Branch follows the route of the former Clarence Railway Durham branch to Ferryhill south junction. As of  2012 this two track railway carries three freight services a day, but this could be increased if freight is diverted from the East Coast Main Line. It is planned to carry out any necessary infrastructure works to allow the diversion of Intercity Express Programme Class 800 and 801 units over the line by 2019.[69]

The Auckland Way Railway Path follows the route of the Byers Green branch from Spennymoor, taking the route of the later NER branch to Bishop Auckland at Byers Green.[70]

References and notes

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hoole (1974, p. 146) states the line was open for freight on 12 December 1840, whereas Tomlinson (1915, pp. 344–346) mentions a train of coal travelled in January.
  2. ^ Two shillings in 1852 was worth about the same as £13.73 today.[52]
  3. ^ Tomlinson (1915, p. 619) gives the date as 1 July, Awdry (1990, p. 164) states 5 July, and the National Archive website entry for the West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Company gives 30 June.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The case for expanding the rail network" (PDF). Campaign for Better Transport. January 2019.
  2. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 105–107.
  3. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 57.
  4. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 87.
  5. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 88.
  6. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 101–102.
  7. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 166–167.
  8. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 167–168.
  9. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 170–171.
  10. ^ a b Tomlinson 1915, p. 234.
  11. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 175.
  12. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 177–178.
  13. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 179.
  14. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 180.
  15. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 178–181.
  16. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 236.
  17. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 237.
  18. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 239.
  19. ^ Cobb 2006, pp. 447–448, 460.
  20. ^ Hoole 1974, p. 130.
  21. ^ Whishaw 1842, pp. 59, 60–61.
  22. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 386.
  23. ^ Hoole 1974, pp. 130–131.
  24. ^ Whishaw 1842, pp. 60–62.
  25. ^ "The Timothy Hackworth Story - Railway Pioneer".
  26. ^ "The Timothy Hackworth Story - Railway Pioneer".
  27. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 289–290.
  28. ^ a b Tomlinson 1915, pp. 297–298.
  29. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 312.
  30. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 335–336.
  31. ^ Hoole 1974, pp. 178–179.
  32. ^ a b c Hoole 1974, p. 180.
  33. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 529.
  34. ^ Allen 1974, p. 74.
  35. ^ Allen 1974, p. 75.
  36. ^ Historic England. "Throston Engine House and wall adjoining (1250389)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  37. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 344–346.
  38. ^ Hoole 1974, p. 146.
  39. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 475–476.
  40. ^ Allen 1974, p. 102.
  41. ^ a b Tomlinson 1915, pp. 476–477.
  42. ^ Allen 1974, pp. 67, 101–102.
  43. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 477.
  44. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 486.
  45. ^ Heavsides, Henry. The Annals of Stockton-on-Tees. H. Heavsides & Son. p. 117.
  46. ^ Waller, Philip (2004). "Jackson, Ralph Ward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37591. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  47. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 509–510.
  48. ^ Hoole 1974, pp. 147–148.
  49. ^ "West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Company". The Spectator. 11 July 1863. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  50. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 512–514.
  51. ^ Hoole 1974, p. 144.
  52. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  53. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 515.
  54. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 599–600.
  55. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 602.
  56. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 603, 610.
  57. ^ Tomlinson 1915, p. 614.
  58. ^ Wynne, Capt. G., R.E., Board of Trade report dated 5 August 1852
  59. ^ Tomlinson 1915, pp. 627, 644.
  60. ^ Hoole 1974, p. 160.
  61. ^ Allen 1974, pp. 204–205.
  62. ^ a b Hedges 1981, pp. 88, 113–114.
  63. ^ Allen 1974, p. 234.
  64. ^ Hoole 1974, pp. 132, 169.
  65. ^ "Clarence Railway". Durham History. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  66. ^ Hoole 1974, pp. 132, 144, 160.
  67. ^ Network Rail 2012, pp. 124–125.
  68. ^ Network Rail 2012, pp. 64–67.
  69. ^ Network Rail 2012, pp. 91–93.
  70. ^ "Auckland Way Railway Path" (PDF). Durham County Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Ransom, Philip John Greer (1990). The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-98083-3.
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