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Christopher Wilder

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This article is about the serial killer. For the football manager, see Chris Wilder.

Christopher Wilder
Wilder in 1982
Born(1945-03-13)March 13, 1945
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
DiedApril 13, 1984(1984-04-13) (aged 39)
Colebrook, New Hampshire, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
Other namesThe Beauty Queen Killer
The Snapshot Killer
Children1
Details
Victims8+
Span of crimes
February 26 – April 13, 1984
CountryAustralia
United States
Date apprehended
April 13, 1984 (killed)

Christopher Bernard Wilder (March 13, 1945 – April 13, 1984), also known as the Beauty Queen Killer and the Snapshot Killer, was an Australian-American serial killer[1] who abducted at least twelve young women and girls, killing eight of them during a six-week, cross-country crime spree in the United States in early 1984. Wilder's series of murders began in Florida on February 26, 1984, and continued across the country through Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nevada and California, with attempted abductions in Washington and New York. Wilder victimized attractive young women, most of whom he would entice by promising to take their pictures. After subduing them, he would torture and rape them before shooting, stabbing with a knife, or strangling them to death. Two or more of his victims were electrocuted using a makeshift electrical cord.[1]

After being named a suspect in the disappearances of his first two victims, both of whom were women he knew and whose bodies were never found, Wilder began to target random women, many of whom were abducted from shopping malls. Wilder accidentally killed himself during a struggle with police in New Hampshire on April 13, 1984.[2] Since his death, Wilder has been suspected in the additional rapes, murders, and disappearances of many other women, including the unsolved 1965 Wanda Beach Murders in his native Sydney as well as the suspected murder of missing 18-year-old beauty queen Tammy Lynn Leppert. The 1986 made-for-television movie Easy Prey dramatizes Wilder's crimes.[3]

Early life and criminal history

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Christopher Wilder was born on March 13, 1945, in Sydney, New South Wales,[4] the oldest of four sons to an American father, Coley Chapman Wilder (August 27, 1919 – January 29, 1992), a naval officer, and an Australian mother, June Wilder (née Decker; June 18, 1925 – April 26, 1986). Wilder nearly died at birth and reportedly almost drowned in a swimming pool at the age of 2.[5][6] On January 4, 1963, at age 17, Wilder raped a 13-year-old girl in the company of two other young men in a Freshwater quarry, both of whom denied being involved in the assault. Wilder was sentenced to probation, and claimed later in life that he also received electroshock therapy.[6][7] It has been suggested that this therapy aggravated Wilder's violent sexual tendencies.[8] However, journalist Duncan McNab claims that there is no evidence that Wilder underwent electroshock therapy and that the story of his near-drowning was an invention of Wilder himself.[9]

Wilder married in 1968, but his wife left him after one week when Wilder was taken in for questioning over a series of sexual assaults at Manly Beach.[10] After their divorce, Wilder's ex-wife told law enforcement that he had attempted to seduce both his mother-in-law and sister-in-law, and that she had found pictures of young women in their underwear in a briefcase inside his car. She also admitted to the police that he had twice attempted to kill her.[10] In November 1969, Wilder used nude photographs to extort sex from an Australian student nurse; she complained to police, but charges were ultimately dropped when she refused to testify in court. Wilder emigrated to the United States in 1969 and lived in Boynton Beach, in an upscale waterfront home twenty-five miles south of affluent Palm Beach, becoming successful in the real estate business. He frequently traveled to Hawaii and the Bahamas and also developed an interest in photography which resulted in his converting a bedroom of his home into a darkroom.[10]

Between 1971 and 1975, Wilder faced various charges related to sexual misconduct.[11] He raped a young woman he had lured into his truck on the pretense of photographing her for a modeling contract.[7] This was to become part of his modus operandi during his later crime spree. Despite several convictions, Wilder was never jailed for any of these offenses.[12] In 1977, a psychologist deemed Wilder a "mentally disordered sex offender" and "not safe except in a structured environment and should be in a resident program" and also noted his need to dominate women and turn them into slaves for his pleasure.[10] He had expressed interest in white slavery and spoke of his sexual fantasies which involved twisting a woman's nipples during sex and slapping and kicking sexual partners. While visiting his parents in Australia in 1982, Wilder was charged with sexual offenses against two 15-year-old girls whom he had forced to pose nude after luring them from Manly Beach. His parents posted bail and he was allowed to return to Florida to await trial, but court delays prevented his case from ever being heard, as the eventual initial hearing date of April 1984 came after his death.[13][14] Two other young girls, aged 10 and 12, later identified Wilder from mugshots as the man who had abducted them in Boynton Beach in 1983 and forced them to perform oral sex on him.[1]

Crime spree in US

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Florida and Georgia murders

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The first murder attributed to Wilder was that of 20-year-old Rosario Teresa Gonzalez, who was last seen on February 26, 1984, at the Miami Grand Prix, where she was employed as a spokesmodel at a temporary job distributing samples of aspirin for a pharmaceutical company.[15] Witnesses stated that she left the Grand Prix track between noon and 1:00 p.m. with a Caucasian man in his thirties. Her blue 1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass was found parked near Dupont Plaza. Wilder was a race car driver who frequented the Miami Grand Prix racetrack and was also at the race, where he raced in the IMSA GTU class in a Porsche 911.[16]

On March 5, Wilder's former girlfriend, Miss Florida finalist Elizabeth Ann Kenyon, 23, went missing. She dated Wilder for a period of time, and was proposed to by him, but she declined due to their age difference; she is believed to have been last seen with him at a gas station near Miami. Her car was found six days later abandoned at the Miami Airport.[17] Gonzales was an aspiring model at the time of her disappearance and had participated in the Miss Florida beauty contest along with Kenyon. Neither woman's remains have ever been found. On March 18, Wilder led 21-year-old Theresa Anne Ferguson away from the Merritt Square Mall in Merritt Island, Florida. He murdered Ferguson and dumped her body at Canaveral Groves, where it was discovered on March 23.

Wilder's next victim was 19-year-old Linda Grover from Florida State University, whom he abducted from the Governor's Square Mall in Tallahassee, Florida, and transported to Bainbridge, Georgia, on March 20. She had declined his offer to photograph her for a modeling agency, after which he assaulted her in the mall parking lot. Wilder tied Grover's hands, wrapped her in a blanket, and put her in the trunk of his car. Grover was taken to Glen Oaks Motel and was raped. Wilder blinded her with a blow dryer and super glue. He applied copper wires to her feet and passed an electric current through them. When she tried to get away, he beat her, but she escaped and locked herself in the bathroom, where she began pounding on the walls. Wilder fled in his car, taking all of Grover's belongings with him.[18]

Texas and Kansas murders

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On March 21, Wilder approached Terry Diane Walden, a 23-year-old wife, mother, and nursing student at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas, about posing as a model. She turned him down, but ran across him again two days later, March 23, and he kidnapped her then. Wilder raped her, stabbed her to death and dumped her body in a canal, where she was found on March 26.

After killing Walden, Wilder fled in her rust-colored 1981 Mercury Cougar. On March 25, Wilder abducted 21-year-old Suzanne Wendy Logan at the Penn Square Mall in Oklahoma City. Wilder took her 180 miles north to Newton, Kansas, and checked into room 30 of the Interstate 35 Inn. After breakfast the next morning, he drove to Milford Reservoir, 90 miles northeast of Newton near Junction City, Kansas, where he stabbed her to death and dumped her body under a cedar tree.

Utah and California murders

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Wilder took 18-year-old Sheryl Lynn Bonaventura captive in Grand Junction, Colorado, on March 29. They were seen together at a diner in Silverton, where they told staff they were heading for Las Vegas with a stop in Durango on the way. On March 30, they were seen at the Four Corners Monument, after which Wilder checked into the Page Boy Motel in Page, Arizona. Wilder shot and stabbed Bonaventura to death around March 31 near the Kanab River in Utah, but her body was not found until May 3.

Wilder killed 17-year-old Michelle Lynn Korfman, an aspiring model, who disappeared from a Seventeen magazine cover model competition at the Meadows Mall in Las Vegas on April 1. A photograph was taken of Wilder stalking her at the competition. Her body remained undiscovered near a Southern California roadside rest stop until May 11, and was not identified until mid-June via dental X-rays.[19]

New York murder

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On April 4, near Torrance, California, Wilder photographed 16-year-old Tina Marie Risico before abducting her and driving her to El Centro, where he assaulted her. Wilder apparently believed that Risico would be of use in helping him get other victims,[20] so he kept her alive and took her with him as he traveled back east through Prescott, Arizona, Joplin, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois. Wilder had been on the FBI's ten most wanted fugitives list since the second week of April.

He and Risico went to Merrillville, Indiana, on April 10, where she helped him abduct 16-year-old Dawnette Sue Wilt at the Southlake Mall. Wilder raped Wilt several times as Risico drove to New York. Near Penn Yan, Wilder took Wilt into the woods and attempted to suffocate her before stabbing her twice and leaving her. Wilt managed to tie a pair of jeans around herself and flag down help. A truck driver, Charlie Laursen, took her to Soldiers and Sailors Hospital in Penn Yan. Wilder had doubled back and returned to the spot where he left her to make sure she was dead. He panicked on seeing she had fled.[21] Following surgery Wilt survived, and she recuperated at Soldiers and Sailors Hospital. She told local police that Wilder was heading for Canada.

At the Eastview Mall in Victor, New York, Wilder forced 33-year-old Beth Elaine Dodge into his car and had Risico follow him in Dodge's Pontiac Firebird. After a short drive, Wilder shot Dodge and dumped her body in a gravel pit. Risico and he then drove the Firebird to Logan Airport in Boston, where he bought her a ticket to Los Angeles.[21] Wilder then headed north, and in Beverly, Massachusetts, he attempted to abduct a woman at gunpoint, but was unsuccessful.[22]

Suspected victims

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  • Wilder is one of three suspects in the unsolved Wanda Beach Murders – the murders of 15-year-olds Marianne Schmidt and Christine Sharrock at Wanda Beach, near Sydney, on January 11, 1965 – because of his similarity to a suspect sketch and that two years before the murders, he had been convicted of a gang-rape on a Sydney beach.[23][24] The day after they were both reported missing by family, both women were found partially buried in the sand. A blow to the back of the head had shattered Sharrock's skull, and she had received fourteen knife wounds.[2] Schmidt had been stabbed six times and had her throat severely cut. Attempts had been made to rape both girls, and their underwear had been cut. Both girls had semen stains on their clothes, but an autopsy revealed that their hymens were still intact. The case is currently the oldest under review by the New South Wales unsolved homicide unit.[25][26]
  • Wilhelmina Kruger, a 56-year-old cleaning lady, was murdered at Wollongong's Piccadilly Centre on January 29, 1966.[27] A butcher who had arrived for work at 5:45 a.m. found her bloody body at the bottom of the basement-level staircase. She had been forcibly pulled down the escalators and stairs after being attacked three stories up, possibly around 4:30 a.m. She was discovered naked from the chest down, having been stabbed, strangled, and mutilated. Additionally, the police discovered burns from cigarettes on her clothing[28] and blond hair at the site. Before the murder, Kruger started to feel as though someone was stalking her, so her husband drove her to work. The homicide is still unsolved and is regarded as one of the most notorious in state history.[29]
  • A 27-year-old store employee and prostitute from Bondi named Anna Toskayoa Dowlingkoa vanished after leaving the Taxi Club in Kings Cross on February 16, 1966, at midnight. Ten days later, on February 26, at about 5:30 p.m., a truck driver who had stopped at the side of Old Illawarra Road in Menai to fix a tire discovered her partially clothed, stabbed, strangled, and mutilated body.[30] Drag evidence revealed that Dowlingkoa's body had been moved to a more obvious position three to four days or so before her body was discovered. The majority of Dowlingkoa's clothing and belongings were also missing. Police immediately linked her brutal "Jack the Ripper-like murder" with that of Kruger, and investigators from that crime were called in to assist. They believed that the murder might have been the work of the Wanda Beach Killer,[31] primarily based on circumstantial evidence and similarities in modus operandi.
  • An unidentified teen’s body was discovered in a field in Caledonia, New York, on November 10, 1979. She had been shot twice, once in the front of the head and once in the back and was the victim of a homicide. She was discovered shortly after her death, but she remained a Jane Doe until 2015 when she was identified as Tammy Jo Alexander, a 16-year-old who had vanished from Brooksville, Florida, in 1979. Alexander may be connected to Wilder because she was discovered wearing an Auto Sports Products jacket, which was a brand Wilder was well known for using. The .38 calibre bullet that killed Alexander was found in the dirt beneath her body and this caliber ammunition was commonly used in .357 calibre revolvers like the one found in Wilder's possession immediately after his death. There is no evidence that the round's compatibility with the pistol was determined through ballistic testing.[32][33]
  • Wilder is a suspect in the unsolved disappearance of 17-year-old Mary Opitz who went missing in Fort Myers, Florida, on January 16, 1981, and was last seen leaving the Edison Mall and heading towards the parking lot.[34] Another girl who physically resembled Opitz, 18-year-old Mary Elizabeth Hare, disappeared on February 11, 1981, from the same parking lot. Hare's body, which had decomposed, was found in June 1981 in a field near Alabama Road and Highway 82 in a remote, undeveloped area of Lehigh Acres, Florida; she had been stabbed in the back and was the victim of a homicide. Authorities began to suspect foul play was involved in Opitz's case following this, but Opitz has never been found.
  • Skeletal remains were discovered in a green nylon bag on May 29, 1982, in a shallow grave at the 300 block of F Road, north of Southern Boulevard, in Loxahatchee, Florida, close to property owned by Wilder. Although the manner of her death is unknown, she is believed to have been murdered. Using dental records, the remains were identified as 17-year-old Tina Marie Beebe in July 2013 by the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office. On January 20, 1981, she told her sister that a man had offered her a job as a model before she disappeared in Fort Myers, Florida.[35]
  • On December 19, 1982, a real estate agent who was inspecting land discovered severely decomposed remains that belonged to a female. They were dispersed throughout thick bush in a wooded location 140 yards north of Okeechobee Road off F Road, close to Loxahatchee.[36] She had been shot once in the head and is referred to only as the Palm Beach County Jane Doe.[37]
  • Shari Lynne Ball, a 20-year-old aspiring model, went missing on June 27, 1983,[38] from Boca Raton, Florida, after telling relatives she was going to pursue a modeling career. Two days later, she called a friend from a truck stop in Ashland, Virginia. Her badly decomposed body was found by a hunter in Shelby, New York, on October 29, 1983, but was not identified until 2014.[39] Her cause of death could not be determined, but foul play was suspected.[40] She was found thirty-eight miles from where Alexander was found in Caledonia, New York. A New York State Police Cold Case investigator claimed that Ball's murder was consistent with "Wilder's method of operations."[41]
  • Tammy Lynn Leppert, 18, was last seen around 11:30 a.m. on July 6, 1983, in Cocoa Beach, Florida, while in a heated argument with a male companion. Leppert's family filed a $1 million lawsuit against Wilder before his death but dropped the suit afterward. Leppert's mother, modeling agent Linda Curtis, claimed that Wilder and Tammy met on the set of the 1983 comedy film Spring Break in Fort Lauderdale. She further claimed that he travelled to Brevard County where they lived in a fruitless effort to convince her to let him photograph Tammy. She also recalled that a man strongly resembling him visited her modelling agency several times in 1983, looking for models. However, she later stated that she never believed Wilder was involved in Tammy's disappearance. Police were unable to link Wilder to Leppert.[42]
  • Lori Jane Kearsey, 23, was found floating in a canal on February 18, 1984, in Davie, Florida. She had been strangled to death and was thought to have been dead two days before being found.[43][44] On March 7, 1984, Melody Marie Gay, 19, was abducted while working the graveyard shift at an all-night store in Collier County, Florida; her body was pulled from a rural canal three days later. Due to the similarities with Wilder's crimes, their murders were thought to be connected, but he has since been ruled out as a suspect.[45]
  • Wilder is the primary suspect in the disappearance of 15-year-old Colleen Emily Orsborn, who went missing after leaving her Daytona Beach home on March 15, 1984. She missed her school bus on the day of her disappearance and is believed to have skipped school to go to the beach. Wilder was staying at a motel in Daytona Beach on that same date. The disappearance of Colleen fitted the pattern of Wilder, who often attacked near his birthdate of March 13. Also, one of Orsborn's classmates claimed a man resembling Wilder had offered her $100 to pose for pictures. However, though he checked out on the day Orsborn disappeared, no evidence has been found to connect them. Her body was discovered a few weeks later on April 6, 1984, partially buried near a lake in Orange County, Florida. However, it was initially ruled not to be her and was not formally identified using DNA testing until February 2011.[46][47]

Death

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On April 13, Wilder stopped at Vic's Getty service station in Colebrook, New Hampshire to ask directions to Canada.[12] Two New Hampshire state troopers, Leo Jellison and Wayne Fortier, approached Wilder, who retreated to his car to arm himself with a Colt Python .357 Magnum.[48] Jellison was able to grab Wilder from behind and in the scuffle, two shots were fired. The first bullet hit Wilder and exited through his back and into Jellison. The second bullet hit Wilder in the chest. Wilder died; Jellison was seriously wounded, but recovered and returned to full duty.[49] A copy of the novel The Collector by John Fowles, in which a man keeps a woman in his cellar against her will until she dies, was found among his possessions after his death.[50] Wilder was cremated in Florida, leaving a personal estate worth more than $7 million. In June 1986, a court-appointed arbitrator ruled that the after-tax balance was to be divided among the families of his victims.[51][52][53]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Chris Wilder - The Snapshot Killer: Inside the Wanda Beach murders | 7NEWS Spotlight - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Morcombe, John (September 11, 2015). "When a killer prowled the northern beaches". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  3. ^ Kelley, Bill (October 26, 1986). "VICTIM'S ESCAPE EASY PREY FOR TV MOVIE". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  4. ^ Johns, Loujane. "Nothing Ever Happens Here". The Chronicle-Express. Penn Yan, NY. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  5. ^ Newton, Michael (2000). The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers.
  6. ^ a b McNab, Duncan (2019). The Snapshot Killer. Australia: Hachette Australia. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7336-4100-8.
  7. ^ a b Bovsun, Mara (September 19, 2015). "'Beauty Queen Killer' and race car driver Christopher Bernard Wilder takes a bloody ride through the states, kidnapping, raping and murdering 8 women in short 1984 span". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  8. ^ Gibney, Bruce (1984). The Beauty Queen Killer.
  9. ^ McNab, Duncan (2019). The Snapshot Killer. Australia: Hachette Australia. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7336-4100-8.
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  12. ^ a b Ramsland, Katherine. "A Killer's Rampage". TruTV. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  13. ^ Flowers, R. Barri; H. Loraine Flowers (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers and Victims of the Twentieth Century. McFarland. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7864-2075-9. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
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  21. ^ a b "Tina Marie Risico, the teenager who accompanied serial killer..." United Press International, Inc. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
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  23. ^ Whiticker, Alan (2005). Twelve Crimes That Shocked The Nation.
  24. ^ Brown, Anne-Louise (July 6, 2014). "Double killing DNA sample lost". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  25. ^ "The Wanda Beach Murders/Beaumont Children Mystery". Crime Investigation Australia. Series 1. Episode 11. 2007. Crime & Investigation Network.
  26. ^ Wanda Beach Murders | The growing evidence that serial killer Chris Wilder killed two girls in 1965, archived from the original on February 17, 2021, retrieved January 21, 2020
  27. ^ "Woman's body in sandhills grave". The Sun-Herald. February 6, 1966. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  28. ^ "Piccadilly Murder". www.sutori.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  29. ^ HUMPHRIES, GLEN (March 21, 2017). "Unsolved Wollongong murder to feature in film". Illawarra Mercury. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  30. ^ "Sydney murder 'like Jack the Ripper'". The Canberra Times. January 19, 1967. p. 26. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  31. ^ "Help call in killer hunt". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). March 2, 1966. p. 14. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  32. ^ "Police ID 'Jane Doe' found in Livingston Co. cornfield in 1979". January 26, 2015. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
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  34. ^ "Mary Opitz". The Charley Project. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
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  36. ^ "1635UFFL - Unidentified Female". Doe Network. Archived from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
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  38. ^ Clarkson, Brett (April 29, 2014). "Body found 30 years ago in New York is missing West Boca woman". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  39. ^ "Shari Lynne Ball: Missing Boca Raton woman identified in New York 30 years later". WPBF. April 28, 2014. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "State Police continue to investigate 1983 homicide of Florida woman found in Orleans County". December 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  41. ^ "Serial killer may be tied to young woman's 1983 cold case killing in NY". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  42. ^ "Tammy Lynn Leppert". The Charley Project. December 20, 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  43. ^ "Case File 554UFFL". The Doe Network. February 3, 2015 [December 20, 2006]. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  44. ^ "Davie Police identify woman in 1984 cold case after body found in canal". 7 News Miami. October 24, 2023. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  45. ^ "Cold Case: Gay, Melody Marie". Collier County Sheriff's Office. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  46. ^ "'Dr. G' Matches DNA to Florida Teen Missing Since 1984". The Ledger. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  47. ^ "Case File 30UFFL". The Doe Network. February 3, 2015 [December 20, 2006]. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  48. ^ "Mystery and a Spree Killer". Law and Ordnance. July 22, 2009. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  49. ^ "Woman Slayer Described as a 'Demon,' Unhuman". The Mohave Daily Miner. United Press International. April 15, 1984. p. A-5. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  50. ^ Kahn, Robert. "Elusive 'Beauty Queen Killer' Led Double Life as a Florida Playboy". A&E. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  51. ^ Sellers, Laurin (June 12, 1986). "Victim's Parents Share Killer's Estate: Arbitrator Awards Portion Of Wilder's Fortune To Brevard Couple". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  52. ^ Perry, Michael (April 26, 1987). "Massacre victim's family gets $3.5m". The Sun-Herald. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  53. ^ Altman, Larry (2008). "A Teen's Terrifying Days With a Killer in 1984, an L.A.-area Girl Became One of the Targets of a Hunted Man who Took Her on a Cross-Country Nightmare". Daily News. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
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