Baharna

Not to be confused with Bahrainis (a term for all Bahraini Citizens) or Ajam of Bahrain.

Bahārna
البحارنة

Bahārna during Muharram
Regions with significant populations
Indigenous to Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatif, Al-Hasa), with notable presence in UAE, and Iran (Hormozgan province)
Languages
Arabic (Bahrani Arabic, Gulf Arabic)
Religion
Shia Islam

The Bahārna (Arabic: بُحارنة, lit. 'Buharnah', or Arabic: اِلبحارنه, lit. 'il baharneh'), are an ethnoreligious group of Shia Muslim Arabs indigenous to the historical region of Bahrain. They are generally regarded to be the original inhabitants of Eastern Arabia. They inhabited the area even before the arrival of the Banu Utbah in the 18th century which the Bahraini royal family descends from. Most Bahraini citizens are Baharna. Regions with most of the population are in Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Qatif, al-Ahsa), with significant populations in Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Iraq, Khoramshahr, Hormozgan province of Iran.

Origin

The origin of the Baharna is debated; there are different theories regarding their origins. Several Western scholars believe the Baharna originate from Bahrain's ancient population and pre-Islamic population which consisted of partially-Christianized Arabs, Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists, Persian Zoroastrians, and a small amount of Jews. According to one historian, Arab settlements in Bahrain may have begun around 300 B.C. and control of the island was maintained by the Rabyah tribe, who converted to Islam in 630 A.D.

Local anecdotal evidence suggests that the Baharna's ancestry is diverse as some word variants spoken in the dialects of the native people of the villages of Bani Jamra and A'ali are only used in places as far as Yemen and Oman, indicating southern Arabian ancestry. Many Baharna families descended from members of the Banu Abdul Qays, who were mostly Nestorian Christians before the seventh century, as-well as the Anizah tribe which is a cousin tribe the Abd Al-Qays and are both part of the greater Rab’ia tribe. Many are also from the Bani Tamim tribe, such as the ruler of Bahrain during the early islamic era, and Al-Azd.

The Bahrani Arabic dialect exhibits Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features. The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Middle Persian (Pahlavi) speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language. The Bahrani dialect might have borrowed the Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features from Mesopotamian Arabic, with influences from an older Persian dialect.

According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the last of the "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and ancient Iranians (referred to by Arabs at the time as Majus) inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest". They are said to be a mixture of Abd Al-Qais and Persians.

These claims are also supported by Archaeologgical finds as Archaeologists uncovered Parthian (247 BC – 224 AD) related artefacts were also found in Shahkhoura, a Christian church in Samaheej (mid-4th and mid-8th centuries).

Genetics

Bahrani people are mostly (around 37~50%) eastern peninsular Arabs and (around 30%~) North West Asian (Iranian, Caucasian, and Mespotamian) according to their genes. Further DNA testing is required.

Etymology

The term Bahrani serves to distinguish the Bahrana from other Kuwaiti or Bahraini ethnic groups, such as the ethnic Bahraini-Iranians who fall under the term Ajam, as well as from the Sunni Arabs in Bahrain who are known as Al Arab ("Arabs"), such as Bani Utbah. In the United Arab Emirates, the Baharna make up 5% of Emiratis and are generally descended from Baharna coming around 100–200 years ago.

In Arabic, bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as "Awal".

Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are places in the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water, noted by visitors since antiquity.

An alternate theory offered by al-Ahsa was that the two seas were the Persian Gulf and a peaceful lake on the mainland Near Al-Ahsa, known as Al-Asfar Lake; still another provided by Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari is that the more formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.

History

Pre-Islam

In pre-Islamic times, the region of Bahrain was part of the Persian Empire. Its population included Christians, particularly tribal partially-Christianized Arabs, who were of diverse origins and spoke different old Arabian vernaculars, a Persian clergy (Magians) who used Syriac as a language of liturgy and writing more generally, a mobile Persian-speaking population, who were possibly predominately Zoroastrian, traders and administrators with strong ties to Persia, with whom which they maintained close contact with, a small amount of Jews, pagan Arabs, and a sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists, The major tribes of pre-Islamic Bahrain included Abd al-Qais, Tamīm, and Bakr ibn Wāil. The Persian governor was Al-Mundhir ibn Sāwa ibn Zayd Manāt ibn Tamīm, who acted on behalf on the Persians.

Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)

After the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Bahrain became an important region under the early Islamic Caliphates. The region was originally part of the Rashidun Caliphate, and later the Umayyads and Abbasids. It was during this period that Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Bahrain's population, including the Baharnah, were initially Sunni Muslims, as they were in line with the broader Islamic traditions of the time.

The Carmathians

The spread of Shia Islam in Bahrain is thought to have gained momentum from the 9th century onward. During this period, political and religious dynamics in the region were shifting, especially with the growing influence of the Ismaili and Twelver Shia movements. The rise of Shia political power in the region, such as the establishment of the Qarmatian state in Bahrain in the 9th century, played a significant role in promoting Shia beliefs.

The Qarmatians, a radical Ismaili Shia sect, established a strong presence in Bahrain around the 9th and 10th centuries. They ruled over Bahrain for several centuries, promoting their distinct form of Shia Islam, which had a significant impact on the local population. The Qarmatians’ influence and their promotion of Shia beliefs contributed to the gradual shift of the Baharnah from Sunni to Shia Islam.

10th to 13th Century

After that, the Uyunids took control from the Qarmatians.

Bahrain was ruled by the Uyunid Emirate led by Banu Abd al-Qays tribe, from 1076 until it was overthrown by the Usfurids in 1238.

During the 12th to 13th Century (1253–1392), Eastern Arabia was ruled by the Usfurids.

Around this time, Bahrain became a hub for intellectuals for hundreds of years stretching from the early days of Islam in the 6th century to the 18th century. Philosophers of Bahrain were highly esteemed, such as the 13th century mystic, Sheikh Maitham Al Bahrani (died in 1299).

13th-4th Century

The Jarwanid dynasty ruled Eastern Arabian from 1310 to 1417.

Simultaneously, the Jarwanid dynasty ruled locally until 1417, followed by the Jabrids rule between 1417-1424.

15th Century

The Safavid Dynasty controlled Bahrain (between 1501~1736), perhaps serving more of a protectorate as the locals were already on the Shia faith.

In 1521 a force led by António Correia captured Bahrain, defeating the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil.

Later, local rules continued under Lahsa Eyalet (1560–1670), and continued after the fall of the Safavid Empire with Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–)...

16th Century

The Safavid dynasty, which established Shia Islam as the state religion in Persia (modern-day Iran) in the 16th century, had a further influence on the Shia communities of Bahrain. Bahrain’s close proximity to Persia, along with political and religious ties, made it easier for Shia Islam to further spread in the region. Persian influence, particularly in trade and religious exchanges, reinforced the practice of Twelver Shia Islam among the Baharnah.

The Baharna, being predominantly Shia, generally aligned with the Safavids. However, the region experienced ongoing political and sectarian tensions between the Safavids and their rivals, such as the Ottomans and various Sunni Arab tribes. During the later part of Safavid rule, some Baharna families left Bahrain and sought refuge in Khuzestan, particularly when political instability and conflicts with neighbouring Sunni tribes increased. This phase of migration happened in the 17th century.

After the Safavid Empire fell in the early 18th century, Bahrain became vulnerable to invasions and shifts in power. The Omani invasion of Bahrain in 1717 destabilized the region, causing internal strife and pressure on the Shia Baharna population. The uncertainty and insecurity in Bahrain led some Baharna to migrate to Khuzestan, where they found refuge among local Arab tribes, such as the Muhammarah. This migration was more sporadic but occurred during the early 18th century.

17th Century

Main article: Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain

After the fall of the Safavid dynasty, Bahrain went through a period of anarchy, dismay, and self-rule in villages which made the country vulnerable to foreign invasions. Utub forces often attacked the island during this phase, which made the spiritual leader of Bahrain, Sheikh Mohammed ibn Abdullah Al Majed, use the Huwala to combat the Utubs' attacks. These attacks continued throughout the early 18th century until the Utubs launched a full-scale invasion of the island and established a government loyal to the Imam of Oman.

The Utubs were defeated and expelled by the Huwala forces loyal to Bahrain's spiritual leader who established a government headed by Sheikh Jabara Al-Holi (also known as Jubayr al-Holi). The Persian Afsharids led by former Safavid general Nader Shah invaded the island in 1737 and deposed Sheikh Jabara. Persian rule continued for 46 more years, with brief interruptions, until 1783, when the Al Khalifa family, who were Sunni Arabs from the Najd region (modern-day Saudi Arabia), took control of Bahrain after defeating Nader Shah.

The rule of Bani Khalid Emirate ended officially in 1796...

This shift in power led to increased sectarian tensions, as the predominantly Sunni Al Khalifa rulers imposed their authority over the Shia Baharna population. Many Baharna felt marginalized and oppressed under the new rule.

18th Century

Consequently, a significant number of Baharna families migrated to Khuzestan during the late 18th century, where they settled and integrated with Arab tribes like Banu Kaab and Banu Kanaan.

19th Century

Throughout the 19th century, Bahrain continued to experience internal conflicts, especially between the ruling Al Khalifa family and the Baharna population. Disputes over land, taxation, and sectarian discrimination pushed more Baharna to seek better conditions elsewhere. During this period, additional Baharna families migrated to Khuzestan, where they joined the earlier waves of migrants. By this time, they had established strong ties with local Arab tribes, including the House of Ghannam and the Al Hilalat.

The journey of return for some Baharnah to their homeland of Bahrain began in 1951, following the intensification of Persian harassment campaigns against the Arabs of Muhammarah. Some of them were politically active within the ranks of the Arab national movement, which aimed to restore Arab rule.

Over the centuries, the Baharnah people increasingly identified with the Shia community, in part due to the social and political dynamics of the region. Shia Islam was often seen as a unifying force against the Sunni rulers or dominant forces in the region, such as the various local ruling families or the Ottoman Empire. As Shia Islam became more integrated into the local identity of the Baharnah, it strengthened the community's sense of unity and distinctiveness within the broader Islamic world.

Notable people

See also: List of Bahranis

• Abdul Hadi Al-Khawaja, Bahraini political activist.
• Ramin Bahrani
• Ayat Al-Qarmizi
• Nabil Rajab
• Mahdi Abu Deeb
• Hassan Mushaima
• Zainab Al-Khawaja, Bahraini political activist and daughter of Abdul Hadi Al-Khawaja.
• Mohammed Haddad
• Mohammed Sayed Adnan
• Mohammed Al-Maskati
• Hussain Al-Sabaa
• Tariq Al-Farsani
• Jassim Al-Huwaidi
• Alaa Hubail, Bahraini footballer.

Gallery

• 
  Bahrani Mullahs in the parliament during 1973
• 
  Shia Bahranis stepping over Israel flag
• 
  2011 Uprising was a majorly Bahrani protest, but not exclusively
• 
  S. Yousif al-Mahafdha and Zainab al-Khawaja obsvering a protest in Jidhafs
• 
  Bahrani man offering his blood for donation during Ashura
• 
  ????
• 
• 
  Mamdouh Abbas Al-Saleh

See also

• History of Bahrain

Language and culture

• Bahrani Arabic
• Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia

Geography

• Bahrain (historical region)

Bahrani People

• List of Bahranis
• Baharna in Kuwait

External links

• The 1922 Bahrani uprising in Bahrain
• Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800, Juan Cole, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, (May 1987), pp. 177–203
• Eastern Coast of Arabian Peninsula for DNA test