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2025 South Korean presidential election

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2025 South Korean presidential election
← 2022 3 June 2025 2030 →
Opinion polls
 
Nominee Lee Jae-myung Kim Moon-soo Lee Jun-seok
Party Democratic People Power Reform
Popular vote TBD TBD TBD
President before election

Lee Ju-ho (acting)
Independent

Elected President

TBD

This article is part of a series on
Politics of South Korea
Government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Political parties
Korean conflict

Early presidential elections are currently being held in South Korea on 3 June 2025.[1] Originally scheduled for 3 March 2027, the election was pushed forward following the impeachment and removal of Yoon Suk Yeol.[2][3] The date of 3 June is due to the requirement by the constitution of South Korea for an election to be held within 60 days of a permanent presidential vacancy, which has been the case since the 4 April decision of the Constitutional Court of Korea to uphold the impeachment and remove Yoon from office. Later, it was confirmed by the government that the date of the election would be 3 June.[4][5]

Since democratization and the establishment of the Sixth Republic, this will be the ninth presidential election, the second election after a presidential impeachment, and the first held in a different year than originally scheduled.[6]

Background

[edit]
Main article: Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol

Following the declaration of martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol on 3 December 2024, the National Assembly voted to impeach him on 14 December 2024, with 204 of 300 lawmakers in support.[2][7] On 4 April 2025, the Constitutional Court of Korea upheld the impeachment, removing Yoon from office and vacating the presidency. Under the constitution, a presidential election must be held within 60 days to determine Yoon's permanent successor as the country's 14th president.[8][9][10] On 8 April, acting president Han Duck-soo announced that the election would be held on 3 June 2025.[11][12]

Electoral system

[edit]
Main article: Presidential elections in South Korea

The president of South Korea is elected via a single-round plurality voting system. Presidents are limited to a single five-year term, with no possibility of re-election.[6] Unlike regularly scheduled presidential elections, the winner of this election will take office immediately after the results are confirmed by the National Election Commission, without the normal two-month transition period.[13]

Nominations

[edit]

The National Election Commission (NEC) opened preliminary candidate registrations on 4 April 2025, following the confirmation of Yoon's impeachment and removal. Incumbent heads of municipal governments who intend to run for president must resign from their positions by 4 May.[14]

Democratic Party

[edit]

On 10 April, Lee announced his candidacy, his campaign promises being to decrease economic inequality and stimulate economic growth through investments, while also hoping to reinforce diplomacy between South Korea, the United States and Japan.[15] Lee also pledged to relocate the Office of the President and National Assembly to Sejong City, during the last 2022 election, he also made a similar promise.[16] Lee further promises to formalize Sejong City as the administrative capital of the country.[17] On 12 April 2025, the Democratic Party announced that it would select its official nominee for president through an even split between votes by dues-paying members and a public poll that would survey one million people through two polling companies, with a final decision to be released on 27 April following a full party vote on 14 April and an online vote by its central committee on 15 April. The party primaries will be the first time that people aged 16 to 18 years old will participate since a 2022 revision in the Political Parties Act that lowered the minimum age for party membership from 18 to 16.[18][19] On 18 April, the Democratic Party held its first televised debate.[20] On 23 April, the party held its second televised debate. During the debate, the three candidates discussed proposed constitutional amendments to either shorten presidential terms or allow presidents to serve for more than one term, as well as the time-scale for such proposals.[21] On 27 April, the party officially announced Lee Jae-myung as its presidential candidate after a majority primary victory.[22]

Nominee

[edit]

Lee Jae-myung, Leader of the Democratic Party (2022–2025) and Member of the National Assembly[15] (Resigned from leadership of Democratic Party on 9 April,[23] announced bid on 10 April, won nomination on 27 April)

1
Democratic Party Ticket
Lee Jae-myung
for President
Leader of the Democratic Party
(2022–2025)

Withdrawn or eliminated candidates

[edit]

Kim Kyoung-soo was sentenced to prison in July 2021 and was ineligible to run for office until April 2028, but was pardoned and reinstated in August 2024, allowing him to run.[24]

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Kim Dong-yeon Kim Kyoung-soo Kim Doo-kwan
36th Governor of Gyeonggi Province (since 2022) Governor of South Gyeongsang Province (2018–2021) Member of the National Assembly (2016–2024)
Eliminated: 27 April
41,307 votes[25] 		Eliminated: 27 April
25,512 votes[25] 		Withdrew: 18 April
Did not participate in primary
[26][27][28] [29][27] [30][31]
The 21st Democratic Party Presidential Primary Election on 27 April 2025
Candidate Results Number of votes[25] Vote rate[25]
Lee Jae-myung Nominated 623,695 89.77%
Kim Dong-yeon Eliminated 41,307 6.87%
Kim Kyoung-soo Eliminated 25,512 3.36%

People Power Party

[edit]
Main article: 2025 People Power Party presidential primary

The People Power Party (PPP) held a primary and announced its official candidate for president at its party convention on 3 May 2025.[32] Following three rounds of voting, former Minister of Employment and Labor, Kim Moon-soo was announced as the PPP's candidate.[33] However, Kim's nomination was forcefully rescinded by the PPP's leadership in the early hours of 10 May with the leadership citing Kim's refusal to undergo a candidate unification process with Han Duck-soo.[34] Han was subsequently made a member of the PPP and declared as the PPP's candidate, with Kim referring to the move as a midnight "coup d'état."[35] The sudden switch was met with harsh criticism from within the party since Han had not participated in the PPP primary, leading to accusations of freeriding.[36] A PPP membership-wide vote on approving the switch was held on 10 May from 10:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. K.S.T., in which members rejected the switch, reinstating Kim Moon-soo as the PPP's presidential candidate.[37]

Nominee

[edit]

Kim Moon-soo, Minister of Employment and Labor (2024–2025) (Announced bid on 9 April, won nomination on 3 May, nomination rescinded on 10 May, nomination subsequently reinstated on 10 May)

2
People Power Party Ticket
Kim Moon-soo
for President
Minister of Employment
and Labor (2024–2025)

Withdrawn or eliminated candidates

[edit]
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of elimination/withdrawal from the primaries
Han Duck-soo Han Dong-hoon Ahn Cheol-soo Hong Joon-pyo Na Kyung-won
Acting President of South Korea (2024; 2025) Minister of Justice (2022–2023) Member of the National Assembly (since 2022) Mayor of Daegu (2022–2025) Member of the National Assembly (since 2024)
Withdrew: 10 May
Nomination rescinded after Kim Moon-soo reinstated as nominee 		Eliminated: 3 May
Eliminated in the final round of primary[33] 		Eliminated: 29 April
Eliminated in the second round of primary[38] 		Eliminated: 22 April
Eliminated in the first round of primary
[39] [40] [41][42] [43] [44][45]
Yoo Jeong-bok Lee Cheol-woo Yang Hyang-ja Yoo Seong-min Oh Se-hoon
Mayor of Incheon (since 2022) Governor of North Gyeongsang Province (since 2018) Member of the National Assembly (2020–2024) Member of the National Assembly (2005–2020) Mayor of Seoul (since 2021)
Eliminated: 22 April
Eliminated in the first round of primary 		Withdrew: 13 April
Did not participate in primary 		Withdrew: 12 April
Did not participate in primary (endorsed Ahn Cheol-soo)[46]
[19] [19] [47] [48][49] [50]
People Power 21st Presidential Primary Election on 3 May 2025[51]
Candidate Results Number of votes for party members Poll Sum
Kim Moon-soo Nominated 246,519 (61.25%) 208,525 (51.81%) 455,044 (56.53%)
Han Dong-hoon Eliminated 155,961 (38.75%) 193,955 (48.19%) 349,916 (43.47%)

Third party nominees and independent candidates

[edit]

Nominees

[edit]
4 5 8
Reform Party ticket
Democratic Labor Party Ticket

Independent Ticket

Lee Jun-seok Kwon Yeong-guk Song Jin-ho
for President for President for President
Member of the National Assembly
(since 2024) 		Leader of the Democratic Labor Party
(since 2024) 		Businessman
[52][53] [54] [55]

Withdrawn or eliminated candidates

[edit]

Independents

[edit]

On 9 April 2025, former Prime Minister and acting President of South Korea Hwang Kyo-ahn announced his candidacy for the presidential race.[64] Hwang registered as an official candidate on 11 May, standing as an independent.[55]

On 1 May 2025, Han Duck-soo resigned as acting president and concurrent prime minister of South Korea, citing the need to lay down an "important mission and bear a greater responsibility".[65] He announced his candidacy for president the next day.[66][67] Han pledged to amend the Constitution to introduce two-term presidencies, each lasting four years.[68] Han committed to resigning immediately upon a successful amendment.[69]

Independent candidate Song Jin-ho registered as an official candidate on 11 May. Song's registration information was noted for containing a total of 17 prior criminal convictions.[70]

Progressive Party

[edit]

On 19 April, the Progressive Party selected Kim Jae-yeon as its presidential candidate.[62] She withdrew on 9 May, citing a need to primarily stop the PPP, and endorsed Lee Jae-myung.[59]

Liberal Unification Party

[edit]

After declaring his candidacy on 24 April, Jeon Kwang-hoon was found ineligible to run due to previous election law violations.[71] Jeon's Liberal Unification Party subsequently nominated lawyer Koo Joo-wa as its presidential candidate on 9 May.

Rebuilding Korea Party

[edit]

On 27 April, the Rebuilding Korea Party endorsed Lee Jae-myung of Democratic Party for the presidency.[72]

New Future Democratic Party

[edit]

Lee Nak-yon hinted at a campaign for president at the National Convention for Constitutional Revision hosted by the New Future Democratic Party.[73] On 30 April, Lee's campaign advisor announced Lee's candidacy registration, effectively making his campaign official.[74] However, on 10 May, Lee decided against a run, and did not endorse a candidate.[75] On 27 May, Lee announced that he endorses Kim Moon-soo.[76]

Social Transformation Solidarity Conference (Democratic Labor Party)

[edit]

The Green Party, Justice Party, Labor Party, and several labor unions agreed to have an open primary and field candidates under the banner of Social Transformation.[77] Kwon Yeong-guk won the primary and was nominated as the Democratic Labor Party's presidential candidate on 30 April.[78][79]

Kwon has pledged a complete "liquidation of insurrectionist forces" following the martial law crisis and Yoon's impeachment. He has refused calls to unify his campaign with Democratic candidate Lee Jae-myung, saying "independent progressive politics must continue." Kwon promises to enact an anti-discrimination law and will work to create an equal society without gaps. As a "street lawyer," Kwon was instrumental in the 2015 Supreme Court decision to legalize the Migrant Workers' Trade Union and promises to overhaul Korea's immigration system.[80]

Kwon and the Democratic Labor Party have qualified to appear in the televised presidential debates.

On 15 May, defeated candidate and former KCTU chairman Han Sang-gyun called for unity at a Busan press conference, saying, "This is the result of the desperation of not having a voice in an unequal world. We need to build on this power to create a decisive moment that will transform Korean society."[81]

Social Transformation Solidarity Conference 21st Presidential Primary Election on 27–30 April 2025[79]
Candidate Results Votes
Kwon Yeong-guk Nominated 4,565 (79.5%)
Han Sang-gyun [ko] Eliminated 1,912 (20.55%)

Registered candidates

[edit]
# Candidate Affiliation Background
1 Lee Jae-myung Democratic Leader of the Democratic Party (2022–2025)
Member of the National Assembly (since 2022)
Governor of Gyeonggi (2018–2021)
2022 Democratic Party nominee for President
2 Kim Moon-soo People Power Minister of Employment and Labour (2024–2025)
Governor of Gyeonggi (2006–2014)
Member of the National Assembly (1996–2006)
4 Lee Jun-seok Reform Party Leader of the People Power Party (2021–2022)
Leader of the Reform Party (2024)
Member of the National Assembly (since 2024)
5 Kwon Yeong-guk Democratic Labor Party Leader of the Democratic Labor Party (since 2024)
6 Koo Ju-hwa Liberty Unification Party Lawyer
Dropped out and endorsed People Power Party on 19 May 2025.
[82]
7 Hwang Kyo-ahn Independent Acting President of South Korea (2016–2017)
Prime Minister of South Korea (2015–2017)
Leader of the Liberty Korea Party (2019–2020)
Leader of the United Future Party (2020)
Dropped out and endorsed People Power Party on 1 June 2025.
[83]
8 Song Jin-ho Independent Businessman

Campaign developments

[edit]

Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung faced legal troubles that may bar him from being elected president. Under the Public Official Elections act, candidates who receive more than 1 million won in fines or any prison sentence are barred from serving as a public official for five and 10 years respectively.[84] On 23 March, the Seoul High Court reversed a prior decision sentencing Lee to one year in prison with a two-year probation, allowing him to run for public office again.[85] However, on 2 May, his eligibility was placed into doubt when a notably speedy 10-2 judgement from the Supreme Court discarded the lower court's acquittal, and sent the case back to the Seoul High Court for a retrial.[86] The retrial date was initially set at 15 May, but was later delayed to 18 June, which is after the election date.[87]

The two leading conservative candidates Han Duck-soo and Kim Moon-soo were expected to merge under an unified ticket, but made little progress in doing so.[88] Han has said he would not register his candidacy until a final agreement is reached with Kim on a unified candidate,[89] while Kim has claimed that the PPP and its chair, Kwon Young-se, has moved unilaterally to unify candidacies without consulting him. Kim Jae-won, Chief of Staff for Kim, also stated that it is likely the party would move to strip Kim of his candidacy if he did not agree to unify with Han.[90] After a meeting between Han and Kim ended without an agreement on 7 May, PPP floor leader Kweon Seong-dong began a hunger strike in an effort to push a common candidacy.[91]

Kim and Han met in public on 8 May in front of the National Assembly Proceeding Hall, in a televised meeting which was subject to hecklers at times. No agreement was reached, with the two hugging and stating a decision should be made by the day after. Kim proposed a one-week campaign and survey to pick which candidate heads a potential ticket. Kweon called Kim "pathetic" in his want to remain in the race, while Kim continued to cite the PPP trying to drag him out of the race after being chosen as the presidential candidate less than a week ago, questioning the point in the process.[92][93] On 9 May, the Seoul Southern District Court dismissed an injunction request by Kim seeking to have him officially recognized as the PPP's candidate.[94] That same day, Kim rejected the idea of unification again at a press conference, and stated that he'd be much more competitive had the PPP leadership not "sabotaged" him. Kwon stated that it was "disappointing", along with saying that "a true leader must know how to let go." Kim abruptly left the press conference in the middle of the remarks.[95]

The PPP confirmed early on 10 May that they would outright cancel the nomination of Kim and instead nominate Han at an emergency convention the same day. Kim hinted at countermeasures, stating that "party democracy is dead" and that he would seek legal action against the party.[39][96] Later that day, members of the PPP rejected a resolution designating Han as the party's candidate following an all-party vote, resulting in Kim's nomination being reinstated.[97] Han issued an apology over the dispute in the PPP.[98] On 11 May, Han officially ended his campaign,[99] and pledged to support Kim's candidacy.[100] He rejected an offer by Kim to serve as his campaign chair.[101][102] On 17 May, Yoon Suk Yeol left the PPP and endorsed Kim Moon-soo.[103][104]

Debates

[edit]

On 18 May, the first televised debate for the presidential election was held, with Kim Moon-soo, Kwon Young-guk, Lee Jun-seok and Lee Jae-myung in attendance.[105] A second debate for candidates who did not qualify for the first was held on 19 May. As Koo Joo-wa dropped out that same day, the debate featured only Hwang Kyo-ahn and Song Jin-ho.[106] A third debate on 23 May featured Lee Jae-myung, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Jun-seok and Kwon Young-kook.[107]

The final televised debate of the campaign was held on 27 May, with Lee Jae-myung, Kwon Young-kook, Kim Moon-soo and Lee Jun-seok in attendance. During the debate, Kim said that calling Yoon Suk Yeol's martial law declaration a coup attempt before it could be ruled as such by a court was premature and misleading, leading Lee Jae-myung to criticize him for defending a "coup regime".[108] Meanwhile, Lee Jun-seok used graphic language about the female body during an argument with Kwon Young-kook, which led to Lee apologizing the next day following criticism.[109] On 30 May, 21 representatives from across five parties proposed expelling Lee Jun-seok from the National Assembly over his remarks,[110] with him saying "The Democratic Party and its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary factions say they will expel me from my position as a member of parliament",[111] whilst also saying that it's a "prelude to a dictatorship."[112]

2025 South Korean presidential election debates
Date and time Host Moderators Participants Full debate
Key:

P Participant NI Non-invitee

Democratic People Power Reform Democratic Labor Independent Independent
Lee Jae-myung Kim Moon-soo Lee Jun-seok Kwon Yeong-guk Hwang Kyo-ahn Song Jin-ho
18 May
20:00 		Central Election Debate Committee Pyeon Sang-wook (SBS) P P P P NI NI YouTube
19 May
22:00 		Ko hee-Kyung (SBS) NI NI NI NI P P YouTube
23 May 20:00 Lee Yoon-hee (KBS) P P P P NI NI YouTube
27 May 20:00 Jun Jong-hwan (MBC) P P P P NI NI YouTube

Voting

[edit]
Overseas polling location in Toronto.

Overseas voting began on 19 May, with more than 258,000 South Korean nationals eligible to vote at 223 polling stations across 118 countries until 25 May.[113] Turnout was estimated to be at 79.5%, the highest since the introduction of absentee voting in South Korea in 2012.[114]

Early voting in South Korea was held on 29 and 30 May, with a turnout of 34.74%.[115] On 29 May, a contract employee of the NEC was arrested in Gangnam and subsequently dismissed for casting a vote on her husband's behalf before casting another vote for herself.[116] The NEC's chair, Roh Tae-ak, and secretary general Kim Yong-bin apologized amid criticism over incidents of poor ballot management during early voting, including the double-voting incident ballots being taken outside polling stations by queuing voters. Roh also accused a civic group raising an election fraud claim of systemically interfering in the running of the vote, saying that some NEC workers sustained injuries and that a break-in occurred at the office of an election watchdog.[117]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2025 South Korean presidential election
LOESS curve for the next South Korean presidential election since May 12th with a 2-day average
LOESS curve for the next South Korean presidential election before nominees were finalised with a 5-day average

Results

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Lee Jae-myungDemocratic Party
Kim Moon-sooPeople Power Party
Lee Jun-seokReform Party
Kwon Yeong-gukDemocratic Labor Party
Song Jin-hoIndependent
Total
Valid votes0–
Invalid/blank votes0–
Total votes0100.00
Registered voters/turnout–

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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