DNQX: Difference between revisions

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 460112258

| Name =

| ImageFile = DNQX.png

| ImageSize = 180

| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula

| ImageFile1 = DNQX molecule spacefill.png

| ImageSize1 = 180

| ImageAlt1 = Space-filling model of DNQX

| PIN = 6,7-Dinitro-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione

| OtherNames =

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 3123097

| PubChem = 3899541

| ChEMBL =

| InChI = 1S/C8H4N4O6/c13-7-8(14)10-4-2-6(12(17)18)5(11(15)16)1-3(4)9-7/h1-2H,(H,9,13)(H,10,14)

| InChIKey = RWVIMCIPOAXUDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| StdInChI = 1S/C8H4N4O6/c13-7-8(14)10-4-2-6(12(17)18)5(11(15)16)1-3(4)9-7/h1-2H,(H,9,13)(H,10,14)

| StdInChIKey = RWVIMCIPOAXUDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}

| CASNo=2379-57-9

| UNII = 62T278S1MX

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| SMILES = O=c2[nH]c1cc(N(=O)=O)c(N(=O)=O)cc1[nH]c2=O

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| C=8 | H=4 | N=4 | O=6

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'''DNQX''' (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive antagonist at [[AMPA]] and [[kainate]] [[receptor antagonist|receptors]], two [[ionotropic glutamate receptor]] (iGluR) subfamilies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R | display-authors = 6 | title = Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 405–496 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20716669 | pmc = 2964903 | doi = 10.1124/pr.109.002451 }}</ref> It is used in a variety of [[molecular biology]] subfields, notably [[neurophysiology]], to assist researchers in determining the properties of various types of [[ion channels]] and their potential applications in medicine.

DNQX (an [[AMPA]] [[receptor antagonist]]) displays significant effects on neurons. When applied to rat [[hippocampus]] neurons in culture, it produces a dose-dependent [[neurotoxicity]] which intriguingly seems to operate through a mechanism independent of [[ionotropic glutamate receptors]]. This effect is specific to neurons and does not impact the surrounding [[glial cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin A, Récasens M, Guiramand J | title = DNQX-induced toxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: an apparent AMPA receptor-independent effect? | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–260 | date = February 2003 | doi = 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00089-x | pmid = 12427479 | s2cid = 20218909 }}</ref>

In the context of [[amphetamine]]-induced behavioral sensitization in mice, DNQX demonstrates the capacity to block both the onset and the manifestation of this sensitization. Rather than impacting the overall [[amphetamine]] activity, DNQX specifically intervenes in the sensitization process. This phenomenon might be attributed to the activation of excitatory amino acid receptors which subsequently provoke an increased [[dopamine]] release in the [[striatum]]. Therefore, DNQX's actions appear to be both potent and specific hinting at complex mechanisms beyond traditional [[ionotropic glutamate receptor]] pathways.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karler R, Calder LD, Turkanis SA | title = DNQX blockade of amphetamine behavioral sensitization | journal = Brain Research | volume = 552 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–300 | date = June 1991 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90095-d | pmid = 1913191 | s2cid = 25330860 }}</ref>

An activation of both AMPA/kainate and dopaminergic receptors in the [[nucleus accumbens]] may be crucial for the reward response triggered by [[psychostimulant]] drugs. [[Dopaminergic]] [[antagonists]] often do not prevent the acquisition of a conditioned place preference for [[cocaine]], a common measure of drug reward. In experiments where DNQX, an [[AMPA receptor]] [[antagonist]], was injected into the nucleus accumbens prior to systemic cocaine administration, it diminished the acquisition of this place preference, highlighting [[AMPA receptors]]' role in this process. Conversely, the [[dopaminergic]] [[antagonist]] [[fluphenazine]] did not alter cocaine-induced place preference, possibly due to adaptations following repeated drug exposure. Both DNQX and [[fluphenazine]] blocked the expression of conditioned place preference in rats previously trained with cocaine alone, indicating the involvement of both AMPA and [[dopaminergic]] [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] in the expression of cocaine-induced place preference.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaddis FG, Uretsky NJ, Wallace LJ | title = DNQX in the nucleus accumbens inhibits cocaine-induced conditioned place preference | journal = Brain Research | volume = 697 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 76–82 | date = October 1995 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00786-p | pmid = 8593597 | s2cid = 24779097 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Quinoxalinedione]]

* [[CNQX]]

* [[AMPA]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.chemexper.com/index.shtml?main=http://www.chemexper.com/search/cas/2379-57-9.html DNQX MSDS]

{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}

[[Category:AMPA receptor antagonists]]

[[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]]

[[Category:Nitroarenes]]