Scrypt - Revision history

Drake Redcrest: /* Introduction */ Added IL for brute-force attack

2024-11-07T16:23:39Z

Introduction: Added IL for brute-force attack

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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

	A password-based [[key derivation function]] (password-based KDF) is generally designed to be computationally intensive, so that it takes a relatively long time to compute (say on the order of several hundred milliseconds). Legitimate users only need to perform the function once per operation (e.g., authentication), and so the time required is negligible. However, a brute-force attack would likely need to perform the operation billions of times, at which point the time requirements become significant and, ideally, prohibitive.		A password-based [[key derivation function]] (password-based KDF) is generally designed to be computationally intensive, so that it takes a relatively long time to compute (say on the order of several hundred milliseconds). Legitimate users only need to perform the function once per operation (e.g., authentication), and so the time required is negligible. However, a [[brute-force attack]] would likely need to perform the operation billions of times, at which point the time requirements become significant and, ideally, prohibitive.

	Previous password-based KDFs (such as the popular [[PBKDF2]] from [[RSA Laboratories]]) have relatively low resource demands, meaning they do not require elaborate hardware or very much memory to perform. They are therefore easily and cheaply implemented in hardware (for instance on an [[Application-specific integrated circuit\|ASIC]] or even an [[Field-programmable gate array\|FPGA]]). This allows an attacker with sufficient resources to launch a large-scale parallel attack by building hundreds or even thousands of implementations of the algorithm in hardware and having each search a different subset of the key space. This divides the amount of time needed to complete a brute-force attack by the number of implementations available, very possibly bringing it down to a reasonable time frame.		Previous password-based KDFs (such as the popular [[PBKDF2]] from [[RSA Laboratories]]) have relatively low resource demands, meaning they do not require elaborate hardware or very much memory to perform. They are therefore easily and cheaply implemented in hardware (for instance on an [[Application-specific integrated circuit\|ASIC]] or even an [[Field-programmable gate array\|FPGA]]). This allows an attacker with sufficient resources to launch a large-scale parallel attack by building hundreds or even thousands of implementations of the algorithm in hardware and having each search a different subset of the key space. This divides the amount of time needed to complete a brute-force attack by the number of implementations available, very possibly bringing it down to a reasonable time frame.

Vanished user 88ea9d4ca7a2ed854a43ba56e408dae6: Rescuing 11 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-05-24T22:19:17Z

Rescuing 11 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:19, 24 May 2024
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	In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>		In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web \|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html \|access-date=21 January 2014 \|archive-date=28 May 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528073159/https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web \|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022 \|archive-date=2 March 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302173629/https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914 \|archive-date=13 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213142419/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|url-status=live }}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013\|access-date=8 July 2017\|archive-date=13 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111615/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
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	Previous password-based KDFs (such as the popular [[PBKDF2]] from [[RSA Laboratories]]) have relatively low resource demands, meaning they do not require elaborate hardware or very much memory to perform. They are therefore easily and cheaply implemented in hardware (for instance on an [[Application-specific integrated circuit\|ASIC]] or even an [[Field-programmable gate array\|FPGA]]). This allows an attacker with sufficient resources to launch a large-scale parallel attack by building hundreds or even thousands of implementations of the algorithm in hardware and having each search a different subset of the key space. This divides the amount of time needed to complete a brute-force attack by the number of implementations available, very possibly bringing it down to a reasonable time frame.		Previous password-based KDFs (such as the popular [[PBKDF2]] from [[RSA Laboratories]]) have relatively low resource demands, meaning they do not require elaborate hardware or very much memory to perform. They are therefore easily and cheaply implemented in hardware (for instance on an [[Application-specific integrated circuit\|ASIC]] or even an [[Field-programmable gate array\|FPGA]]). This allows an attacker with sufficient resources to launch a large-scale parallel attack by building hundreds or even thousands of implementations of the algorithm in hardware and having each search a different subset of the key space. This divides the amount of time needed to complete a brute-force attack by the number of implementations available, very possibly bringing it down to a reasonable time frame.

	The scrypt function is designed to hinder such attempts by raising the resource demands of the algorithm. Specifically, the algorithm is designed to use a large amount of memory compared to other password-based KDFs,<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf \|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions \|access-date=2022-11-11 \|last=Percival \|first=Colin}}</ref> making the size and the cost of a hardware implementation much more expensive, and therefore limiting the amount of parallelism an attacker can use, for a given amount of financial resources.		The scrypt function is designed to hinder such attempts by raising the resource demands of the algorithm. Specifically, the algorithm is designed to use a large amount of memory compared to other password-based KDFs,<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf \|title=Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions \|access-date=2022-11-11 \|last=Percival \|first=Colin \|archive-date=14 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144147/http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> making the size and the cost of a hardware implementation much more expensive, and therefore limiting the amount of parallelism an attacker can use, for a given amount of financial resources.

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
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	== Cryptocurrency uses ==		== Cryptocurrency uses ==
	Scrypt is used in many cryptocurrencies as a [[proof-of-work]] algorithm (more precisely, as the hash function in the [[Hashcash]] proof-of-work algorithm). It was first implemented for Tenebrix (released in September 2011) and served as the basis for [[Litecoin]] and [[Dogecoin]], which also adopted its scrypt algorithm.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXmrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 \|title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies \|pages=221, 223 \|author=Andreas M. Antonopoulos \|date=3 December 2014 \|publisher=O'Reilly Media \|isbn=9781491902646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| title=History of cryptocurrency \|date=7 February 2014\|website=litecoin.info wiki\| access-date=27 June 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611133738/https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| archive-date=11 June 2016 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> Mining of [[cryptocurrencies]] that use scrypt is often performed on graphics processing units ([[GPUs]]) since GPUs tend to have significantly more processing power (for some algorithms) compared to the CPU.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://www.amazon.com/Litecoin-Scrypt-Mining-Configurations-Radeon-ebook/dp/B00E2RT1I4\|title=Litecoin Scrypt Mining Configurations for Radeon 7950\|author=Roman Guelfi-Gibbs\|publisher=Amazon Digital Services}}</ref> This led to shortages of high end GPUs due to the rising price of these currencies in the months of November and December 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/172381-massive-surge-in-litecoin-mining-leads-to-radeon-shortage\|author=Joel Hruska\|title=Massive surge in Litecoin mining leads to graphics card shortage\|date=10 December 2013\|publisher=ExtremeTech}}</ref>		Scrypt is used in many cryptocurrencies as a [[proof-of-work]] algorithm (more precisely, as the hash function in the [[Hashcash]] proof-of-work algorithm). It was first implemented for Tenebrix (released in September 2011) and served as the basis for [[Litecoin]] and [[Dogecoin]], which also adopted its scrypt algorithm.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXmrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 \|title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies \|pages=221, 223 \|author=Andreas M. Antonopoulos \|date=3 December 2014 \|publisher=O'Reilly Media \|isbn=9781491902646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| title=History of cryptocurrency \|date=7 February 2014\|website=litecoin.info wiki\| access-date=27 June 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611133738/https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| archive-date=11 June 2016 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> Mining of [[cryptocurrencies]] that use scrypt is often performed on graphics processing units ([[GPUs]]) since GPUs tend to have significantly more processing power (for some algorithms) compared to the CPU.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://www.amazon.com/Litecoin-Scrypt-Mining-Configurations-Radeon-ebook/dp/B00E2RT1I4\|title=Litecoin Scrypt Mining Configurations for Radeon 7950\|author=Roman Guelfi-Gibbs\|publisher=Amazon Digital Services\|access-date=11 September 2017\|archive-date=24 October 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024084236/https://www.amazon.com/Litecoin-Scrypt-Mining-Configurations-Radeon-ebook/dp/B00E2RT1I4\|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to shortages of high end GPUs due to the rising price of these currencies in the months of November and December 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/172381-massive-surge-in-litecoin-mining-leads-to-radeon-shortage\|author=Joel Hruska\|title=Massive surge in Litecoin mining leads to graphics card shortage\|date=10 December 2013\|publisher=ExtremeTech\|access-date=1 January 2014\|archive-date=12 December 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212093559/http://www.extremetech.com/computing/172381-massive-surge-in-litecoin-mining-leads-to-radeon-shortage\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	== Utility ==		== Utility ==
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	* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015		* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015
	* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function		* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function
	* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net\|title=Bcrypt – Blowfish File Encryption (homepage)\|accessdate=8 April 2024\|first1=Johnny\|last1=Shelley\|first2=Philip\|last2=Stolarczyk\|website=Sourceforge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/goldengate/1212/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle® GoldenGate Licensing Information\|website=Oracle Help Center}}</ref>		* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net/\|title=Bcrypt – Blowfish File Encryption (homepage)\|accessdate=8 April 2024\|first1=Johnny\|last1=Shelley\|first2=Philip\|last2=Stolarczyk\|website=Sourceforge\|archive-date=29 August 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829060804/http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org\|access-date=2 March 2022\|archive-date=15 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215210334/https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org\|access-date=2 March 2022\|archive-date=28 October 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043502/http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/goldengate/1212/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle® GoldenGate Licensing Information\|website=Oracle Help Center\|access-date=8 April 2024\|archive-date=6 March 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306230633/https://docs.oracle.com/goldengate/1212/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function		* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function
	* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility		* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility

Retimuko: Undid revision 1221481777 by 2404:1C40:C1:2E97:1:0:2068:F790 (talk)

2024-04-30T06:32:13Z

Undid revision 1221481777 by 2404:1C40:C1:2E97:1:0:2068:F790 (talk)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:32, 30 April 2024
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	In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=~~849515859~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>		In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

2404:1C40:C1:2E97:1:0:2068:F790: 849515859

2024-04-30T05:48:32Z

849515859

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	In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=~~https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>		In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=849515859 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

Northernhenge: /* See also */ licensing information version without Japanese text

2024-04-08T17:46:20Z

See also: licensing information version without Japanese text

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:46, 8 April 2024
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	* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015		* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015
	* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function		* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function
	* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net\|title=Bcrypt – Blowfish File Encryption (homepage)\|accessdate=8 April 2024\|first1=Johnny\|last1=Shelley\|first2=Philip\|last2=Stolarczyk\|website=Sourceforge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/~~E51849_01~~/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle GoldenGate~~のライセンス~~\|website=~~docs.oracle.com~~}}</ref>		* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net\|title=Bcrypt – Blowfish File Encryption (homepage)\|accessdate=8 April 2024\|first1=Johnny\|last1=Shelley\|first2=Philip\|last2=Stolarczyk\|website=Sourceforge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/goldengate/1212/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle® GoldenGate Licensing Information\|website=Oracle Help Center}}</ref>
	* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function		* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function
	* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility		* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility

Northernhenge: /* See also */ More details for ref

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Northernhenge: /* Cryptocurrency uses */ 1. More details for ref. 2. Rm unsourced paragraph

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Cryptocurrency uses: 1. More details for ref. 2. Rm unsourced paragraph

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	== Cryptocurrency uses ==		== Cryptocurrency uses ==
	Scrypt is used in many cryptocurrencies as a [[proof-of-work]] algorithm (more precisely, as the hash function in the [[Hashcash]] proof-of-work algorithm). It was first implemented for Tenebrix (released in September 2011) and served as the basis for [[Litecoin]] and [[Dogecoin]], which also adopted its scrypt algorithm.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXmrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 \|title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies \|pages=221, 223 \|author=Andreas M. Antonopoulos \|date=3 December 2014 \|publisher=O'Reilly Media \|isbn=9781491902646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| title=History of cryptocurrency \| access-date=27 June 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611133738/https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| archive-date=11 June 2016 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> Mining of [[cryptocurrencies]] that use scrypt is often performed on graphics processing units ([[GPUs]]) since GPUs tend to have significantly more processing power (for some algorithms) compared to the CPU.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://www.amazon.com/Litecoin-Scrypt-Mining-Configurations-Radeon-ebook/dp/B00E2RT1I4\|title=Litecoin Scrypt Mining Configurations for Radeon 7950\|author=Roman Guelfi-Gibbs\|publisher=Amazon Digital Services}}</ref> This led to shortages of high end GPUs due to the rising price of these currencies in the months of November and December 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/172381-massive-surge-in-litecoin-mining-leads-to-radeon-shortage\|author=Joel Hruska\|title=Massive surge in Litecoin mining leads to graphics card shortage\|date=10 December 2013\|publisher=ExtremeTech}}</ref>		Scrypt is used in many cryptocurrencies as a [[proof-of-work]] algorithm (more precisely, as the hash function in the [[Hashcash]] proof-of-work algorithm). It was first implemented for Tenebrix (released in September 2011) and served as the basis for [[Litecoin]] and [[Dogecoin]], which also adopted its scrypt algorithm.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXmrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 \|title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies \|pages=221, 223 \|author=Andreas M. Antonopoulos \|date=3 December 2014 \|publisher=O'Reilly Media \|isbn=9781491902646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| title=History of cryptocurrency \|date=7 February 2014\|website=litecoin.info wiki\| access-date=27 June 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611133738/https://litecoin.info/History_of_cryptocurrency \| archive-date=11 June 2016 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> Mining of [[cryptocurrencies]] that use scrypt is often performed on graphics processing units ([[GPUs]]) since GPUs tend to have significantly more processing power (for some algorithms) compared to the CPU.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://www.amazon.com/Litecoin-Scrypt-Mining-Configurations-Radeon-ebook/dp/B00E2RT1I4\|title=Litecoin Scrypt Mining Configurations for Radeon 7950\|author=Roman Guelfi-Gibbs\|publisher=Amazon Digital Services}}</ref> This led to shortages of high end GPUs due to the rising price of these currencies in the months of November and December 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/172381-massive-surge-in-litecoin-mining-leads-to-radeon-shortage\|author=Joel Hruska\|title=Massive surge in Litecoin mining leads to graphics card shortage\|date=10 December 2013\|publisher=ExtremeTech}}</ref>

	As of May 2014, specialized [[Application-specific integrated circuit\|ASIC]] mining hardware is available for scrypt-based cryptocurrencies.{{cn\|date=May 2019}}

	== Utility ==		== Utility ==

MichielN: /* Utility */

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Utility

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	\| name = scrypt encryption utility		\| name = scrypt encryption utility
	\| developer = Colin Percival		\| developer = Colin Percival
			\| latest release version = {{wikidata\|property\|preferred\|references\|edit\|Q114883606\|P348\|P548=Q2804309}} \| latest release date = {{Start date and age\|{{wikidata\|qualifier\|preferred\|single\|Q114883606\|P348\|P548=Q2804309\|P577}}\|df=yes}}
	\| ver layout =
	\| latest release version = {{wikidata\|property\|preferred\|references\|edit\|Q114883606\|P348\|P400=Q94\|P548=Q2804309}}
	\| latest release date ={{wikidata\|qualifier\|preferred\|single\|Q114883606\|P348\|P400=Q94\|P548=Q2804309\|P577}}
	\| latest preview version =		\| latest preview version =
	\| repo = {{URL\|https://github.com/Tarsnap/scrypt}}		\| repo = {{URL\|https://github.com/Tarsnap/scrypt}}
	\| engine =
	\| operating system =		\| operating system =
	\| size =		\| size =
	\| language =		\| language =
	\| genre =
	\| license =		\| license =
	\| website = {{URL\|https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html}}		\| website = {{URL\|https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html}}
	}}		}}
	The scrypt utility was written in May 2009 by Colin Percival as a demonstration of the scrypt key derivation function.<ref name="tarsnap"/><ref name="manpages"/> It's available in most [[Linux]] and [[BSD]] distributions.		The scrypt utility was written in May 2009 by Colin Percival as a demonstration of the scrypt key derivation function.<ref name="tarsnap"/><ref name="manpages"/> It's available in most [[Linux]] and [[BSD]] distributions.



	==See also==		==See also==

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 == Utility ==
 The scrypt utility was written in May 2009 by Colin Percival as a demonstration of the scrypt key derivation function.<ref name="tarsnap"/><ref name="manpages"/> It's available in most [[Linux]] and [[BSD]] distributions.
 ==See also==

Citation bot: Add: date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 62/895

2023-10-29T14:36:50Z

Add: date. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 62/895

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:36, 29 October 2023
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	}}		}}

	In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu}}</ref>		In [[cryptography]], '''scrypt''' (pronounced "ess crypt"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Colin Percival \|website=Twitter\|url=https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217215034/https://twitter.com/cperciva/status/734613598383841281 \|archive-date=17 February 2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a password-based [[key derivation function]] created by [[Colin Percival]] in March 2009, originally for the [[Tarsnap]] online backup service.<ref name="tarsnap">{{cite web\|title=The scrypt key derivation function \|website=Tarsnap \|url=http://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt.html\|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="manpages">{{cite web\|title=SCRYPT(1) General Commands Manual \|website=Debian Manpages \|url=https://manpages.debian.org/testing/scrypt/scrypt.1.en.html \|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The algorithm was specifically designed to make it costly to perform large-scale [[custom hardware attack]]s by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2016, the scrypt algorithm was published by [[Internet Engineering Task Force\|IETF]] as RFC 7914.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Percival \|first1=Colin \|last2=Josefsson \|first2=Simon \|title=The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function \|date=August 2016 \|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7914 \|publisher=RFC Editor \|access-date=13 December 2021 \|ref=RFC 7914}}</ref> A simplified version of scrypt is used as a [[proof-of-work]] scheme by a number of [[Cryptocurrency\|cryptocurrencies]], first implemented by an anonymous programmer called ArtForz in Tenebrix and followed by Fairbrix and [[Litecoin]] soon after.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3ywn/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies\|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies\|author=Alec Liu\|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

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	* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015		* [[Argon2]] – winner of the [[Password Hashing Competition]] in 2015
	* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function		* [[bcrypt]] – blowfish-based password-hashing function
	* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net ~~bcrypt~~ ~~file~~ ~~encryption~~ ~~program~~ homepage</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E51849_01/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle GoldenGateのライセンス\|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>		* [[Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme\|bcrypt]] – blowfish-based cross-platform file encryption utility developed in 2002<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bcrypt.sourceforge.net\|title=Bcrypt – Blowfish File Encryption (homepage)\|accessdate=8 April 2024\|first1=Johnny\|last1=Shelley\|first2=Philip\|last2=Stolarczyk\|website=Sourceforge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://droidinformer.org/tools/bcrypt/\|title=bcrypt APK for Android – free download on Droid Informer\|website=droidinformer.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://t2sde.org/packages/bcrypt.html\|title=T2 package – trunk – bcrypt – A utility to encrypt files.\|website=t2sde.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E51849_01/gg-winux/OGGLC/ogglc_licenses.htm\|title=Oracle GoldenGateのライセンス\|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>
	* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function		* [[Crypt (C)\|crypt]] – Unix C library function
	* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility		* [[crypt (Unix)\|crypt]] – Unix utility