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Yalim

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Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
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yalim
ingredient, mixture
Yaɣ shelifood ingredient, spice, food preservative Mali niŋ
Manifestation ofsaltiness Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🧂 Mali niŋ

Yalim / Yɛlim (sodium chloride)[1] yɛlim nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni mali n-niŋdi bindirigu puuni, din yɛn che ka di pahi lala bindirigu maa nyaɣisim. Di mi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zooi ka bɛ booni binshɛɣu teebuli zuɣu yɛlim. Yɛlim nyɛla din kuli niŋ talahi pam bee din kuli mali bukaata pam zaŋ ti biɛhigu nangbanyini. Yalim nyɛla dunia nam tɛri puuni shɛli din mali kamfɔ (Sodium Chloride, NaCl) di ni. Di yi ti zaŋ niŋ bindirigu puuni, di bahi bahindi di zaɣ'chisi, di mi li la yalim kuɣubihi. Di yi na be di nama ni, di boonila yalim kɔɣa. Yalim nyɛla din mali anfaani pam biɛhigu puuni, ka zaɣ'yalim nyɛ daadam lambu puuni shɛli. Yalim nyɛla binshɛli din yuui biɛhigu puuni ka bɛ mali li niŋdi bindira puuni, ka di bɔri malisim bee m-pahiri lala bindirigu maa nyaɣisim ka di ni tooi mali ŋmaabu (dibu)[2] N-niŋ yalim niŋ bindirigu ni bee n-yuɣ'si yalim niŋ bindirigu puuni nyɛla so' shɛli din mali guri bindirigu ka di che saɣimbu. Shɛhira zaŋ kana yalim yɛltɔɣa tum ʒiɛmana din gari kamani 6000 BC, daadama ni daa na be Romania zuŋɔ ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban duɣiri bilisi ni kom ni bɛ yihi yalim na, China nima gba lala ʒiɛmana ni ka yalim daa yina. [3]Yalim daa lahi nyɛla din bɔ dariza ti niriba pam Ancient Hebrew nima, Greek nima, Roma nima, Byzantin nima, Hittite nima, Egypt nima nti pahi India nima sani. Yalim daa nyɛla binshɛli din mali dariza daabilim ni ka bɛ daa kuli mali ŋariŋ n-ʒiri li yaɣiri Mediterranean mɔɣili, ni so' shɛŋa bɛ ni daa kuli mali ni bɛ mali yalim ŋɔ doli, ka daa lahi mali li ʒiini laakumnima n-yaɣiri Sahara. Di bahi bahindi sokam daa bɔri yalim la zuɣu, lala ŋɔ daa che ka tingbana tuhi tobu di zuɣu ka lahi zaŋ li m-bo farigu. Yalim nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni lahi mali kuri bukaata jema shee ka di mali dariza di yi kana kaya ni taɣaada polo.

Yalim nyɛla niriba ni gbiri shɛli, ka lahi duɣiri mɔɣili kom yihiri shɛli (mɔɣiyalim) ni bilisi ni koma. Yalim bukaata kpeeni nyɛla niriba ni kuli mali li m-pahiri maani tima la.[4] Bɛ lahi mali li maani caustic soda ni chlorine; ka lahi mali bukaata lobanima ni takaranima malibu shee. Yalim shɛli bɛ ni gbiri ni, vaabu bela ka salinima dira. Di bukaata shɛŋa n-lahi nyɛ; bɛ mali li pahiri niŋdi kom kasi, ka di lahi mali bukaata kparilim yaɣili ni. Mɔɣiyalim bee teebuli zuɣu yalim ka bɛ kohiri n-tiri salinima ka bɛ dira, ka yalim dira ŋɔ tooi zoogi ka di mali binyɛri shɛŋa di puuni din kuli yɛn che ka di nyɛ zaɣi chisi ka bi kpilim, bi ni lahi tooi zaŋ binshɛli di ni boli Iodine la pahi di zuɣu din yɛn gu ka taɣi loŋpoli (dɔri shɛli niri ni nyara, di yi niŋ ka lala Iodine ŋɔ bi lahi galisi o niŋgbuna ni).

Soudium nyɛla binshɛli din mali bukaata pam n-ti sala daalaafee di bahi bahindi tuun' shɛli di ni tumdi sala ningbuna ni la zuɣu.[5][6] Amaa, yalim dibu pam pam ni tooi che ka nira tooi nyɛ doro kamani ʒim doro, suhu ni doro ni din pahi pahi . Lala ŋɔ zuɣu dunia yaanga zuɣu alaafee bomma tuma duri pam nyɛla ban wuhi ni di dim yalim saɣisi[6].[7] Dunia yaanga zuɣu alaafee tuma duu di ni kuli mi shɛli World Health Organisation la wuhiya ni niriba dim sodium din ku paagi 2,00mg biɛɣukulo kam bee a yi yɛn zaŋ li buɣisi yalim, di yɛn nyɛla yalim 5g biɛɣukulo kam.[8][9]

A yi lihi taarihi ni, yalim nyɛla din mali bukaata pam n-ti lebigimsim. Niriba pam ni pa tɛhi ni tiŋ shɛli n-daa nyɛ tuuli Europe n-nyɛ Soloists, din be Bulgaria, din daa nyɛ luɣishɛli bɛ ni gbiri yalim, ka daa nyɛ din tiri tiŋ shɛli di ni pa mi Balkans yalim tum yuuni 5400BC. Solnitsata gbinni nyɛla " yalim tuma"

Di bahi bahandi niriba nyɛla ban zaŋ bindira niŋ kunkona ni dama bɛ bɔri ni di yuu zuɣu yuun' kobigi din garila ni, yalim n-kuli nyɛ binshɛli niriba pam ni daa kuli mi ka bɛ mali shɛli niŋdi bindira ni din yɛn gu ka taɣi li ka che saɣimbu, ballee nimdi, [10]yuun' tuha din garila ni.


Yalim nyala din galisi binkobiri ningbina ni , kamani nimdi, ʒim ni bihim n gari tihi ni. Binkobi guliba ban lahi zoogi ka bi diri binkobiri bi pahiri yalim bi bindirigu ni, amaaa kpariba , ban zoogi ka bi diri varivari ni bin bila nyala ban simdi ni bi pahi yalim bi bindirigu ni. Di niŋ ka neesim daa kanna , yalim daa leela binsheli bini mali niŋdi daabilim duniya yaanga zuɣu . Di daa malila dariza pam zaŋ ti Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Hittites ni ninvuɣ' sheba ban daa kuli beni saha kurili maa ha.

Yalim zooya ka di nye "Sodium Chloride(NaCl). moɣilini yalim ni tooi mali binyeri sheŋa yaha. Yalim sheili bini gbi nyala bini zooi ka bi niɣindi sheli . Yalim kuɣa nyala din nahingbana piela, amaa daɣiri be binsheŋa din pahi di zuɣu ni tooi che ka di ŋmani zaɣi nuɣuso. Bi yi lohili kom ni, sodium chloride ŋo nyala din waligira leeri Na+ and Cl− ions, ka di wuligibu mii nye 359 grams per litre. [11]


Yalim nyala binsheli din niŋ talahi zaŋ kpa ninsala ni binkobi sheba alaafeei ni .[12] Di nyala binsheli bini mali pahiri bindira pam ni ,saha sheli, shebi malila yalima ŋo niŋ di koliba bihi ni n tam di teebuya sheŋa zuɣu bini dira, din kuli yen che ka yalim yi ti bi zoogi bi bindira ni, ka bi boogi lala dini ŋo pahi. "Table Salt" nyala bini kuli niɣim yalim sheli ka di mali bin sheli dini boli "sodium chloride" la kobigi puuni vaabu pihiwoi ni apoin hali zaŋ gbaabi vaabu pihiwoi ni awoi.[13] [14][15]Bi tooi zooya ka mi mali binsheŋa pahiri yalim ŋo zuɣu din yen che ka di ku kpilim lebi kuɣa ka kuli nye zim saha kam , lala biinyera ŋo puuni sheŋa n nye "sodium aluminosilicate" bee "magnesium carbonate". Bini boli yalim sheli "Iodized salt" la nyala din mali "potassium iodide" di ni ka nye din niŋ bayaana pam. Ninvuɣu sheba gba tooi zoo ka bi mali shinkaafa belim n pahiri bi yalim gbambihi ni, din yen che ka di kuli kuu saha kam ka maligim bi kpeli ka kuli lahi soŋ n ŋma yelim zim sheŋa din kpilis be di ni maa. [16]

Di zooya ka sheba mali binyeri sheŋa n pahiri bini kohiri yalim sheŋa ni, din yen soŋ di alaafeei bomma , ka lala ŋo nye din zoogi tiŋ sheŋa din dii bi lebigi pam. Binyeri sheŋa bini mali pahiri maa, ni kalinli sheli bini mali pahiri lala yalima ŋo zuɣu nyala dabam dabam nti tiŋ kam. Bini boli bin sheli "Iodine' nyala bini din mali bukaata pam zaŋ ti salinima , ka di yi niŋ ka di poogi sali ningbuna ni, din tooi che ka lala niri ŋo nya loŋ poli ka ni lahi tooi che ka bihi bi zoogi vienyela di yi niŋ ka di poogi bihi ni.[17] Lala Iodine ŋo nyala bini zaŋ binsheli n pahi yalim zuɣu ka bolli "Iodized Salt" (yalim din mali Iodine, bee Iodine ni be yalim sheli ni) ka di nya yalim sheli dini mali tibiri bee n taɣiri lala doriti ŋo tum yuuni 1924, [18]di balibu ka mi mali pahira, ka di puuni sheŋa nye; potassium iodide, sodium iodide bee sodium iodate. Bini tooi zaŋ dextrose (shikiri bali sheli) bela n pahi ni di soŋdi ka Iodine ŋo be vienyela.[19] Niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi kamani billion dibaayi n nye ban mali Iodine pooli bi ningbuna ni duniya yaanga zuɣu , ka lala doro ŋo bee lala Iodine pooli ŋo nye binsheli din nye tuuli din che ka niri hankali bi tooi lebigira . [20]Yalim din mali Iodine ŋo nyala din soŋdi n boogi Iodine pooli doriti la tingban sheŋa bini diri li.[21]

United State of America, Food and Drugs Authority(FDA ) fukumsinima ban lihiri dindira ni tima yaɣili wuhiya ni di tu ni niri diri Iodine ŋo 150micrograms biɛɣu kulo kam, [22]ayi lihi United States ŋo, bi yalim sheli dini mali Iodine maa nyala din mali 46-77ppm ( parts per million) , ka UK mii dini mali 10-22ppm. Lala ŋo wuhiya ni Iodine ŋo galisim nyala din woli tiŋ kam puuni.[23]

"Sodium ferrocyanide" dini kuli lahi mi sheli "yellow prussiate of soda" la nyala bini mali sheli niŋ di yalim ni saha sheŋa ni di gu yalim maa ka che kpilim bu.[24] Lala binyeri sheŋa bini mali guri ka cheri kpilim bu ŋo nyala bini kuli niŋdi sheli tum yuuni 1911 dini daa niŋ ka bi tuui zaŋ "magnesium carbonate' n pahi yalim zuɣu din kuli yen che ka di nye zim zim saha kam.[25] Binsheŋa bini lahi mali pahiri yalim zuɣu ni di guli ka che kpilim bu maa sheŋa n nye; tricalcium phosphate, calcium bee magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate ni calcium aluminosilicate. European Union ni United States Food and Drug Administration nyala ban saɣiti aluminiumsilicate zaŋ pahi yalim zuɣu.[26][27]

Yalim sheli beni ka di booni li " doubly fortified salt" , lala yalim ŋo ni, bi zaŋ la iodide ni iron n pahi di zuɣu. Iron ŋo gba nyala din be sali ningbuna ni n soŋdi ka o nyari ʒim, di yi ti ŋin ka di bi galisi bee ka di poogi sali ningbuna ni, o ʒim gba siɣiri mi , ka lala ʒi pooli doro ŋo nya din damdi bisheba ban zoorina hankali , bihi paagi kobigi puuni vaabu pihinahi tiŋ sheŋa din bi lebigi ni, ban hankali lebigibu nya din bin chani vienyela pirinla iron ŋo dii bi zoogi bi ningbuna ni la zuɣu. "ferrous fumarate" nyala bini mali binsheli pahiri yalima ŋo ni, ni di soŋ n ti ban dirili iron.[28] Binsheli bini lahi mali pahiri yalim zuɣu, ka di mali anfaani nti paɣupuhinima nyala "folic acid (vitamin B9)" din che ka yalim nahingbani taɣira n leeri zaɣi dozim. Folic acid nyala din soŋdi lebigiri zuɣu puri zaŋ tiri bihi ban be puya ni ka lahi taɣri manima ŋo ka cheri ʒi pooli di bahi bahindi ban be tingbaŋi sheŋa din lebigim sim dii bi zoo ni.[28]

Di yi niŋ ka "fluoride" bi zoogi niri ningbina ni, di damdi nyina daa alaafeei .[29] Bi ni tooi zaŋ fluoride n pahi yalim zuɣu din yen gu ka taɣi nyina kpibu bee n kpŋsi nyina alaafeei balleei tiŋ sheŋa ban ka fluoride ŋo bi nyinpaɣrisi ni bee bi kom ni. Lala ŋo nyala din niŋ bayaana tiŋ sheŋa din be Europe, bini bi mali fluorine n pahiri bi ko nyura ni. Yalim dira ŋo kobigi puuni vaabu pihitanaanu nyala din mali fluoride di puni France tingbani ni.[28]

Yalim nyela din be bindira pam ni , di puuni sheŋa n nye nimdi, ʒe gbana ni binwola , ka leebi galisi pam. Yalim lahi nyala bini mali binsheli pahiri bindir sheŋa bini niɣim zuɣu (kamani kunkona ni bindira ni din pahi pahi), ka lala bindira ŋo puuni yalim maa soŋdimi che ka di yuura ka lahi pahirili nyaɣisim. Yalim sheli gba beni ka bi malli n pahiri bihim ni bihim niɣinda ni. [30]Yalim tooi che ka bindirigu nyaɣisa bee ka di mali korisi dama di kurila tom din be lala bindira ŋo ni .[31]

Poi ka frijinima daa yina bee n niŋ bayaana, yalim daa nyala binsheli bini mali pahiri bindira pam ni din yen che ka di ku saɣim bee ka di yuugi. Amani nyala din mali yalim 67mg, 100mg kam puuni. Yaha , kuruchu nimdi nyala din mali yalim 63mg ka wilijo mali 7mg. Yalim lahi nyala bini lahi mali sheli pahiri bindirigu ni din yen che ka di nyo vum. Ayi yihi yalim sheli bini mali duɣri bindira ( sodium chloride) , paanu, nimdi, bihim nyala bindiri sheŋa siliminsi ni tooi zoogi ka bi nyari be yalim dira.[32]

Sodium dibu ni alaafei

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yalim nyala din mali binsheli dini boli sodium la kobigu puuni vaabu 40%, di saha a yi kpiɣi yalim din timsim nye 6g(dirigu yim) di nyala din mali lala sodium ŋo kamani 2,400mg.[33] Sodium nyala din mali bukaata pam ninsali ningbina ni: di soŋdi ka yeli sheŋa chani vienyela ningbnina maa ni. [34][35]Siliminsi pam nyala ban nyari bi sodium yalim ni.[36] Yalim sheli bini diri dabisili puuni nyala kamani 10g , ka kuli nye din galisi n gari niribi ban be tinsi pam din be Eastern Europe ni Asia ni diri yalim shem. [37]Sodium din be bindiri niɣinda ni ( kunkona ni bindira ni din pahi) nyala din gba nye zaɣ kpeeni di yi kana bieɣu kulo sodium dibu ni.[38] Ayi lihi United States, sodium sheli bini dira kobigi puuni vaabu pihiyopoin naa nu sheli bini diri nyala dini kuli yi lala bindiri niɣinda ŋo ni, ni ba ni bindira , ka vaabu piniyini yirina bini mali yalim sheli duɣiri ni ka din kpalim ŋo mii kuli nye din yirina sodium sheli din be bindira ni.[39]

Di ni niŋ ka sodium dibu pam nye binsheli din ka alaafei zaŋ ti ninsali suhi ni o ningbina la,[36] alaafeei tuma duri wuhiya ni niriba baligi bi yalim dibo biɛɣu kulo ni.[36][40][41][42] Sodium pam dibu nyala din ni tooi che ka niri nya gbali ni boɣu doro, suhu ni ʒim doro ni yaan nina doro.[43][37] Di yi niŋ ka niri baligi yalim dibu kamani 1,000 mg biɛɣu kam, di nyala din ni tooi gu ka taɣo ka che lala doriti ŋo kobigu puuni vaabu pihita zuɣu.[44][36] Bihi ni ninkura ban ka dori sheli ni, yalim baligu nyala din soŋd ka bi ʒim saɣisira ka bi dura[41].[45]Niri ŋun mali ʒim doro yi baligi o sodium dibu, dini soŋdi ka o ʒim maa dii bi duru pam pam ka lahi kpaŋso o daa alaafeei.[46][47]

Duniya yaanga zuɣu alaafeei tuma du sheli dini mi World Health Organisation la wuhiya ni di simdi ka niri diri sodium din kalinli ku paagi 2,00mg biɛyu kulo kam (di saha yalim 5g). [40]United State gba alaafeei tuma duu wuhiya ni niribi ban mali ʒi duli doro, ban zuliya gabi gbansabila ni gbanpela ni nin sarinsi ni ninkura baligim bi sodium dibu ka bi che ka di paagi 1,500mg biɛɣu kam ka bi potassium dibu mii nye 4,700mg , ka lahi zoogi ka bi kpaŋsi binwola, vari vari ni bindidiri sheŋa din ku mali alaafei dibu.[36][48]

Di bahi bahandi tiŋ gbani sheŋa ban lebigi wuhiya ni di dim sodium 2,300mg biɛɣu kam la,[36] vihigu sheli gba yeliya ni bi kuli baligi n chaŋ kamani 1200mg (din yalim 3g) biɛɣu kam, ni dama yalim baligibu nyala din kuli soŋ di ka ʒim siɣiri tiŋa zaŋ ti so kam . [42]Vihigu sheli gba daa wuhiya ni shahiranima bi galisi din yen tooi che ka niri yeli ni di yi niŋ ka a baligi a sodium dibu n chaŋ 2,300mg di nyala din yen soŋ bee din mali barina. [49]

Bini maani yalim sheli di biela ka bi mali niŋdi bindirigu ni. Din kpalim maa nyala bini zaŋ di sheli kuri bukaata pukparilim ni, kom tibbu, binyera malibu ni feeraduru tuma ni. Di nyela binsheli bini mali maani caustic soda ni chlorine. Lala binyera ŋo ka bi mali maani PVC, paper pulp ni din pahi pahi. Di lahi nyala bini mali binsheli maani chibiti ni glycerine. Bi lahi mali yalim pahiri maani roba .[50]

Di yi niŋ ka bi yen gbi voli tankpaɣu bee gravel ni, bini tooi zaŋ yalim n pahi ko sheli bini mali gbiri maa ni, di yen soŋ ka voli maa bi kabi. Luɣa pam kuli beni ka bi mali yal im tumdi tuma. Di puuni sheŋa n nye; bi malli pahiri nimdi ni zahim zuɣu din yen che ka dii yuugi ka ku saɣim, ka lahi mallli pahira kunkona bindira ni ni di soŋ di yuusim.[51][50]

Yalim nyala din nye dariza bini zaŋ ti jema ni kali. Saha sheŋa ha kamani Brahmanic, Hittite jema shee, nti pahi Greek ni Semite nima churu puhubu di daa yi niŋ ka goli palli yi, bi daa yi malila yalim ŋo n bahiri buɣum ni ka di yori viri. [52]Saha waɣila ha Egyptniam, Greeknima ni Roman nima daa malila yalim ni kom n pulinda bi buɣa ni bi tingbana, kali ka sheba tehiri gba ni lala niŋsim ŋo ni ka dololonima nya bi Holy Water.[53]

Ayi lihi dolodolonima kundu gahindili la ni, yalim nyala din be di sabbunima ŋo yaɣa sheŋa ni. Yalim bolibu Hebrew Bible na ni puuni sheŋa nye; dini daa niŋ ka anabi Luutu paɣa lebigi yalim kuɣili, di ni daa niŋ ka azaaba sheei na tiŋ yuli booni Sodom ni Gomorrah la ni din pahi pahi.

Mesoamerica

Aztec daa diini ni, Huixtocihuatl daa nyala doɣim buɣili ka daa lihiri yalim ni kom zuɣu.[54]


Hinduism

Yalim nyala nasara bini Hinduism daa diini ni ka bi malli kuri bukaata adiini laɣinsi ni kamani amiliyanima .[55]


Jainism

Janism daa diini ni, niriba nyela bi malla yelim n pahiri shinkaafa bielim zuɣu ntiri bi ni jemdi binsheli maa din yen wuhi ni bi niŋ yada, ka lahi yuɣisiri yalim n bahiri kum tamplim zuɣu poi ni di soɣibu.[56]


Buddhism

Bi dihitabili ni yalim nyala binsheli din kariti binberi bahira Mahayana Buddhist taɣaada ni, di yi niŋ ka bi yi kuyili kuna, bi boorila yalim n bahiri bi nuzaa boɣusapiŋ dama bi dihi tabli ni di kariti binberi ka cheri bi yinsi.[57] Shinto daa diini ni, Shio (塩, lit. "yalim") nyala bini mali binsheli n niŋ di niriba ni luɣa kasi ka mali yalim n niŋdi ŋmana ni n zaani duunoya ni, ni di gu ka che yeltoɣa beri ka lahi zaŋ yelisuma na.


  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2014. Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  2. ↑ Intake, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium; Henney, Jane E.; Taylor, Christine L.; Boon, Caitlin S. (2010), "Taste and Flavor Roles of Sodium in Foods: A Unique Challenge to Reducing Sodium Intake", Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (in English), National Academies Press (US), retrieved 22 September 2024
  3. ↑ Salt: a world history.
  4. ↑ Wiley-VCH, ed. (11 March 2003). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (in English) (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
  5. ↑ Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu (in English).
  6. 1 2 CDC (2024-04-19). About Sodium and Health (en-us).
  7. ↑ EFSA provides advice on adverse effects of sodium | EFSA (en) (2005-06-22).
  8. ↑ WHO | WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium (2016-07-20).
  9. ↑ Delahaye, François (2012-06-01). "Devons-nous consommer moins de sel ?". La Presse Médicale 41 (6, Part 1): 644–649. DOI:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.035. ISSN 0755-4982.
  10. ↑ Book sources - Wikipedia (en).
  11. ↑ Salt | Chemistry, History, Occurrence, Manufacture, Uses, & Facts | Britannica (en) (2024-09-18).
  12. ↑ The Sense of Taste (2016-04-08).
  13. ↑ (2010) "Salt Weathering of Concrete by Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride". ACI Materials Journal 107 (3). DOI:10.14359/51663754. ISSN 0889-325X.
  14. ↑ Vojir, Franz (2012-06-01). "The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82 (3): 223–227. DOI:10.1024/0300-9831/a000115. ISSN 0300-9831.
  15. ↑ (2007-06-15) "NETWATCH: Botany's Wayback Machine". Science 316 (5831): 1547–1547. DOI:10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d. ISSN 0036-8075.
  16. ↑ Food Freshness - KOMO 4 | (2011-08-20).
  17. ↑ Chakera, Ali J (2011-12-22). "Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities". Drug Design, Development and Therapy 6: 1–11. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S12894. ISSN 1177-8881. PMID 22291465.
  18. ↑ Markel, H (1987-02). ""When it rains it pours": endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD.". American Journal of Public Health 77 (2): 219–229. ISSN 0090-0036. PMID 3541654.
  19. ↑ Canning and pickling salt — Food Safety — Penn State Extension (2013-04-07).
  20. ↑ In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt - New York Times (2008-12-09).
  21. ↑ Figure 2. Consumption of iodine (in% recommended intake) by adults in Armenia with iodized kitchen salt and selected processed food products produced with iodized salt [6.].
  22. ↑ "21 Code of Federal Regulations 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Vitamins and minerals in a range of foodstuffs and recommended dietary allowances", Vitamins and Minerals in Health and Nutrition, Elsevier, pp. 211–220, 1996, ISBN 978-1-85573-277-3, retrieved 21 September 2024
  24. ↑ Discussions of the safety of sodium hexaferrocyanate in table salt Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. api.parliament.uk (5 May 1993). Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  25. ↑ Morton Salt | Frequently Asked Questions (2012-01-19).
  26. ↑ HE-620 (2006-02-11).
  27. ↑ Miller, Isobel E. (1999-01). "Fast and Flexible Low Cost Recipes for a Family or Fifty: A Cookbook for Emergency Feeding Programs and Limited-Resource Audiences". Journal of Nutrition Education 31 (1): 62–63. DOI:10.1016/s0022-3182(99)70387-0. ISSN 0022-3182.
  28. 1 2 3 Wiley-VCH, ed. (11 March 2003). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (in English) (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4. isbn 978-3527306732. Check |doi= value (help). ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
  29. ↑ Selwitz, Robert H (2007-01). "Dental caries" (in en). The Lancet 369 (9555): 51–59. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2.
  30. ↑ Kennedy, Patrick Beveridge; Pieters, A. J.; Flint, Daniel; Garriott, Edward Bennett; Wickson, Edward James; Brackett, Gustavus Benson; Atwater, Helen W.; Alvord, Henry Elijah; Howard, Leland Ossian (1899). Breeds of Dairy Cattle (in English). U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  31. ↑ Breslin, P. a. S. (1997-06). "Salt enhances flavour by suppressing bitterness" (in en). Nature 387 (6633): 563–563. DOI:10.1038/42388. ISSN 1476-4687.
  32. ↑ Great Britain, ed. (1976). Manual of nutrition (8th ed ed.). London: H.M. Stationery Off. ISBN 978-0-11-241112-3. |edition= has extra text (help)
  33. ↑ (2012-10) "Review ofUSDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24andDietary Supplement Ingredient Database, Release 2". Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 13 (4): 358–359. DOI:10.1080/10496505.2012.718990. ISSN 1049-6505.
  34. ↑ Sodium.
  35. ↑ "Dietary sodium". MedLinePlus. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 CDC (2024-04-19). About Sodium and Health (en-us).
  37. 1 2 Strazzullo, Pasquale (2009-11-24). "Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies". The BMJ 339: b4567. DOI:10.1136/bmj.b4567. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 19934192.
  38. ↑ "Prevention of cardiovascular disease". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  39. ↑ "Sodium and food sources". Salt. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  40. 1 2 WHO | WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium (2016-07-20).
  41. 1 2 He, Feng J. (2013-04-04). "Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" (in en). BMJ 346: f1325. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f1325. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 23558162.
  42. 1 2 American Heart Association | To be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives (en).
  43. ↑ Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu (in English).
  44. ↑ McGuire, Shelley (2016-01). "Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Washington, DC: US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services, 2015". Advances in Nutrition 7 (1): 202–204. DOI:10.3945/an.115.011684. ISSN 2161-8313.
  45. ↑ Aburto, Nancy J (2013-04-04). "Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses". The BMJ 346: f1326. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f1326. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 23558163.
  46. ↑ Graudal, Niels Albert (2017-04-09). "Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 (4): CD004022. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 28391629.
  47. ↑ Adler, Alma J (2014-12-18). "Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 (12): CD009217. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009217.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 25519688.
  48. ↑ Dietary Guidelines for Americans (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2015. African Americans, individuals with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease and individuals ages 51 and older, comprise about half of the U.S. population ages 2 and older. While nearly everyone benefits from reducing their sodium intake, the blood pressure of these individuals tends to be even more responsive to the blood pressure-raising effects of sodium than others; therefore, they should reduce their intake to 1,500 mg per day.
  49. ↑ Read "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" at NAP.edu (in English).
  50. 1 2 Salt Uses (2013-10-11).
  51. ↑ Sodium Chloride | IHS Chemical (2013-03-25).
  52. ↑ Research Salt | Encyclopedia of Religion (2016-03-04).
  53. ↑ Odds and Ends 10 + 1 Things you may not know about salt (2008-07-04).
  54. ↑ The Aztec Gateway (2015-09-16).
  55. ↑ What Lies Beneath - TIME (2013-08-17).
  56. ↑ Jain: Final Rites | The Final Journey (en-US).
  57. ↑ Cargill Salt: About - History of Salt - Religion (2014-03-14).
  • Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo (1994). "Tree ash as an Ayoreo salt source in the Paraguayan Chaco.". Economic Botany 48 (2): 159–162. DOI:10.1007/BF02908207.


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