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Buɣim

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Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Buɣim
Yaɣ sheliphysical phenomenon, combustion Mali niŋ
Di bukaataroasting, duɣibu Mali niŋ
N tahicombustion Mali niŋ
Di malila tumathermal energy Mali niŋ
Immediate cause ofburned area, heat, ash Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋtula Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🔥 Mali niŋ

D-Class


Buɣim Chuɣu

Buɣim[1] nyɛla yomyom oxidation zaŋ n-ti neema din be exothermic tim soya ni ka nyɛ binshɛli din tiri tulim , neesim ni din kam pahi.[2][lower-alpha 1]

Etymology

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Bachi ŋɔ "buɣim" nyɛla din yina from Tɛmplet:Etymology/lang Fyr 'Fire, a fire', ka di pilli nyɛ Germanic bachi din nyɛ *fūr-, din gba maŋmaŋ nyɛ din yina Proto-Indo-European *perjos ka di yina bachi din yuli booni *paewr- Tɛmplet:Gloss. Saha ŋɔ, bɛ ni sabiri "buɣim" shɛm nyɛla din daa piligi tum 1200 piligu amaa ka daa lee na bi niŋ bayana hali ni 1600 ka di daa ti zani Middle English bachi fier zani (hali ni zuŋɔ ka di na kuli zan ti bachi din nyɛ "fiery" zaani).[3]

Taarihi

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Fossil record

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Main article: Fossil record of fire

"Fossil" ŋɔ taarihi zaŋ n-ti buɣim nyɛla din daa piligi tuuli ka nyɛ tiŋgbani dalim be Middle Ordovician saha, Tɛmplet:Ma,[4] ka daa tiri oxygen laɣisibu soya pɔhim zuɣu kamani di ni na ʒin pun laɣisi shɛm. Di ni daa niŋ ka di yaa daa galisi paai kɔbigi puuni vaabu pia ni ata di daa ti wildfire soli.[5] Buɣim yɛligirili ŋɔ daa tuumi piligi Late Silurian fossil record, Tɛmplet:Ma, ban daa piligi li ŋɔ nyɛ charcoalified tihi.[6][7] Gbaai yihi nangban kpeeni shɛŋa din be Late Devonian zuɣu, sala nyɛla din daa pun be ni lala saha maa.[7] Pɔhim shɛli din daa be ni yaa nyɛla din daa mali tɔhibu ni sala benibu: jia pɔhim nyɛla yɛltɔɣa kpeeni buɣim yɛligibu ni.[8] Buɣim gba nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka mɔri daa zooi gili tiŋgbani luɣili kam, kamani Tɛmplet:Ma;[9] dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa tiri tinder ka di tooi tiri buɣim yɛligi gili soya. [8] Lala buɣim yɛligi gili ŋɔ nyɛla di ni tooi mali positive feedback, di ni nyɛ din yɛn chɛmi ka tulim, tiŋgbani kuubu beni.[8]

Human control of fire

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Early human control

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Main article: Control of fire by early humans
Bushman starting a fire in Namibia

Nyaŋsim ni buɣim gbarigibu nyɛla binshɛli ninsalinima ni daa kuli taɣiri bela bela.[10] Buɣim malibu ni di ti niri tulim mini neesim nyɛla binshɛli din sɔŋdi ninsalinima ka bɛ duɣiri bindira. Saha kam, bɛ yi zaŋ buɣim duɣi lala bindira ŋɔ di nyɛla din niŋdi nyaɣisim pahira ka buɣim maa tulim maa lahi kuri binnema ban be lala bindira ŋɔ ni.[11] Tulim shɛli buɣim ni tiri ŋɔ nyɛla binshɛli din sɔŋdi niriba ka bɛ nyari tuulim maasim saha ka tooi che ka bɛ beni ni maasim ŋɔ ni suhudoo. Buɣim lahi nyɛla din che ka binnema ban mali yaa yuŋ miriti kom. Shɛhira zaŋ n-ti bindiriduɣirili n-nyɛ Tɛmplet:Ma.[12] Amaa lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ni buɣim ni mahi kamani yuma miliyɔŋ yini din gari la,[13][14] Kundi shɛŋa nyɛla din wuhi ni di yuma ŋɔ nyɛla 400,000 yuma din gari maa.[15] Shɛhira shɛli din niŋ bayana wuhiya ni di nyɛla yuun' tuhipihinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun' tuhikɔbiga yuma din gari maa.[15] Buɣim zaŋ tum tuma nyɛla binshɛli din daa pahi din daa niŋ ka bɛ piligi buɣim zaŋ niŋ sala bin din gbaai yuun's tuhipia din gari maa.[15]

Here, food is cooked in a cauldron above fire in South Africa.
The Lyceum in 1861
The Great Fire of London (1666) and Hamburg after four fire-bombing raids in July 1943, which killed an estimated 50,000 people[16]

Typical adiabatic temperatures

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Main article: Adiabatic flame temperature

Tulim zaŋ n-ti kpam niŋbu doli la pɔhim ni nyɛ "stable combustion" shɛm.

Buɣim tabibi baŋdiba

Buɣim tabibi nyɛla yaɣili zaŋ n-ti physical science di nima nyɛ buɣim biɛhigu mini buɣim maa taɣibu nti pahi combustion. Buɣim tabibi zaŋ tum tuma nima nyɛ fire protection, fire investigation nti pahi wildfire mahibu.

Buɣim barinanima gu ka taɣi ʒilɛli ni

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Main articles: Wildfire § Prevention, Fire prevention, and Fire protection
An abandoned convent on fire in Quebec

Buɣim yɛligibu gu ka taɣi duniya zaa nyɛla di ni tooi niŋ ni "wildland fire use" n-ti pahi controlled burns.[18][19] Wildland fire use nyɛla buɣim kam din dibu sababi nyɛ Naawuni nam puuni amaa ka niriba leei lihiri li ka che ka di dira. Controlled burns nyɛla buɣim shɛŋa gomnanti tum tumdiba ni niŋ shɛli ni bɛ gu ka taɣi tiŋgbani taɣiri shɛŋa din mali barina.[20]

Fire fighting tuma nyɛla bɛ ni kpaɣiri niriba niŋda ni bɛ gu ka taɣi buɣim dili. Ninvuɣ shɛba ban bɔhim buɣim dili gu ka taɣi nyɛla ban mali fire apparatus, kom binyɛra kamani water mains n-ti pahi.

Buɣim dibu gu ka taɣi nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli ni bɛ gu ka taɣi binyɛra bee neema saɣimbu. Buɣim dili gu ka taɣi lahi nyɛ niriba baŋsim ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm zoyi buɣim nyɔbu yiriŋyiriŋ ni.[21] Duuri di bahindi shikuruti mini buɣim tuma yili nima tooi nyɛla ban baŋsiri bilichini nima ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛli di yi ti niŋ duu bee jiranbiisa nima diri buɣim.[22]

Luɣ'shɛli buɣim dibu gu ka taɣi yi kɔŋ buɣim dibu barina gubu, fire insurance nyɛla ban ni tooi lihi di laɣa dibu.[23]


Lihi pahi

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Kundivihira

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2014. Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  2. ↑ Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology (PDF), National Wildfire Coordinating Group, October 2007, p. 70, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-21, retrieved 2008-12-18 Invalid |url-status=deviated (help)
  3. ↑ Fire (en).
  4. ↑ (2000) "The microfossil record of early land plants". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355 (1398): 717–31; discussion 731–2. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMID 10905606.
  5. ↑ (1991) "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97 (1–2): 39–50. DOI:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y.
  6. ↑ (2004) "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology 32 (5): 381–383. DOI:10.1130/G20363.1.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (2006) "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (29): 10861–5. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. PMID 16832054.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 (2009) "Fire in the Earth system". Science 324 (5926): 481–4. DOI:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038.
  9. ↑ (1997) "Neogene expansion of the North American prairie". PALAIOS 12 (4): 380–90. DOI:10.2307/3515337.
  10. ↑ (2016) "The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1696): 20150164. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164. PMID 27216521.
  11. ↑ (2013) "Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 48 (1): 5–30. DOI:10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754.
  12. ↑ (2012) "Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking". Nature. DOI:10.1038/nature.2012.10372.
  13. ↑ Were Early Humans Cooking Their Food a Million Years Ago?. ABC News (5 April 2012). “Early humans harnessed fire as early as a million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, suggests evidence unearthed in a cave in South Africa.”
  14. ↑ (May 15, 2012) "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". PNAS 109 (20): E1215–E1220. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMID 22474385.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 (2009) "Fire in the Earth system". Science 324 (5926): 481–84. DOI:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038.
  16. ↑ "In Pictures: German destruction Archived 2019-12-13 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News.
  17. ↑ Flame temperatures.
  18. ↑ Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan, 4.
  19. ↑ (January 1998) "UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain". International Forest Fire News 18: 80–81.
  20. ↑ Prescribed Fires. SmokeyBear.com.
  21. ↑ Fire & Life Safety Education, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner Archived Silimin gɔli December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Ward, Michael (March 2005). Fire Officer: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763722470. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  23. ↑ Baars, Hans; Smulders, Andre; Hintzbergen, Kees; Hintzbergen, Jule (2015-04-15). Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002 (in English) (3rd revised ed.). Van Haren. ISBN 9789401805414. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2020-10-25.

Citations

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Sources

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Further reading

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  • Pyne, Stephen J. Fire : a brief history (University of Washington Press, 2001).
    • Pyne, Stephen J. ''World fire : the culture of fire on earth (1995) online
    • Pyne, Stephen J. Tending fire : coping with America's wildland fires (2004) online
    • Pyne, Stephen J. Awful splendour : a fire history of Canada (2007) online
    • Pyne, Stephen J. Burning bush : a fire history of Australia (1991) online
    • Pyne, Stephen J. Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America (2015)
    • Pyne, Stephen J. California: A Fire Survey (2016)
  • Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone." in Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems (2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors online
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