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*1:ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Bqï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼å ãã¯ã¬ã«ãã¡ãªã¿ã«ãç¦å³¶ããã®å ¨æ¾åºã¯ã»ã·ã¦ã 12EBq=12,000TBqã ããããã®0.4%ï¼
*2:On 13 September 1987, two scavengers found an abandoned teletherapy device in a derelict medical clinic in Goiaˆnia, Brazil. The machine contained a radioactive 137Cs source with an activity of 50.9 TBq in the form of powdered and soluble 137CsCl. After removing the rotating assembly of the machine containing the source from its shield, they took it home and managed to rupture it and spread pieces about the property. Both became ill within hours. Five days later, they sold the pieces of the rotating assembly to a junk dealer in the neighborhood. This dealer noticed a luminescence emanating from the unit and used tools to cut the unit apart to gain access to the material inside. The rupture allowed the 137CsCl powder to disperse easily and be further distributed. Several land areas and 129 people were significantly contaminated, resulting in four deaths and one forearm amputation.
*3:137Cs contamination was spread by social contacts, the sale of contaminated material, the movement of pieces of the source, and wind and rain dispersal. Contamination was found on seven major properties; in 42 residences, including 22 homes of family and friends who were evacuated, and 20 others where radiation levels ranged from 1 to 10 mSv/h; and on 68 of more than 10 million bank notes tested. The population was internally exposed by inhalation and the ingestion of fruits and vegetables, and externally exposed to the penetrating 137Cs gamma radiation, but the drinking water supply was found to be clean. More than 4000 urine and faecal samples from a total of 80 people were analysed between October 1987 and January 1988. The estimated collective doses were 56.3 man Sv from external exposures and 3.7 man Sv from internal exposures, including 14.9 man Sv (external) and 2.3 man Sv (internal) for the four people who died.
*4:More than 550 decontamination workers were mobilised. Contaminated materials in the environment were removed from the various sites and loaded into containers, with liquids being immobilised in concrete. Decontamination limits for solids were set by the national standard. Anything contaminated below 74 kBq/kg was considered to be clean and unaffected by the accident. The contamination level was characterised by the contact radiation level, with values of 2 and 20 mSv/h being the respective limits for low- and medium-level contamination. An estimated activity of 44 TBq of 137Cs (of the 50.9 TBq of the source) was recaptured during the decontamination effort, which left the area with no significant residual hazard. The total volume of waste generated was 3500 m3.
*5:The initial media coverage of the accident raised a lot of concern for a community with recent memories of the Chernobyl reactor accident in the former Soviet Union. The situation improved when the news media focused their efforts on reporting the actions implemented and public education. However, beyond the direct cost in human lives and medical treatment and care of victims, monitoring of people and the contaminated area, and the countermeasures described above, the economic and social consequences of the accident were very significant. Even without any agricultural contamination, the wholesale value of the entire stateâs agricultural production fell by 50% within 2 weeks of the announcement of the accident. Manufactured goods from Goiaˆnia state experienced a drop of 40% in their sale prices for approximately 30–45 days. There was a very definite impact on the number of homes sold, home sale prices, rental prices, and land prices, and this was more acute nearer to the contaminated areas. The negative impact on hotel reservations and tourism was approximately 40%, even in areas more than 1 hourâs drive away. Some residents of Goiaˆnia were not allowed to register in hotels, to fly on aeroplanes, or to travel on buses. Official certificates of non-contamination were requested for people and goods everywhere.
*6:In the long term, due to heavy rains, the material was easily transported through the streets in addition to in-depth soil migration. Therefore, an additional decontamination was necessary for long-term recovery, mainly dealing with contaminated houses, gardens, and streets. At the time, Brazilian regulations did not cover remediation, and the only number that people understood and accepted was the dose limits for practices. Therefore, it was decided to use an approach which leads to 5 mSv for the first year but an average of 1 mSv/year considering the weathering and physical decay of caesium over 70 years. As a conceptual model, it considered indoor and outdoor external exposures in addition to inhalation of resuspended material and ingestion of food available from private gardens (such as vegetables, chicken, eggs, fruits). The criteria adopted for external exposure was 1 mSv for indoors and 3 mSv for outdoors, and the criteria for internal doses was 1 mSv/year. The authorities had to use a similar approach to that established in the national regulation for practices.
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*8:Follow-up of all recovered areas has been performed over the years. However, in 1996, the environmental monitoring programme was stopped because of public stress, which caused behaviours such as TLDs disappearing from monitored houses, people not allowing workers to go into monitored places, etc. A new survey was requested in 2004 by the District Attorney in which some âhot spotsâ of contamination, with levels higher than the operational level, were found on the streets and were removed in spite of not being of primary concern considering their location. The worst-case dose scenario indicated an effective dose of 3.2 mSv/year.
*9:A lesson learnt from the Goiaˆnia accident is that the post-accident phase also requires planning and coordination with different stakeholders, particularly with the local population. Many resources were used to implement actions that could have been avoided with better planning of management of the situation, and better awareness of all involved entities on how to deal with this type of situation.