Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Wisconsin Court of Appeals districts

The Wisconsin Court of Appeals is the state's intermediate appellate court. It was founded in 1978. The court is composed of 16 judges from four districts, headquartered in Milwaukee, Waukesha, Wausau, and Madison. The judges are elected to six-year terms in district-wide, nonpartisan April elections. Vacancies are filled by gubernatorial appointment, and a new appointee is required to stand for election to a full six-year term the following spring.^[1]^[2]

Functions

The primary function of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals is to correct errors from Circuit Court cases. Court of appeals opinions become binding precedent unless the Wisconsin Supreme Court overrules them.^[3]

Judges of the Court of Appeals sit in three-judge panels for most appeals. Some cases are decided by a single judge, however: small claims actions, municipal ordinance violations, traffic regulation violations, mental health, juvenile, contempt, and misdemeanor cases.^[3]

The Court of Appeals makes decisions based on circuit court records and the written briefs of the parties, only hearing oral arguments when the judges think it will help their decision. While the Court of Appeals issues a written decision in every case, it has a publication committee to determine which decisions are published. Only published opinions have precedential authority.^[3]

Published opinions of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals can be found here.

Districts

District	Seat	Counties served
District I	Milwaukee	Milwaukee County
District II	Waukesha	Calumet, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Kenosha, Manitowoc, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha and Winnebago counties
District III	Wausau	Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Brown, Buffalo, Burnett, Chippewa, Door, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Florence, Forest, Iron, Kewaunee, Langlade, Lincoln, Marathon, Marinette, Menominee, Oconto, Oneida, Outagamie, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Shawano, St. Croix, Taylor, Trempealeau, Vilas and Washburn counties
District IV	Madison	Adams, Clark, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Dodge, Grant, Green, Iowa, Jackson, Jefferson, Juneau, La Crosse, Lafayette, Marquette, Monroe, Portage, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Vernon, Waupaca, Waushara and Wood counties

Judges

District I

Judge	Tenure	Appointed By
Martin Joseph Donald	September 6, 2019 - Present	Tony Evers
Maxine A. White	February 7, 2020 - Present	Tony Evers
Pedro A. Colón	November 19, 2023 - Present	Tony Evers
Sara Geenen	August 1, 2023 - Present	Elected

District II

Judge	Tenure	Appointed By
Mark Gundrum	November 30, 2011 - Present	Scott Walker
Shelley Grogan	August 1, 2021 - Present	Elected
Lisa Neubauer	January 7, 2008 - Present	James Doyle
Maria S. Lazar	August 1, 2022 - Present

District III

Judge	Tenure	Appointed By
Lisa Kay Stark	April 23, 2013 - Present	Scott Walker
Thomas M. Hruz	August 1, 2014 - Present	Scott Walker
Greg Gill Jr.	August 1, 2021 - Present	Elected

District IV

Judge	Tenure	Appointed By
Jennifer Nashold	August 1, 2019 - Present	Elected
Brian Blanchard	August 1, 2010 - Present	Elected
Rachel Graham	July 4, 2019 - Present	Tony Evers
JoAnne Kloppenburg	August 1, 2012 - Present	Elected
Chris Taylor	August 1, 2023 - Present	Elected

Former judges

Judicial selection

See also: Judicial selection in Wisconsin

The 16 judges on the Wisconsin Court of Appeals are elected in nonpartisan elections. Judges serve six-year terms, and to remain on the court, they must run for re-election after their term expires.^[4]^[5]

Qualifications

To serve on the court of appeals, a judge must be:

a qualified elector of Wisconsin;
licensed to practice law in Wisconsin for a minimum of five years immediately prior to election or appointment; and
under the age of 70.^[6]

Chief judge

The Wisconsin Supreme Court appoints the chief judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals. The chief judge serves a three-year term.^[4] Each of the four districts of the court of appeals is managed by a presiding judge, appointed by the chief judge of the court of appeals. The presiding judges serve two-year terms.^[2]^[7]

Vacancies

In the event of a vacancy on the court, the governor has the power and duty to appoint an individual to the vacancy. The governor screens judicial applicants using an advisory council on judicial selection. The council recommends three to five candidates to the governor, although the governor is not bound by their recommendations. The appointed judge must then stand for election in the first subsequent year in which no other judge's term expires.^[5]^[4]

Salary

In 2024, the associate judges of the court received a salary of $184,995, according to the National Center for State Courts.^[8]

Elections

2025

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2025

The terms of three Wisconsin intermediate appellate court judges will expire on July 31, 2025. The three seats are up for nonpartisan election on April 1, 2025. The primary is February 18, 2025. The filing deadline is January 7, 2025.

Judges with expiring terms

This is a list of the judges who must stand for nonpartisan election in 2025 in order to remain on the bench. Judges may choose not to stand for election. The list is subject to change if judges retire or are appointed.

■ Mark Gundrum
■ Jennifer Nashold
■ Lisa Stark

Candidates and results

Note: The following list includes official candidates only. Ballotpedia defines official candidates as people who:

Register with a federal or state campaign finance agency before the candidate filing deadline
Appear on candidate lists released by government election agencies

District II: Seat 3 - Mark Gundrum's seat

There are no official candidates yet for this election.

General election

The general election will occur on April 1, 2025.

District III: Seat 1 - Lisa Kay Stark's seat

There are no official candidates yet for this election.

General election

The general election will occur on April 1, 2025.

District IV: Seat 5 - Jennifer Nashold's seat

There are no official candidates yet for this election.

General election

The general election will occur on April 1, 2025.

2024

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2024

The terms of two Wisconsin intermediate appellate court judges expired on July 31, 2024. The two seats were up for nonpartisan election on April 2, 2024. A primary was scheduled for February 20, 2024. The filing deadline was January 2, 2024.

Candidates and results

District I

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I

Incumbent Pedro A. Colón won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I on April 2, 2024.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Pedro A. Colón (Nonpartisan)	98.7	100,016
	Other/Write-in votes	1.3	1,354

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 101,370
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Pedro A. Colón advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Gwen Connolly (Nonpartisan)

District IV

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Incumbent JoAnne Kloppenburg won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 2, 2024.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	JoAnne Kloppenburg (Nonpartisan)	98.9	260,384
	Other/Write-in votes	1.1	2,806

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 263,190
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent JoAnne Kloppenburg advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV.

2023

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2023

Candidates and results

District I

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I

Sara Geenen defeated incumbent William Brash in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I on April 4, 2023.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Sara Geenen (Nonpartisan)	68.2	130,030
	William Brash (Nonpartisan)	31.2	59,587
	Other/Write-in votes	0.6	1,088

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 190,705
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent William Brash and Sara Geenen advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I.

District IV

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Chris Taylor won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 4, 2023.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Chris Taylor (Nonpartisan)	99.0	412,491
	Other/Write-in votes	1.0	4,362

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 416,853
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Chris Taylor advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV.

Judges not on the ballot

Michael Fitzpatrick (District IV)

2022

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2022

Candidates and results

District II

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II

Maria S. Lazar defeated incumbent Lori Kornblum in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II on April 5, 2022.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Maria S. Lazar (Nonpartisan)	54.5	158,297
	Lori Kornblum (Nonpartisan)	45.4	131,873
	Other/Write-in votes	0.2	484

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 290,654
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Lori Kornblum and Maria S. Lazar advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II.

District III

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III

Incumbent Thomas M. Hruz won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III on April 5, 2022.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Thomas M. Hruz (Nonpartisan)	99.2	191,845
	Other/Write-in votes	0.8	1,467

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 193,312
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Thomas M. Hruz advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III.

District IV

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Incumbent Brian Blanchard won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 5, 2022.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Brian Blanchard (Nonpartisan)	99.1	198,182
	Other/Write-in votes	0.9	1,772

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 199,954
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Brian Blanchard advanced from the primary for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV.

2021

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2021

Candidates and election results

District 1

General election candidates

Maxine A. White (Incumbent) (Nonpartisan) ✔

Primary candidates

This primary was canceled and this candidate advanced:

Maxine A. White (Incumbent) (Nonpartisan) ✔

District 2

General election candidates

Jeffrey Davis (Incumbent) (Nonpartisan)
Shelley Grogan (Nonpartisan) ✔

Primary candidates

This primary was canceled and these candidates advanced:

Jeffrey Davis (Incumbent) (Nonpartisan) ✔
Shelley Grogan (Nonpartisan) ✔

District 3

General election candidates

Rick Cveykus (Nonpartisan)
Greg Gill Jr. (Nonpartisan) ✔

Primary candidates

This primary was canceled and these candidates advanced:

Rick Cveykus (Nonpartisan) ✔
Greg Gill Jr. (Nonpartisan) ✔

Judges not on the ballot

Mark A. Seidl (District III)

2020

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2020

Candidates and results

District 1

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I

Incumbent Martin Joseph Donald won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I on April 7, 2020.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Martin Joseph Donald (Nonpartisan)	98.9	128,621
	Other/Write-in votes	1.1	1,377

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 129,998
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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District 2

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II

Incumbent Lisa Neubauer defeated Paul Bugenhagen Jr. in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II on April 7, 2020.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Lisa Neubauer (Nonpartisan)	54.0	231,788
	Paul Bugenhagen Jr. (Nonpartisan)	45.9	196,958
	Other/Write-in votes	0.1	540

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 429,286
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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District 4

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Incumbent Rachel Graham won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 7, 2020.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Rachel Graham (Nonpartisan)	99.4	341,286
	Other/Write-in votes	0.6	1,996

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 343,282
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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2019

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2019

Candidates and results

District II

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II

Incumbent Mark Gundrum won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II on April 2, 2019.

		Candidate
✔		Mark Gundrum (Nonpartisan)

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified.
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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District III

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III

Incumbent Lisa Kay Stark won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III on April 2, 2019.

		Candidate
✔		Lisa Kay Stark (Nonpartisan)

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified.
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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District IV

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Jennifer Nashold won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 2, 2019.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Jennifer Nashold (Nonpartisan)	99.0	104,496
	Other/Write-in votes	1.0	1,051

	There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 105,547
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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Judges not on the ballot

Paul Lundsten (District IV)

2018

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2018

Candidates and results

See also: Wisconsin intermediate appellate court elections, 2018

District I

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I

Incumbent Timothy G. Dugan won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I on April 3, 2018.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	Timothy G. Dugan (Nonpartisan)	98.4	70,346
	Other/Write-in votes	1.6	1,141

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 71,487
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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District IV

General election

General election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV

Incumbent JoAnne Kloppenburg won election in the general election for Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV on April 3, 2018.

	Candidate	%	Votes
✔	JoAnne Kloppenburg (Nonpartisan)	98.7	239,019
	Other/Write-in votes	1.3	3,185

	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 242,204
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.
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2017

Candidates

District I

■ William Brash (Incumbent/Unopposed)

District II

■ Brian Hagedorn (Incumbent/Unopposed)

District III

No judges in District III have terms expiring in 2017.

District IV

Judge Paul Higginbotham declined to run for re-election even though his term expires in 2017.^[9]

■ Michael R. Fitzpatrick (Unopposed)

2016

See also: Wisconsin judicial elections, 2016

Wisconsin Court of Appeals, First District, Joan Kessler's Seat, 2016
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Joan Kessler Incumbent (unopposed)	98.77%	175,733
Write-in votes	1.23%	2,189
Total Votes (100% Reporting)		177,922
Source: Wisconsin Government Accountability Board Official Results

Wisconsin Court of Appeals, Second District, Paul Reilly's Seat, 2016
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Paul Reilly Incumbent (unopposed)	99.49%	388,214
Write-in votes	0.51%	2,008
Total Votes (100% Reporting)		390,222
Source: Wisconsin Government Accountability Board Official Results

Wisconsin Court of Appeals, Third District, Thomas Hruz's Seat, 2016
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Thomas M. Hruz Incumbent (unopposed)	99.62%	364,032
Write-in votes	0.38%	1,393
Total Votes (100% Reporting)		365,425
Source: Wisconsin Government Accountability Board Official Results

Wisconsin Court of Appeals, Fourth District, Brian Blanchard's Seat, 2016
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Brian Blanchard Incumbent (unopposed)	99.43%	407,280
Write-in votes	0.57%	2,351
Total Votes (100% Reporting)		409,631
Source: Wisconsin Government Accountability Board Official Results

2013

See also: Wisconsin judicial elections, 2013

Court of Appeals District II

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
GundrumMark Gundrum A	Yes	District II		99.55% A

Court of Appeals District III

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
StarkLisa Stark A	No	District III		99.6% A

Court of Appeals District IV

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
LundstenPaul Lundsten A	Yes	District IV		99.55% A

2012

Court of Appeals District I

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
FineRalph Adam Fine A	Yes	District I	n/a	100% A

Court of Appeals District II

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
BrownRichard Brown (Wisconsin) A	Yes	District II	n/a	100% A

Court of Appeals District III

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
MangersonMark Mangerson A	Yes	District III	n/a	100% A

Court of Appeals District IV

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
KloppenburgJoAnne Kloppenburg A	No	District IV	n/a	100% A

2011

Court of Appeals District III

The following is a list of candidates for the Court of Appeals District III 2011 election:

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
PetersonGregory Peterson A	Yes	District III		A

Court of Appeals District IV

The following is a list of candidates for the Court of Appeals District IV 2011 election:

Candidate	Incumbency	Position	Primary Vote	Election Vote
KloppenburgJoAnne Kloppenburg	No	District IV		49.70% A
HigginbothamPaul Higginbotham A	Yes			A

Ethics

The Wisconsin Code of Judicial Conduct sets forth ethical guidelines and principles for the conduct of judges and judicial candidates in Wisconsin. It consists of seven Supreme Court Rules:

Rule 60.01: Definitions.
Rule 60.02: A judge shall uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary.
Rule 60.03: A judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all of the judge's activities.
Rule 60.04: A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office impartially and diligently.
Rule 60.05: A judge shall so conduct the judge's extra-judicial activities as to minimize the risk of conflict with judicial obligations.
Rule 60.06: A judge or judicial candidate shall refrain from inappropriate political activity.
Rule 60.07: Applicability.^[10]

The full text of the Wisconsin Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here.

Removal of judges

Court of Appeals judges in Wisconsin may be removed in one of four ways:

By the Supreme Court, on the recommendation of the Wisconsin Judicial Commission.
By a two-thirds vote of the Senate, upon impeachment by a majority vote of the Assembly.
By the governor, upon address of both houses of the legislature with concurrence of two thirds of each house.
By the voters through a recall election.

State profile

Demographic data for Wisconsin
	Wisconsin	U.S.
Total population:	5,767,891	316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):	54,158	3,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:	86.5%	73.6%
Black/African American:	6.3%	12.6%
Asian:	2.5%	5.1%
Native American:	0.9%	0.8%
Pacific Islander:	0%	0.2%
Two or more:	2.1%	3%
Hispanic/Latino:	6.3%	17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:	91%	86.7%
College graduation rate:	27.8%	29.8%
Income
Median household income:	$53,357	$53,889
Persons below poverty level:	15%	11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Wisconsin. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

Presidential voting pattern

See also: Presidential voting trends in Wisconsin

Wisconsin voted for the Democratic candidate in five out of the six presidential elections between 2000 and 2020.

Pivot Counties (2016)

Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, 23 are located in Wisconsin, accounting for 11.17 percent of the total pivot counties.^[11]

Pivot Counties (2020)

In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Wisconsin had 21 Retained Pivot Counties and two Boomerang Pivot Counties, accounting for 11.60 and 8.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively.

More Wisconsin coverage on Ballotpedia

External links

Footnotes

↑ Blue Book History of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals"
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals: Function," archived May 27, 2010
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection," accessed August 12, 2021
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wisconsin Constitution," accessed September 19, 2014 (Article VII, Section 4: pg.10)
↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wisconsin Constitution," accessed September 19, 2014 (Article VII, Section 24: pg.11)
↑ Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals: Judges," accessed October 27, 2015
↑ National Center for State Courts, "2024 Salaries and Rankings," accessed October 7, 2024
↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "State appeals court judge Paul Higginbotham won't seek re-election," May 18, 2016
↑ Wisconsin Court System, "SCR Chapter 60: Code of Judicial Conduct," amended November 20, 1979
↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.

Wisconsin courts

Federal courts:

Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals • U.S. District Court: Eastern District of Wisconsin, Western District of Wisconsin • U.S. Bankruptcy Court: Eastern District of Wisconsin, Western District of Wisconsin

State courts:

Wisconsin Supreme Court • Wisconsin Court of Appeals • Wisconsin Circuit Courts • Wisconsin Municipal Courts

State resources:

Courts in Wisconsin • Wisconsin judicial elections • Judicial selection in Wisconsin

v • e

Wisconsin Court of Appeals
Judicial selection in Wisconsin • 2024 elections • Wisconsin Supreme Court

District I:

Martin Joseph Donald • Timothy Dugan • Maxine White • Sara Geenen •

District II:

Lisa Neubauer • Maria S. Lazar • Mark Gundrum • Shelley Grogan •

District III:

Lisa Stark • Gregory Gill, Jr. • Thomas M. Hruz •

District IV:

Brian Blanchard • JoAnne Kloppenburg • Chris Taylor (Wisconsin) • Jennifer Nashold • Rachel Graham •

[1] Blue Book History of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals

[court-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals"

[function-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals: Function," archived May 27, 2010

[WINCSC-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection," accessed August 12, 2021

[section4-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wisconsin Constitution," accessed September 19, 2014 (Article VII, Section 4: pg.10)

[6] Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wisconsin Constitution," accessed September 19, 2014 (Article VII, Section 24: pg.11)

[judges-7] Wisconsin Court System, "Court of Appeals: Judges," accessed October 27, 2015

[8] National Center for State Courts, "2024 Salaries and Rankings," accessed October 7, 2024

[Hig-9] Wisconsin State Journal, "State appeals court judge Paul Higginbotham won't seek re-election," May 18, 2016

[10] Wisconsin Court System, "SCR Chapter 60: Code of Judicial Conduct," amended November 20, 1979

[11] The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.

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