Presidential election in California, 2016
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General election in California |
Date: November 8, 2016 2016 winner: Hillary Clinton Electoral votes: 55 2012 winner: Barack Obama (D) |
Democratic Primary |
Date: June 7, 2016 Winner: Hillary Clinton |
Republican Primary |
Date: June 7, 2016 Winner: Donald Trump |
Down ballot races in California |
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California held an election for the president of the United States on November 8, 2016. Democratic and Republican primaries took place in California on June 7, 2016.
General election candidates and results
The candidate list below is based on an official list on the California secretary of state website. The candidate names below appear in the order in which they were listed on the official list—not necessarily the order in which they appeared on the ballot in November.
Presidential candidates on the ballot in California
- ☑ Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine (Democratic)
- ☐ Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican, American Independent)
- ☐ Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka (Green)
- ☐ Gary Johnson/Bill Weld (Libertarian)
- ☐ Gloria Estela La Riva/Dennis J. Banks (Peace and Freedom)
Results
U.S. presidential election, California, 2016 | |||||
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Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | ![]() |
61.7% | 8,753,788 | 55 | |
Republican | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 31.6% | 4,483,810 | 0 | |
Libertarian | Gary Johnson/Bill Weld | 3.4% | 478,500 | 0 | |
Green | Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka | 2% | 278,657 | 0 | |
Peace and Freedom | Gloria Estela La Riva/Dennis J. Banks | 0.5% | 66,101 | 0 | |
- | Write-in votes | 0.9% | 120,739 | 0 | |
Total Votes | 14,181,595 | 55 | |||
Election results via: Federal Election Commission |
Historical election trends
- See also: Presidential election accuracy
Below is an analysis of California's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.
Presidential election voting record in California, 1900-2016
Between 1900 and 2016:
- California participated in 30 presidential elections.
- California voted for the winning presidential candidate 80 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 72.31 percent.[1]
- California voted Democratic 43.33 percent of the time and Republican 53.33 percent of the time.
Third party and split electoral votes
In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran as the Democratic candidate, Theodore Roosevelt ran as a Progressive candidate, and William H. Taft ran as the Republican candidate. Taft won Utah and Vermont, while Roosevelt won 11 electoral votes (Wilson got two) from California, 15 from Michigan, 12 from Minnesota, 38 in Pennsylvania, five from South Dakota, and seven from Washington.[2]
Presidential election voting record in California, 2000-2016
- Accuracy: 40 percent[3]
- 2000 state winner: Al Gore (D)
- 2004 state winner: John Kerry (D)
- 2008 state winner: Barack Obama (D)*
- 2012 state winner: Barack Obama (D)*
- 2016 state winner: Hillary Clinton (D)
*An asterisk indicates that that candidate also won the national electoral vote in that election.
Election results
2012
U.S. presidential election, California, 2012 | |||||
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Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | ![]() |
60.2% | 7,854,285 | 55 | |
Republican | Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan | 37.1% | 4,839,956 | 0 | |
Libertarian | Gary Johnson/Jim Gray | 1.1% | 143,221 | 0 | |
Green | Jill Stein/Cheri Honkala | 0.7% | 85,638 | 0 | |
Independent American | Thomas Hoefling/Robert Ornelas | 0.3% | 38,372 | 0 | |
Peace & Freedom | Roseanne Barr/Cindy Sheehan | 0.4% | 53,824 | 0 | |
Write-in | Ross C. 'Rocky' Anderson/Luis J. Rodriguez (write-in) | 0% | 992 | 0 | |
Write-in | Sheila 'Sam' Tittle/Matthew A. Turner (write-in) | 0% | 6 | 0 | |
Write-in | Stephen Durham/Christina López (write-in) | 0% | 54 | 0 | |
Write-in | Ron Paul/Andrew Napolitano (write-in) | 0.2% | 21,461 | 0 | |
Write-in | James Harris/Alyson Kennedy (write-in) | 0% | 72 | 0 | |
Write-in | Virgil Goode/James Clymer (write-in) | 0% | 503 | 0 | |
Write-in | Jerry White/Phyllis Scherrer (write-in) | 0% | 79 | 0 | |
Write-in | Stewart Alexander/Alex Mendoza (write-in) | 0% | 82 | 0 | |
Total Votes | 13,038,545 | 55 | |||
Election results via: California Secretary of State |
2008
U.S. presidential election, California, 2008 | |||||
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Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | ![]() |
61% | 8,274,473 | 55 | |
Republican | John McCain/Sarah Palin | 37% | 5,011,781 | 0 | |
Peace and Freedom | Ralph Nader/Matt Gonzalez | 0.8% | 108,381 | 0 | |
Libertarian | Bob Barr/Wayne Allyn Root | 0.5% | 67,582 | 0 | |
Independent American | Alan Keyes/Wiley S. Drake, Sr. | 0.3% | 40,673 | 0 | |
Green | Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente | 0.3% | 38,774 | 0 | |
Write-in | Chuck Baldwin/Darrell Castle (write-in) | 0% | 3,145 | 0 | |
Write-in | James Harris/Alyson Kennedy (write-in) | 0% | 49 | 0 | |
Write-in | Frank Moore/Susan Block (write-in) | 0% | 36 | 0 | |
Write-in | Ron Paul/Gail Lightfoot (write-in) | 0.1% | 17,006 | 0 | |
Total Votes | 13,561,900 | 55 | |||
Election results via: California Secretary of State |
Electoral votes
- See also: Electoral College
The president of the United States is not elected by popular vote but rather by electors in the Electoral College. In fact, when Americans vote for president, they are actually voting for a slate of electors selected by members of Democratic and Republican state parties or nominated in some other fashion. Under this system, which is laid out in Article 2, Section 1, of the Constitution, each state is allocated one electoral vote for every member of their congressional delegation, meaning one for each member of the U.S. House and one for each of their two Senators.
California electors
In 2016, California had 55 electoral votes. California's share of electoral votes represented 10.2 percent of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs in the general election and 20.4 percent of the 270 votes needed to be elected president. Democratic electors in California in 2016 were chosen by each 2016 Democratic congressional nominee. On the Republican side in California, the following individuals served as electors: "the nominees for Governor, Lt. Governor, Treasurer, Controller, Attorney General, Secretary of State, U.S. Senate at the last two elections, Assembly Republican leader, Senate Republican leader, all elected officers of the Republican State Central Committee, national committeemen/women, President of Republican County Central Committee Chairmen's Association, and chair or President of each Republican volunteer organization officially recognized by the Republican State Central Committee." Members of Congress and "persons holding office of trust or profit of the U.S." are prohibited by the Constitution from serving as electors. The chair of Republican State Central Committee in California could appoint electors to fill any vacancies.
"Faithless electors"
The U.S. Constitution does not dictate how presidential electors are to cast their votes, but, in general, electors are expected to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state or the candidates of the party that nominated them to serve as electors. Electors who choose not to vote for the winner of the popular vote or the candidates of the party that nominated them are known as "faithless electors." Faithless electors are rare. Between 1900 and 2012, there were only eight known instances of faithless electors.
Several states have passed laws against faithless electors and require electors to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, for the candidate of the party that nominated them to serve as electors, or in accordance with any pledge they may have been required to make at the time of their nomination. In states with these types of laws, faithless electors can be fined or replaced, or their votes can be nullified.[4][5]
California was one of 31 states in 2016—including the District of Columbia—with a law seeking to bind the votes of presidential electors.
Down ballot races
- See also: California elections, 2016
Below is a list of down ballot races in California covered by Ballotpedia in 2016.
- U.S. Senate
- U.S. House
- California State Senate
- California House of Representatives
- California judicial elections
- California local judicial elections
- State ballot measures
- School boards
- Municipal elections
- Recalls
Primary election
Quick facts
Democrats:
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Republicans
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Democrats
Hillary Clinton defeated Bernie Sanders in the California Democratic primary 56 to 43 percent. In California's Democratic primary, 475 pledged delegates were at stake, more than any other state in the 2016 Democratic nominating season. California's delegate haul represented almost 20 percent of the 2,383 delegates needed to secure the Democratic nomination and almost 12 percent of the 4,038 pledged delegates up for grabs in 2016. Polling from March, April, and May showed Hillary Clinton with a lead in California over rival Bernie Sanders ranging from two to 14 points. In 2008, Clinton won the state over Barack Obama 52 to 43 percent. California's pledged delegates were allocated on a proportional basis. California's seventy-three superdelegates were not required to adhere to the results of the June 7 primary election. As of June 7, 2016, 52 California superdelegates were known to have expressed their support for Clinton, while the support of 21 superdelegates was unknown. At the time, there were no known superdelegates from California supporting Sanders for the Democratic nomination. A full list of California superdelegates can be accessed below.
Republicans
Donald Trump won the California Republican primary. A total of 172 pledged delegates were up for grabs. As with the Democrats, this was more than any other state in the 2016 Republican nominating season, representing 14 percent of the delegates needed to secure the Republican nomination and roughly 7 percent of the total number of pledged delegates at stake for the Republicans. Polling from March and April showed Donald Trump leading Ted Cruz by margins ranging from 16 points to one point. California's Republican delegates were allocated on a winner-take-all basis, meaning the candidate who won the plurality of the vote received all 172 delegates. You can read more about the allocation of Republican delegates in California below.
Primaries on June 7, 2016
Five other states held presidential primary elections or caucuses for the Democratic and Republican parties on June 7, 2016: Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
2016 California primary results
Democrats
California Democratic Primary, 2016 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Delegates | |
![]() |
54.2% | 2,580,865 | 269 | |
Bernie Sanders | 44.9% | 2,135,718 | 206 | |
Roque De La Fuente | 0.2% | 7,757 | 0 | |
Henry Hewes | 0.1% | 6,997 | 0 | |
Keith Judd | 0.1% | 6,771 | 0 | |
Michael Steinberg | 0.2% | 10,247 | 0 | |
Willie Wilson | 0.2% | 11,260 | 0 | |
Totals | 4,759,615 | 475 | ||
Source: The New York Times and California Secretary of State |
Republicans
California Republican Primary, 2016 | ||||
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Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Delegates | |
![]() |
74.7% | 1,582,099 | 172 | |
Ted Cruz | 9.5% | 201,441 | 0 | |
John Kasich | 11.4% | 242,073 | 0 | |
Ben Carson | 0.7% | 14,938 | 0 | |
Jim Gilmore | 3.7% | 77,417 | 0 | |
Totals | 2,117,968 | 172 | ||
Source: The New York Times and California Secretary of State |
Primary candidates
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Wiley Drake (American Independent) |
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Delegates
Delegate selection
Democratic Party
California had 551 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 476 were pledged delegates. National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[7][8]
Seventy-five party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[7][9]
California superdelegates
- Alexandra Gallardo-Rooker
- Andrew Lachman
- Alan Lowenthal
- Barbara Lee (California)
- Becca Doten
- Christine Pelosi
- Christopher Stampolis
- Garry Shay
- John L. Burton
- John Perez (California)
- Keith Umemoto
- Kerman Maddox
- Bob Mulholland
- Laurence Zakson
- Maria Elena Durazo
- Mary Ellen Early
- Matt Johnson (California)
- Mattie McFadden-Lawson
- Nancy Pelosi
- Pat Hobbs
- Rachel Binah
- Steven K. Alari
- Adam Schiff
- Aleita Huguenin
- Alice Huffman
- Ami Bera
- Anna Eshoo
- Barbara Boxer
- Brad Sherman (California)
- Dianne Feinstein
- Doris Matsui
- Eric Swalwell
- Evan Low
- Grace Napolitano
- Hilda Solis
- Jackie Speier
- Janice Hahn
- Jared Huffman
- Jerry Brown (California)
- Jerry McNerney
- Jess Durfee
- Jim Costa
- Joe Buscaino
- John Garamendi
- Juan Vargas
- Judy Chu
- Julia Brownley
- Karen Bass
- Lois Capps
- Loretta Sanchez
- Lucille Roybal-Allard
- Maria Echaveste
- Mark DeSaulnier
- Mark Takano
- Maxine Waters
- Mike Honda
- Mike Thompson (California)
- Norma Torres
- Pete Aguilar
- Raul Ruiz
- Rosalind Wyman
- Sam Farr
- Scott Peters
- Susan Davis (California)
- Ted Lieu
- Tony Cárdenas
- Xavier Becerra
- Zoe Lofgren
- Greg Pettis
- Eric Garcetti
- Shawn K. Bagley
- Laphonza Butler
- Alice Germond
- Marcus Mason
- Linda Sánchez
Republican Party
California had 172 delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Of this total, 159 were district-level delegates (three for each of the state's 53 congressional districts). California's district delegates were allocated on a winner-take-all basis; the plurality winner in a given congressional district won all of that district's delegates.[10][11]
Of the remaining 13 delegates, 10 served at large. California's at-large delegates were allocated on a winner-take-all basis; the plurality winner of the statewide primary vote received all of the state's at-large delegates. In addition, three national party leaders (identified on the chart below as RNC delegates) served as bound delegates to the Republican National Convention. The RNC delegates were required to pledge their support to the winner of the state's primary.[10][11]
Republican delegates
- Shawn Steel
- Linda Ackerman
- Josh Cook
- Tim Clark
- Harmeet Dhillon
- Richard Grenell
- James Lacy
- Gregory Lansing
- Laine Lansing
- Tony Beall
- Felix Veiga
- Daphne Barak
- Jim Brulte
- Nina Salarno Ashford
- Deborah Wilder
- Heather Flick
- Karen Molden
- Kim Dolbow-Vann
- Martin Emigh
- Sarbjit Takhar
- Matt Harmon
- Sandy Malaney
- Dennis Revell
- Joyce Kastner
- Andre Feliz
- Diann Nelson
- Angelica Gonzalez
- Julie LaGrande
- Ed Marszal
- Megan Vincent
- Lori Ann Hitt
- Heather Obernolte
- Carol Hadley
- West Walker
- Janet Cordova
- Ed Hearst
- Steven Lucas
- Sarvjit Randhawa
- Scott Robertson
- Peter Thiel
- Natalie Davis
- Charles Mc Dougald
- Corrin Rankin
- Alison Hayden
- Eliezer Manalili
- Kenneth Yale
- Jeffery Christensen
- Frederick Fagundes
- Brittanni Shollenbarger
- Luis Buhler
- Jayne Ham
- Laura Riffle
- Lawrence Bowman
- Boyd Smith
- Annette Smittcamp
- Jim Di Vittorio
- Danean Smith
- Clifford Stanley
- Robert Berosky
- Brandon Gesicki
- Linda Gesicki
- Aubrey Bettencourt
- Kelley Bourdeau
- Vernon Costa
- Michael Der Manouel
- Tom Fife
- Bob Smittcamp
- Jeannie Fuller
- Jacob Lopez
- Mary Jordan
Polls
Democratic Primary
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Poll | Hillary Clinton | Bernie Sanders | Martin O'Malley | Unsure or Other | Margin of Error | Sample Size | |||||||||||||
CBS News/YouGov May 31-June 3 | 49% | 47% | 0% | 4% | +/-5 | 674 | |||||||||||||
NBC/WSJ/Marist May 29-31, 2016 | 49% | 47% | 0% | 4% | +/-4.2 | 557 | |||||||||||||
Field May 26-31, 2016 | 45% | 43% | 0% | 12% | +/-4.1 | 571 | |||||||||||||
LA TImes/USC May 19-31, 2016 | 49% | 39% | 0% | 12% | +/-5 | 421 | |||||||||||||
KABC/SurveyUSA May 19-22, 2016 | 57% | 39% | 0% | 4% | +/-3.5 | 803 | |||||||||||||
PPIC May 13-22, 2016 | 46% | 44% | 0% | 10% | +/-5.7 | 552 | |||||||||||||
Hoover/Golden State May 4-16, 2016 | 51% | 38% | 0% | 11% | +/-N/A | 694 | |||||||||||||
KABC/SurveyUSA April 27-30, 2016 | 57% | 38% | 0% | 5% | +/-3.4 | 826 | |||||||||||||
Fox News April 18-21, 2016 | 48% | 46% | 0% | 6% | +/-4 | 623 | |||||||||||||
CBS News/YouGov April 13-15, 2016 | 52% | 40% | 0% | 8% | +/-4.5 | 1,124 | |||||||||||||
Gravis April 7-10, 2016 | 47% | 41% | 0% | 12% | +/-3.4 | 846 | |||||||||||||
Field March 24-April 4, 2016 | 47% | 41% | 0% | 12% | +/-4 | 584 | |||||||||||||
SurveyUSA March 30-April 3, 2016 | 53% | 39% | 0% | 8% | +/-3.6 | 767 | |||||||||||||
L.A. Times March 16-23, 2016 | 47% | 36% | 0% | 17% | +/-3.7 | 832 | |||||||||||||
PPIC March 6-15, 2016 | 48% | 41% | 0% | 11% | +/-6.2 | 529 | |||||||||||||
Field December 16, 2015-January 3, 2016 | 46% | 35% | 1% | 18% | +/-5.6 | 329 | |||||||||||||
Field Research Corporation September 14-October 4, 2015 | 47% | 35% | 1% | 17% | +/-5 | 391 | |||||||||||||
USCDornsife/L.A. Times August 29-September 8, 2015 | 42% | 26% | 0% | 32% | +/-N/A | 819 | |||||||||||||
Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected]. |
Republican Primary
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Poll | Donald Trump | Ted Cruz | John Kasich | Marco Rubio | Unsure or Other | Margin of Error | Sample Size | ||||||||||||
Hoover/Golden State May 4-16, 2016 | 66% | 11% | 7% | 0% | 16% | +/-N/A | 380 | ||||||||||||
KABC/SurveyUSA April 27-30, 2016 | 54% | 20% | 16% | 0% | 10% | +/-4.3 | 529 | ||||||||||||
Fox News April 18-21, 2016 | 49% | 22% | 20% | 0% | 9% | +/-4 | 583 | ||||||||||||
CBS News/YouGov April 13-15, 2016 | 49% | 31% | 16% | 0% | 4% | +/-4.8 | 1,012 | ||||||||||||
Field March 24-April 4, 2016 | 39% | 32% | 18% | 0% | 11% | +/-4 | 558 | ||||||||||||
SurveyUSA March 30-April 3, 2016 | 40% | 32% | 17% | 0% | 11% | +/-5.3 | 356 | ||||||||||||
L.A. Times March 16-23, 2016 | 36% | 35% | 14% | 0% | 15% | +/-5.5 | 391 | ||||||||||||
PPIC March 6-15, 2016 | 38% | 27% | 14% | 0% | 21% | +/-7.3 | 321 | ||||||||||||
NSON Opinion Strategy March 9-10, 2016 | 38.3% | 22.4% | 19.7% | 10.1% | 9.5% | +/-4.86 | 407 | ||||||||||||
Smith Johnson Research March 7-9, 2016 | 24.9% | 19.6% | 15.4% | 17.6% | 22.5% | +/-4 | 454 | ||||||||||||
Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected]. |
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Poll | Donald Trump | Ted Cruz | Marco Rubio | Ben Carson | John Kasich | Carly Fiorina | Jeb Bush | Rand Paul | Chris Christie | Mike Huckabee | Unsure or Other | Margin of Error | Sample Size | ||||||
Field December 16, 2015-January 3, 2016 | 23% | 25% | 13% | 9% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 6% | 3% | <1% | 13% | +/-5.6 | 325 | ||||||
Field Research Corporation September 17-October 4, 2015 | 17% | 6% | 10% | 15% | 2% | 13% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 18% | +/-7 | 214 | ||||||
USCDornsife/L.A. Times August 29-September 8, 2015 | 24% | 6% | 5% | 18% | 2% | 5% | 6% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 29% | +/-N/A | 422 | ||||||
Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected]. |
Presidential voting history
California presidential election results (1900-2024)
- 16 Democratic wins
- 15 Republican wins
- 1 other win
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | 2024 |
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Winning Party | R | R | R | P[12] | D | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
State profile
Demographic data for California | ||
---|---|---|
California | U.S. | |
Total population: | 38,993,940 | 316,515,021 |
Land area (sq mi): | 155,779 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White: | 61.8% | 73.6% |
Black/African American: | 5.9% | 12.6% |
Asian: | 13.7% | 5.1% |
Native American: | 0.7% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander: | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Two or more: | 4.5% | 3% |
Hispanic/Latino: | 38.4% | 17.1% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate: | 81.8% | 86.7% |
College graduation rate: | 31.4% | 29.8% |
Income | ||
Median household income: | $61,818 | $53,889 |
Persons below poverty level: | 18.2% | 11.3% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in California. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
Presidential voting pattern
- See also: Presidential voting trends in California
California voted for the Democratic candidate in all seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
More California coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in California
- United States congressional delegations from California
- Public policy in California
- Endorsers in California
- California fact checks
- More...
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2016. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
- ↑ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "Electoral Votes, 1904-1912," accessed June 21, 2016
- ↑ This number refers to the number of times that the state voted for the winning presidential candidate between 2000 and 2016.
- ↑ Archives.gov, "About the Electors," accessed July 28, 2016
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Electoral College: How it works in contemporary presidential elections," April 13, 2016
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 California Secretary of State, "Certified List of Presidential Candidates," accessed April 4, 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
- ↑ The Green Papers, "2016 Democratic Convention," accessed May 7, 2021
- ↑ Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Republican National Committee, "2016 Presidential Nominating Process," accessed October 6, 2015
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 CNN.com, "Republican National Convention roll call vote," accessed July 20, 2016
- ↑ Progressive Party
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