This package contains a bridging library for multiple FST libraries and toolkits and set of tools for processing of finite-state automata especially for linguistic systems. HFST library and tools are licensed under GNU GPL licence version 3, you may read the full licence in the file named COPYING. The authors specified in AUTHORS file may be contacted about licensing issues.

For additional information, see the project page https://hfst.github.io.

Installation method depends on operating system and the version you want to install. For stable versions there exists packages for some of the better operating system and package manager combinations. For bleeding edge newest versions, development and non-supported operating systems and versions you will have to perform installation from the sources.

Debian packages for HFST are distributed via Apertium project. This folder contains debian packages for HFST API library, command line tools and Python bindings. The debian packages are experimental; the requirements of debian or ubuntu installations are same as main packages. SFST is excluded from the packages as it has portability issues with hash_maps and hash_sets. For installation instructions, see downloads.

Binaries for Windows are distributed via Apertium project. This folder contains ready-compiled HFST library and command line tools. For installation instructions, see downloads. Python bindings for Windows are currently available as wheels for 32-bit Python versions 2.7, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 on our PyPI page. Performing installation from the sources is also possible on Windows with MinGW and Cygwin, if Python bindings are not needed.

Binaries for OS X are distributed via Apertium project. This folder contains ready-compiled HFST library and command line tools. For installation instructions, see downloads. Python bindings for OS X are currently available as wheels for Python versions 2.7, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 on our PyPI page. Performing installation from the sources is also possible on Mac.

HFST software is available in science overlay. For portage, use:

layman -a science

To add the repository. Then:

emerge -av hfst

to install. Parts of the spell-checking tools are in Finnish overlay. If you use Paludis, just try to cave resolve sci-misc/hfst to get the current instructions.

For rest of the systems, HFST needs to be installed from the source, the traditional GNU/linux way. To begin your installation, you need to start by gathering the dependencies, as adviced in the following chapter.

Please note that the dependencies for the library can be set during the compile time. Settings that determine dependencies relate to features the resulting library will have; e.g. if you disable openfst you cannot use weighted finite-state automata. If you enable foma, you will be able to read foma format automata as HFST files and use foma's algorithms to process automata. The command ./configure --help lists all features that can be controlled with configure switches and whether they are enabled or disabled by default.

• OpenFST version 1.7.9 or older (newer does not work) (default)
  • to disable OpenFST support, configure switch --without-openfst may be used (however, this seriously limits the use of HFST)
• To use the SFST backend (default):
  • the SFST library version 1.4.6g is bundled with HFST and included by default when building HFST
  • SFST requires readline and ncurses
  • The SFST frontend a.k.a. the SFST-PL parser a.k.a. hfst-sfstpl2fst does not require the SFST library to be installed; the library is only used for library-stuff like reading SFST format automata.
  • to disable SFST backend, configure switch --without-sfst must be used
• foma version 0.10.0 or newer (default)
  • to disable foma backend, configure switch --without-foma may be used
  • the hfst-xfst frontend does not require foma binary or foma library
• ICU version 50 or newer
• To compile corpus processing tool hfst-proc, you need to use the

configure switch --enable-proc (or --enable-all-tools)

• To use the Python interface:
  • Compiling the bindings requires swig
  • NOTE: the Python API is not under autotools, you must compile it yourself; for more information, see file python/README

Note that if you did install dependent libraries, such as libxml or ICU to your home directory instead of using your system's package manager (or supported default location):

• If you only have a local version of a library, you can use it with appropriate LDFLAGS and CXXFLAGS, eg. ./configure LDFLAGS=-L/path/to/local/lib --prefix=/path/to/local/installation and make CXXFLAGS=-I/path/to/local/headers

If you are building a development version you loaded from the version control system, you must have new brand of GNU development tools installed:

• autoconf >=2.62
• automake >=1.11.1
• libtool >=2.2
• >=gettext-0.17
• GNU tool-chain is also needed with distributed packages if the user wishes to

modify Makefile.am or configure.ac files.

• Mac OS X users are advised to use MacPorts; Mac OS X 10.6 with

XCode 2.3.2 at least is not sufficient

• A package loaded from hfst web site does not have these requirements

The source codes loaded from the version controls system will also require parse generator system:

• GNU flex 2.5.35 or compatible and
• GNU bison 1.31 (2.4 suggested) or compatible
• flex 2.5.4-2.5.33 will choke on perfectly valid rules used in hfst
• bison older than 1.31 do not support name-prefix needed for having multiple parsers in one library
• A package loaded from hfst web site does not have these requirements
• source code loaded from version control system requires them only to bootstrap; if you use systems with archaic versions of flex or bison and cannot install updates, you might be able to get the needed files from somewhere

When running HFST software or using HFST libraries from HFST-enabled software:

• If the executable is dynamically linked (almost always), the operating system must be able to find hfst libraries
• If you install the libraries in non-standard paths, you need to ensure that operating system is aware of this; In linux this may happen by setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH, on Mac DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
• the hfst-xfst frontend needs GNU compatible getopt, or basic getopts without GNU-incompatible getopt installed
• the hfst-sfstpl2fst frontend does not require SFST libraries or binaries, you do not need to enable SFST libraries (via the switch --with-sfst) in order to compile SFST-PL scripts to HFST automata.

INSTALL describes the GNU build system in detail, but for most users the usual:

./configure
make
(as root) make install

should result in a local installation and:

(as root) make uninstall

in its uninstallation.

If you aren't going to be linking to the library after building it and don't need to be able to send debugging information, you can save a considerable amount of space and memory by doing:

make install-strip

instead of make install. This strips all the symbols from the binaries, reducing sizes by a factor of 5-10.

If you would rather install in e.g. your home directory (or aren't the system administrator), you can tell ./configure:

./configure --prefix=$HOME

The HFST library may link to numerous FST handling backends with varying licences. If you are going to redistribute the HFST library you compiled, make sure there are no clashes in the licences of the linked libraries.

If you are checking out the development versions from GIT you must first create and install the necessary autotools files from the host system:

autoreconf -i

It is common practice to keep generated files out of version control.

For further installation instruction refer to file INSTALL, which contains the standard installation instructions for GNU autoconf based software.

HFST includes an experimental, very limited C API. The API is built into it's own library, aptly named libhfst_c. On Linux systems, pkg-config should locate the necessary parts, like the libhfst_c.so shared library file, and the libhfst_c.h header file.

Versioning of the C API is unrelated to the versions of hfst itself, use the version of hfst_c instead. For now, it is pre-1.0, that is, it's not stable. Changes must be expected.

Note that there are separate bindings to Python from HFST, so there is no need to go through the C API for using HFST from Python.

In this section we list the errors that pop up commonly on our support channel or in our issue tracker,

During the compilation errors of form:

/usr/include/c++/4.3/cstdlib:124: error: '::malloc' has not been declared

or:

your configure failed to find malloc, check README for further instructions

are mosts often caused by broken library installation. The simplest solution in Linux-based platforms is ldconfig:

ldconfig -v

This is actually told and performed by the autotools libtool library installation, but it's easy to miss. It looks like this:

Libraries have been installed in:
   /usr/local/lib

If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
specify the full pathname of the library, or use the '-LLIBDIR'
flag during linking and do at least one of the following:
   - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
     during execution
   - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
     during linking
   - use the '-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag
   - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to '/etc/ld.so.conf'

See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.

If you installed a library on non-standard path, or installed it to the default /usr/local/lib, but your variant of Linux doesn't support libraries there, you may need to set it up and/or ldconfig the directory explicitly:

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/usr/local/lib
ldconfig -v -n /usr/local/lib

If all else fails, try installing the library to wherever your blend of Linux installs all its libraries, such as /usr/lib.

See also: <http://nerdland.net/unstumping-the-internet/malloc-has-not-been-declared/> for the gory details.

After installing HFST and running programs, the installed programs should on most systems be able to find and use the shared libraries that just got installed alongside the programs that were installed on the same go, but this is not always the case. Typically on first installation of the HFST library or after a major version update of HFST library, the system may not know about it. To fix this, you must run ldconfig on GNU systems. To ensure proper linking, use ldconfig -v to get a print out of known libraries, the listing should include libhfst.so indicating the current version.

If this is the first time you install a library on your system by hand, it may happen on some systems that the library configuration does not include that directory at all. Notably on ubuntu it seems that /usr/local/lib is not one of library directories, and that is the default target for manually installed libraries. Either fix this by doing ./configure --prefix=/usr or check your distributions manuals on how to set up new library directories. Same applies for libraries installed to e.g. home directory.

See also the previous error description.

During the compilation phase, an error message including things like:

scanner1.ll:22:27: fatal error: htwolcpre1.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
Makefile:1029: recipe for target `scanner1.o' failed

indicates that the header files generated by flex/yacc have the extension .hh instead of .h. This error has been encountered at least on some versions of Cygwin. Currently, the best solution is to manually rename each flex/yacc-generated header file of the form foo.hh as foo.h. You probably have to do this iteratively after each error message of this type.

During the make check phase. This indicates that a test that tests for expected failure fails expectedly, which is also indicated by a green word PASS or XFAIL on the next line. This is expected behaviour and not an indication of a bug. If there is a bug effecting that or other tests in the test suite, it will be indicated by a line starting with word FAIL or XPASS in red colour.

Same applies for other messages printed during make check phase. The cases where something actually fails will be clearly stated in the end of the test suite by a message such as:

======================================
2 of 36 tests failed
Please report to [email protected]
======================================

These errors can be reported either to the stated mail address or the HFST bug tracker on Github.

During use of bash-based scripts, an error message including things like:

cat: -l: No such file or directory
cat: version,quiet,format:,output:,latin1::,utf8::: No such file or directory
cat: -n: No such file or directory
cat: hfst-lexc: No such file or directory
cat: --: No such file or directory

indicate that script is trying to use Mac OS X's getopt as if it was GNU getopt. However default getopt in Mac OS X does not work at all like GNU getopt. Easiest solution is to install working getopt, e.g. by using MacPorts:

sudo port install getopt

The newer versions of bash scripts detect Mac OS X's getopt and fallback to using getopts. Note that getopts does not support long options and filenames must be last parameters on commandline with it, so its use is strongly discouraged.

During program execution (Mac OS X only), errors of form:

terminate called throwing an exception
Abort trap: 6

Can be caused by, just about any exceptional situation that does not have specific handler. On Linux it will read:

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'ImplementationTypeNotAvailableException'

And then you'll know that this specific exception is about backend that was disabled during configure phase. Or it might read:

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'UndefinedSymbolPairsFound'

And you'd know it's something with the alphabet. But OS X won't tell us this. So it is an unexpected error situation. Usual suspects are still: missing library in configure, empty file, reading error, writing error...

During program execution:

syntax error
on line 1:

Aborted.

This is an hfst interface bug:
Exception: HfstException in file: htwolcpre3-parser.yy on line: XXX

This can be caused by buffer size limit in hfst-twolc, a rule file larger than 10 megabytes (after pre-processing) will not be parsed properly.

The Hfst wiki site contains further details of the HFST system.

Bugs can be reported via email to HFST team bug mail address, or preferably to HFST's bug tracking system at Github When reporting, please include at least following:

• version of software used, if command-line tool (hfst-toolname --version)
• version of hfst-library, if possible
• steps to reproduce, attach or all related files if possible
• information about platform used (e.g. uname -a)