Dear @OriolRaventos,

thank you for raising the issue. I will try to make the quick fix concerning the docs you mentioned wrt. the sink.

Concerning your question, I am not quite sure how you did interpret the results from the res_pipe table, but in my case, the velocity as well as volume flow and "mdot_from_kg_per_s" are given as negative values, indicating that the flow is directed from the "to_junction" to the "from_junction". Probably, the resulting table is not the most intuitive to interpret, I would be happy to take suggestions on improving it.

What concerns me is that the ext_grid result is positive, which seems to be a consequence of the "sign" of the component being positive. Is this intended, @SimonRubenDrauz ? If so, we need to change the documentation, otherwise the component model, as the result is positive in case of mass flow leaving the system.

Regarding your other question, could you provide an example? Did you just replace p_bar=15 by t_k=300 (or similar) in your script? In that case, what happens is that the hydraulic connectivity check will not find any node with a boundary condition for the pressure, setting everything out of service (you should be getting a logger output stating that junctions and pipe nodes are set out of service). Then your pipeflow is corrupted and doesn't work anymore. However, this would be a very simple case to identify and just stop the pipeflow with an adequate error message. Didn't we have similar issues already, @SimonRubenDrauz ?

So, you will always need one node with fixed pressure level, which is what the ext_grid provides in case it is a "p" or "pt" ext_grid. If you would like to set both pressure and temperature, you can give both parameters, in that case the calculation should converge. I hope that helps.

Kind regards

Dear @dlohmeier,

Thank you very much for your quick response. Let me give you a short feedback:

• Yes, you are right about the direction of the pipe (I was reading the "to" column instead of the "from" column.
• I guess that the documentation is wrong about the Ext_grid: In the result data table it should sat " (positive if leaving the system)" (I checked that by switching the sink and the source in the example above).
• Thank you for the hint about the pressure bounary conditions. Effectively, I just use t_k instead of p_n in the Ext_grid. But I did not get any logger about the non-connectivity or setting everything out of service, it just says "The hydraulic calculation did not converge to a solution". Do I understand it correctly that it is not possible to build the previous example by replacing the Ext_grid by a source like here below (since then I would have no pressure boundary condition)?

pp.create_source(net, junction=3, mdot_kg_per_s=0.03, name="Source 3")

Thanks again for all you help. This clarifies my issues. I'll wait a couple of days, in case you want to add any other input and then I will close the Issue.

Dear @OriolRaventos and @dlohmeier,

• thanks for raising the questions. Regarding the sign in terms of the external grid. I understand your remark and would recommend that we change the sign in terms of the external grid. I cannot remember why we did it that way, but I also think it is confusing that way, especially as pandapower is also doing it the other way round (feed-in is positive, consumption negative). What do you think, @dlohmeier?
• Regarding your logger question. The level of the logger is by default WARNING. The connectivity check messages are INFO. Please change the level of your logger by calling logging.basicConfig(level='INFO')
• As you already pointed out, it is not possible to replace an external grid by a source as the system would be underdetermined. You always need at least one fixed pressure node in your system.
• One more important thing: In pandapipes you are able to perform hydraulic and heat transfer calculations. The hydraulic needs to be conducted first and defines the input for the heat transfer calculation (only applicable for water grids right now); i.e., hydraulic and heat transfer are currently detached from each other. Long story short, in both cases you need an external grid with a fixed pressure (hydraulic) and a fixed temperature (heat transfer). It can be the same external grid, but you can also define different external grids. The important thing for you: p and t are not interchangeable.
• @dlohmeier, regarding your question with the error message: We had the same issue before, however, we did not think of the connectivity check. Thus, we defined a warning and it is only raised if there are no components defined at all. I guess, we should move the logger warning after the connectivity check!

I hope I was able to answer all of your questions. Best regards!

Thank you very much. That claifies all my points.

About the signs. I do think that it would be more natural to keep the PandaPower convention.

Please, feel free to close this issue. I leave it open in case you want to link it to future change in the sign convention in the code. Thank once again!