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12. Python $B$K$O%^%/%m$,$J$$!#(B Python $B$O%W%m%0%i%`$NCj>]E*$J9=J8LZ$K%"%/%;%9$9$k5!G=$r(B $B$b$C$F$$$k$,!"$3$l$O$J$K$b$S$C$/$j$9$k$h$&$J$3$H$G$O$J$$!#(B $B$3$N%b%8%e!<%k$ND9=j$OM}2r$9$k$N$,4JC1$@$H$$$&$3$H$G!"(B 5$B9T$[$I$N%3!<%I$r;H$C$F!"(B5$BJ,$+$=$3$i$G>>> parse("2 + 2") ['eval_input', ['testlist', ['test', ['and_test', ['not_test', ['comparison', ['expr', ['xor_expr', ['and_expr', ['shift_expr', ['arith_expr', ['term', ['factor', ['power', ['atom', [2, '2']]]]], [14, '+'], ['term', ['factor', ['power', ['atom', [2, '2']]]]]]]]]]]]]]], [4, ''], [0, '']] $B$3$N7k2L$K$O$+$J$j$,$C$+$j$7$?!#(BLisp $B$J$i!"$3$l$HF1Ey$N9=J8LZ$O(B (+ 2 2) $B$G$"$k!#$3$N9=J8LZ$J$iC/$K$G$b;H$($k$,!"(B Python $B$N$3$s$J9=J8LZ$r$$$8$l$k$N$OK\Ev$N%(%-%9%Q!<%H$@$1$@$m$&!#(B $BJ8;zNs$rO"7k$7$F%^%/%m$K;w$?$h$&$J$b$N$O:n$l$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(B $B$=$l$G$b$=$N5!G=$O8@8l$N$=$NB>$NItJ,$HE}9g$5$l$F$$$J$$$N$G!"(B $B$B%G!<%?(B $B$r(B Python $B$G(B $B$D$/$k$3$H$K$h$C$F

Lisp $B%W%m%0%i%`$H(B Python $B%W%m%0%i%`$NHf3S(B

$B:G=i$N%5%s%W%k%W%m%0%i%`$O(B Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming $B$+$i$H$C$F$-$?!"(B$B4JC1$J%i%s%@%`J8@[email protected](B $B$r(B Python $B$KK]Lu$7$?$b$N$@!#7kO@(B: $B4J7i$5$H$$$&E@$G$O;w$?$h$&$J$b$N$G$"$k!#(B grammar[phrase] $B$,(B (rule-rhs (assoc phrase *grammar*)) $B$h$j(B $B4JC1$@$H$$$&E@$G$O(B Python $B$N$[$&$,$^$5$C$F$$$k$,!"(B['NP', 'VP'] $B$r(B '(NP VP) $B$H=q$1$kE@$G$O(B Lisp $B$N$[$&$,$^$5$C$F$$$k!#(B Python $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$N$[$&$,8zN($,0-$=$&$@$,!"4N?4$JE@$O$=$3$G$O$J$$!#(B $B$I$A$i$N8@8l$b$3$N$B$A$c$s$H8+$k$?$a$K!"%V%i%&%6$N%&%$%s%I%&$r9-$2$F$[$7$$!#(B

Lisp $B%W%m%0%i%`(B simple.lisp	Python $B%W%m%0%i%`(B simple.py
(defparameter *grammar* '((sentence -> (noun-phrase verb-phrase)) (noun-phrase -> (Article Noun)) (verb-phrase -> (Verb noun-phrase)) (Article -> the a) (Noun -> man ball woman table) (Verb -> hit took saw liked)) "$B$h$/$"$k1Q8l$NJ8K!$N%5%V%;%C%H!#(B") (defun generate (phrase) "$B%i%s%@%`$JJ8$"$k$$$O6g$r@8@.$9$k!#(B" (cond ((listp phrase) (mappend #'generate phrase)) ((rewrites phrase) (generate (random-elt (rewrites phrase)))) (t (list phrase)))) (defun generate-tree (phrase) "$B%i%s%@%`$JJ8$"$k$$$O6g$r!"40A4$J9=J8LZ$D$-$G@8@.$9$k!#(B" (cond ((listp phrase) (mapcar #'generate-tree phrase)) ((rewrites phrase) (cons phrase (generate-tree (random-elt (rewrites phrase))))) (t (list phrase)))) (defun mappend (fn list) "$B%j%9%H$N3FMWAG$K4X?t(B fn $B$rE,MQ$5$;$?7k2L$r(B append $B$9$k!#(B mapcon $B$N$h$&$J$b$N$@$,!"(Bnconc $B$N$+$o$j$K(B append $B$r;H$C$F$$$k!#(B" (apply #'append (mapcar fn list))) (defun rule-rhs (rule) "$B@[email protected],B'$N1&JU!#(B" (rest (rest rule))) (defun rewrites (category) "$B$3$N%+%F%4%j$KBP$9$k2DG=$J=q$-49$($N%j%9%H$rJV$9!#(B" (rule-rhs (assoc category *grammar*)))	from whrandom import choice def Dict(**args): return args grammar = Dict( S = [['NP','VP']], NP = [['Art', 'N']], VP = [['V', 'NP']], Art = ['the', 'a'], N = ['man', 'ball', 'woman', 'table'], V = ['hit', 'took', 'saw', 'liked'] ) def generate(phrase): "$B%i%s%@%`$JJ8$"$k$$$O6g$r@8@.$9$k!#(B" if is_list(phrase): return mappend(generate, phrase) elif phrase in grammar: return generate(choice(grammar[phrase])) else: return [phrase] def generate_tree(phrase): "$B%i%s%@%`$JJ8$"$k$$$O6g$r!"40A4$J9=J8LZ$D$-$G@8@.$9$k!#(B" if is_list(phrase): return map(generate_tree, phrase) elif phrase in grammar: return [phrase] + generate_tree(choice(grammar[phrase])) else: return [phrase] def mappend(fn, list): "$B%j%9%H$N3FMWAG$K4X?t(B fn $B$rE,MQ$5$;$?7k2L$r(B append $B$9$k!#(B" return reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, map(fn, list)) def is_list(x): return type(x) is type([])
$B$3$N(B Lisp $B%W%m%0%i%`$rAv$i$;$k(B	$B$3$N(B Python $B%W%m%0%i%`$rAv$i$;$k(B
> (generate 'S) (the man saw the table)	>>> generate('S') ['the', 'man', 'saw', 'the', 'table'] >>> string.join(generate('S')) 'the man saw the table'

Python $B$N%3!<%I$K4^$^$l$F$$$kJ8K!$,(B Lisp $B$N$=$l$h$j1x$J$/$J$C$F$$$k$N$,(B $B$$$d$@$C$?$N$G!"(BPython $B$G9=J82r@O4o$r=q$/(B ($B$"$H$G$3$l$K$O%U%j!<$G(B $B;HMQ2DG=$J$b$N$,$9$G$K$$$/$D$+$"$k$3$H$rCN$C$?(B) $B$+!"AH$_9~$_1i;;;R$r(B $B%*!<%P!<%m!<%I$9$k$3$H$r9M$($?!#8eExpr $B%/%i%9(B $B$J$I$Gl$+$.$j$N%"%I%[%C%/$J@[email protected],B'%Q!<%5$G$$$$$@$m$&!#$D$^$j(B $B@[email protected],B'$O(B '|' $B$G6h@Z$i$l$?8uJd$N%j%9%H$+$i$J$j!"3F8uJd$O(B ' ' $B$G6h@Z$i$l$?C18l$N%j%9%H$K$J$C$F$$$k!"$H$$$&$h$&$K!#$=$7$F(B Lisp $B$G$G$-$?%W%m%0%i%`$rK]Lu$9$k$h$j$b(B Python $B$N47=,$K$7$?$,$C$?(B $BJ8K!%W%m%0%i%`$K$7$?$i!"

Python $B%W%m%0%i%`(B simple.py ($B47=,%P!<%8%g%s(B)

"""$BM?$($i$l$?J8K!$+$i%i%s%@%`$JJ8$r@8@.$9$k%b%8%e!<%k!#J8K!$O(B S = 'NP VP | S and S' $B$N$h$&$J7A<0$N%(%s%H%j$G9=@.$5$l$k!#3F%(%s%H%j$O(B {'S': [['NP', 'VP'], ['S', 'and', 'S']]} $B$N$h$&$J7A<0$KJQ49$5$l!"(B $B$3$l$O$=$l$>$l$N30B&$NBg$-$J%j%9%H(B (top-level lists) $B$+$i$I$l$+(B $B$R$H$D$N=q$-49$(8uJd$,%i%s%@%`$KA*$P$l$k$3$H$r<($9!#$=$7$F!"A*$P$l$?(B $B%j%9%H$NFbB&$K$"$k3FMWAG(B (each element of the second-level list) $B$,(B $B=q$-49$($i$l$k!#$=$NMWAG$,J8K!Cf$K$J$1$l$P!"3FMWAG$O$=$l<+?H$K=q$-(B $B49$($i$l$k!#4X?t(B rewrite $B$*$h$S(B rewrite_tree $B$O$=$l$>$lC18l$N%j%9%H$H!"(B $B7k2L$,DI2C$5$l$k%"%-%e%`%l!<%?(B ($B6u%j%9%H(B) $B$r0z?t$H$7$F$H$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B $B4X?t(B generate $B$*$h$S(B generate_tree $B$O!"(Brewrite $B$H(B rewrite_tree $B$X$N(B $B4JJX$J%$%s%?%U%'%$%9$rDs6!$7$F$*$j!"$3$l$OJ8;zNs(B ($B%G%U%)%k%H$O(B 'S') $B$r(B $BF~NO$H$7$F

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Peter Norvig

Japanese Translation Changes:
$B8x3+!#(B(2002/10/13)
$B? Yusuke Shinyama <yusuke at cs . nyu . edu>