13. WEB OF KNOWLEDGE
• http://www.webofknowledge.com/?locale=ja
• 大学によっては学術認証フェデレーション(GakuNin)で
ログインできる場合がある
• 阪大の場合:「所属機関 (Shibboleth) ユーザーサインイ
ン」で「Japanese Research and Education (GakuNin)」を選
択→大阪大学個人IDでログイン
27. 参考文献から探す
• 自分が興味ある論文の「参考文献」をたどる
• その論文が載っている論文誌に注目し、論文誌の目次
を探してみる
Lurie Marks Family Foundation.
ENDNOTES
1
Many people diagnosed on the autism spectrum wish to avoid
‘person with autism’ language in favour of being called ‘autistic’
(Sinclair 1999), while others prefer ‘classified autistic’ (Biklen
2005). American Psychological Association style proscribes that
authors ‘respect people’s preferences; call people what they prefer
to be called’ (APA 1994, p. 48). A Google search conducted on
14 March 2007, revealed that 99 per cent of the first 100 Google
hits for the term ‘autistics’ pointed to organizations run by autistic
persons, whereas all of the first 100 Google hits for the terms
‘person/s with autism’ or ‘child/ren with autism’ led to organizations
run by non-autistic individuals (Gernsbacher et al. 2008).
2
Study of the individual is referred to as idiographic, while study of
group data is referred to as nomothetic. Nomothetic comes from
the Greek nomos, meaning ‘custom’ or ‘law’, while idiographic
comes from the Greek idios, meaning ‘proper to one’. Several argu-
ments have been put forth for bringing back idiographic methods
(Molenaar 2004); new technologies and analysis techniques, such
as described here, make this approach increasingly favourable.
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Aviezer, H. et al. 2008 Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies
on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychol. Sci.
19, 724–732. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x)
Baggs, A. 2007 Sorry I’m late with the blog carnival. My
home was invaded by interesting geeks. Cited 2009
April 18. Available from http://ballastexistenz.autistics.
org/?p=367.
Baggs, A. 1996 Eyeballs eyeballs eyeballs. Cited 2009 April
18. Available from http://ballastexistenz.autistics.org/
?p=110.
MA: MIT Media Lab.
Fridlund, A. J. & Izard, C. E.
studies of facial expressions
of emotions. In Social psychoph
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atypical in autism? Child Dev.
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spectrum disorder and in thei
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objects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
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Iversen, P. 2007 Strange son. N
Trade.
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Harvard University.
Joseph, R. M., Ehrman, K., McN
Affective response to eye con
ability in children with ASD.
14, 947–955. (doi:10.1017/S1
Kleinginna Jr, P. R. & Kleinginna,
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29. 論文収集を行う
• 疑問が浮かんだら別紙に記録し、
忘れる
• タイトル、概要、参考文献をみ
てダウンロード(コピー)する
かを決める
• ダウンロード(コピー)するた
びに書誌情報を記録する
Future affective technology for autism
and emotion communication
Rosalind W. Picard*
MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
People on the autism spectrum often experience states of emotional or cognitive overload that pose
challenges to their interests in learning and communicating. Measurements taken from home and
school environments show that extreme overload experienced internally, measured as autonomic
nervous system (ANS) activation, may not be visible externally: a person can have a resting heart
rate twice the level of non-autistic peers, while outwardly appearing calm and relaxed. The
chasm between what is happening on the inside and what is seen on the outside, coupled with chal-
lenges in speaking and being pushed to perform, is a recipe for a meltdown that may seem to come
‘out of the blue’, but in fact may have been steadily building. Because ANS activation both influ-
ences and is influenced by efforts to process sensory information, interact socially, initiate motor
activity, produce meaningful speech and more, deciphering the dynamics of ANS states is important
for understanding and helping people on the autism spectrum. This paper highlights advances in
technology that can comfortably sense and communicate ANS arousal in daily life, allowing new
kinds of investigations to inform the science of autism while also providing personalized feedback
to help individuals who participate in the research.
Keywords: affective computing; autism; autonomic nervous system; wearable sensors;
electrodermal activity; arousal
1. INTRODUCTION
The motivation for this research begins with a scenario
that has replayed many times as part of a longer, some-
times heart breaking, story of why a family felt
compelled to remove their son or daughter away from
environments focused on learning and social opportu-
nities, and into a place where the child’s behaviour
could be better controlled:
David is a mostly non-verbal autistic1
teenager inter-
acting with his teacher during a lesson. He appears
calm and attentive. When it is time for him to respond,
the teacher encourages him to try harder as he is not
doing what she is asking. She knows he is capable
from past experiences, and he appears to be feeling
fine; he just needs a nudge. All of a sudden—it appears
to come out of nowhere—David has a meltdown,
engaging in injurious behavior to himself and perhaps
to others. Afraid for him and others around him,
the teacher calls for help to restrain him. What
facial expressions, and the more pain he felt, the
more his motor system did not respond in the usual
way. While sometimes his face capably did express
emotion, at this time it did not, nor could he initiate
the movement to cooperate with the task the teacher
requested of him.
The autism spectrum refers to a broad set of diag-
noses given to individuals who show certain
combinations of atypical communication, social inter-
action and restricted repetitive patterns of behaviour,
interests and activities (American Psychiatric Associ-
ation (APA) 2000). While not part of the official
diagnostic criteria at this time, autism frequently
includes mild-to-major affective swings that may
arise from sensory and other challenges, and mild-to-
major motor disturbances that can affect gait, posture
and ability to type, write speak and produce facial
expressions (Leary & Hill 1996; Wing & Shah 2000).
Complicating matters, movement disturbances can
come and go, giving the appearance of a wilful lack
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2009) 364, 3575–3584
doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0143
on March 16, 2013rstb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from