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                                       <[email protected]>

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John K. Ousterhout, "Why Threads Are A Bad Idea (for most purposes)", Invited Talk at the 1996 USENIX Technical Conference (January 25, 1996). [PDF] [PowerPoint]

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#include <pthread.h>

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----------------------------------------------------------------------
% cc -D_REENTRANT -o create create.c -lpthread [$B
% ./create [$B
...
% []
----------------------------------------------------------------------
$B%;%^%U%)$r;H$&;~!"(BSolaris 6 (SunOS 5.6, sakura) $B$G$O!"%j%s%/;~$K(B -lposix4 $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$k!#(BSolaris 7-9 (SunOS 5.7, 5.8, 5.9) $B$G$O!"%j%s%/;~$K(B -lrt $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$k!#(B

SGI (O2, Origin) $B$G$N%3%s%Q%$%k$H%j%s%/!#(B-lpthread $B$rIU$1$k!#(B 


----------------------------------------------------------------------
% cc -o create create.c -lpthread [$B
% ./create [$B
...
% []
----------------------------------------------------------------------

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$B"!%9%l%C%I$N@8@.$H(Bjoin


----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1: 
   2: /*
   3:         create-join-2.c -- $B%9%l%C%I$r#2$D:n$k%W%m%0%i%`(B
   4: */
   5: 
   6: #include <pthread.h>
   7: 
   8: void func1( int x );
   9: void func2( int x );
  10: 
  11: main()
  12: {
  13:     pthread_t t1 ;
  14:     pthread_t t2 ;
  15:         pthread_create( &t1, NULL, (void *)func1, (void *)10 );
  16:         pthread_create( &t2, NULL, (void *)func2, (void *)20 );
  17:         printf("main()\n");
  18:         pthread_join( t1, NULL );
  19:         pthread_join( t2, NULL );
  20: }
  21: 
  22: void func1( int x )
  23: {
  24:     int i ;
  25:         for( i = 0 ; i<3 ; i++ )
  26:         {
  27:             printf("func1( %d ): %d \n",x, i );
  28:         }
  29: }
  30: 
  31: void func2( int x )
  32: {
  33:     int i ;
  34:         for( i = 0 ; i<3 ; i++ )
  35:         {
  36:             printf("func2( %d ): %d \n",x, i );
  37:         }
  38: }
----------------------------------------------------------------------
$B 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/create-join-2.c [$B
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/Makefile [$B
% make create-join-2 [$B
gcc -D_REENTRANT -g   -c create-join-2.c -o create-join-2.o
gcc -D_REENTRANT -g -o create-join-2 create-join-2.o -lpthread
% ./create-join-2  [$B
main()
func1( 10 ): 0 
func1( 10 ): 1 
func1( 10 ): 2 
func2( 20 ): 0 
func2( 20 ): 1 
func2( 20 ): 2 
% []
----------------------------------------------------------------------
$B$3$NNc$G$O!"<!$N#3$D$N%9%l%C%I$,:n$i$l$k!#(B
  1. main $B$r func2 $B$+$i:n$i$l$?%9%l%C%I(B t2
  2. func1 $B$+$i:n$i$l$?%9%l%C%I(B t1
$B%^%k%A%9%l%C%I!&%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$G$O!"(Bmain$B4X?t$b$^$?#1$D$N%9%l%C%I$,$B=i4|%9%l%C%I(B $B!"$"$k$$$O!"(B $B%a%$%s%9%l%C%I(B $B$H$h$V!#(BPthrad $B$G$O!"(B $B%a%$%s%9%l%C%I0J30$N%9%l%C%I$O!"(B pthread_create() $B$K$h$j:n$i$l$k!#(B

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pthread_create()$B$G;XDj$5$l$?4X?t$+$i%j%?!<%s$9$k$H!"$=(B $B$N%9%l%C%I$,=*N;$9$k!#(Bpthread_exit() $B$r8F$S=P$7$F$b$h$$!#(B $B$?$@$7!"(B $B=i4|%9%l%C%I(B $B$,=*N;$9$k$H!"%W%m%;%9A4BN$,=*N;$9$k!#(B exit() $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$r8F$S=P$7$F$b=*N;$9$k!#(B

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$B"!J#?t$N%9%l%C%I$K$h$k6&M-;q8;$N%"%/%;%9(B($B%m%C%/$J$7(B)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1: 
   2: /*
   3:  * mutex-nolock.c -- $B6&M-;q8;$r%m%C%/$J$7$G%"%/%;%9$9$k%W%m%0%i%`(B
   4:  */
   5: 
   6: #include <pthread.h>
   7: 
   8: void thread_A(), thread_B();
   9: int     shared_resource ;
  10: 
  11: main() {
  12:     pthread_t t1 ;
  13:     pthread_t t2 ;
  14:         shared_resource = 0 ;
  15:         pthread_setconcurrency( 2 );
  16:         pthread_create( &t1, NULL, (void *)thread_A, 0 );
  17:         pthread_create( &t2, NULL, (void *)thread_B, 0 );
  18:         pthread_join( t1, NULL );
  19:         pthread_join( t2, NULL );
  20:         printf("main(): shared_resource == %d\n", shared_resource );
  21: }
  22: 
  23: void thread_A()
  24: {
  25:     int i, x ;
  26:         for( i = 0 ; i<1000000 ; i++ )
  27:         {
  28:             x = shared_resource ;
  29:             x = x + 1 ;
  30:             shared_resource = x ;
  31:         }
  32: }
  33: 
  34: void thread_B() {
  35:     int i, x ;
  36:         for( i = 0 ; i<1000000 ; i++ ) {
  37:             x = shared_resource ;
  38:             x = x + 1 ;
  39:             shared_resource = x ;
  40:         }
  41: }
----------------------------------------------------------------------

pthread_setconcurrency() $B$O!"MxMQ$7$?$$(B CPU $B?t$r%7%9%F%`$KMW5a$9$k$b$N!#(B Solaris 6 (SunOS 5.6, sakura) $B$G$O!"(Bthr_setconcurrency() $B$r;H$&!#(B

$B"!

$B6&M-%a%b%j7?%^%k%A%W%m%;%C%5$G$N 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/mutex-nolock.c [$B
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/Makefile [$B
% make mutex-nolock [$B
gcc -D_REENTRANT -g -mcpu=v8 -Dpthread_setconcurrency=thr_setconcurrency -Dpthread_getconcurrency=thr_getconcurrency   -c mutex-nolock.c -o mutex-nolock.o
gcc -D_REENTRANT mutex-nolock.o -lpthread -lposix4 -o mutex-nolock
% ./mutex-nolock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 1004100
% ./mutex-nolock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 1003470
% ./mutex-nolock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 1003316
% ./mutex-nolock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 1003143
%
----------------------------------------------------------------------
thread_A(), thread_B()$B$H#2$D$N%9%l%C%I$,:n(B $B$i$l$F$$$k!#@0?t7?$NJQ?t(B shared_resource $B$O!"$=$N#2$D$N(B $B%9%l%C%I$NN>J}$+$i%"%/%;%9$5$l$k!##2$D$N%9%l%C%I$G9g7W(B2000000 $BA}$($kM=(B $BDj$@$,!"$B"!9M;!(B($B%m%C%/$J$7(B)

$B$3$N%W%m%0%i%`$,6&M-%a%b%j7?%^%k%A%W%m%;%C%5$GF0$$$F$$$k$H$7$F!"F0$-$r(B $B9M$($F$($k!#(B 


----------------------------------------------------------------------
thread_A()			thread_B()
	:				:
	:				:
28: x = shared_resource ;
				37: x = shared_resource ;
29: x = x + 1 ;
				38: x = x + 1 ;
30: shared_resource = x ;
				39: shared_resource = x ;
	:				:
	:				:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
shared_resource++$B$H=q$$$F$b$@$a!#J#?t$N5!3#8lL?Na$KJ,3d(B $B$5$l$k$N$G!#(B

$B"!Aj8_GS=|(B

$BAj8_GS=|(B(mutual exclusion)$B!'(B $B$"$k;q8;$r%"%/%;%9$G$-$k%9%l%C%I$N?t$r(B $BB?$/$F$b#1$D$K$9$k!#(B

$B%W%m%0%i%`$N;zLL>e!"Aj8_GS=|$,I,MW$JItJ,$r(B $B:]$I$$ItJ,(B(critical section) ( $B%/%j%F%#%+%k%;%/%7%g%s(B ) $B$H$$$&!#(B

$B"!(BPthread$B$G$NAj8_GS=|(B

Pthread $B$G$O!"Aj8_GS=|$r9T$J$&$?$a$K!"(B mutex $B$H$$$&;EAH$_$,$"$k!#<!$N$h$&$K$7$F!"Aj8_GS=|$r9T$J$$$?$$ItJ,$r(B lock $B$H(B unlock $B$G0O$`!#(B 

    pthread_mutex_t mutex1 ;
	:
	:
    pthread_mutex_lock( &murex1 );
	$B!cAj8_GS=|$7$?$$ItJ,!J:]$I$$ItJ,!K!d(B
    pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex1 );

$B"!J#?t$N%9%l%C%I$K$h$k6&M-;q8;$N%"%/%;%9(B($B%m%C%/IU$-(B)

$B%m%C%/$J$7(B$B$N%W%m%0%i%`$r!"(Bmutex $B$r;H$C(B $B$F=q$-D>$7$?$b$N!#(B 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1: /*
   2:  * mutex-lock.c -- $B6&M-;q8;$r%m%C%/$7$J$,$i%"%/%;%9$9$k%W%m%0%i%`(B
   3:  */
   4: 
   5: #include <pthread.h>
   6: 
   7: void thread_A(), thread_B();
   8: int     shared_resource ;
   9: pthread_mutex_t mutex1 ;
  10: 
  11: main() {
  12:     pthread_t t1 ;
  13:     pthread_t t2 ;
  14:         shared_resource = 0 ;
  15:         pthread_mutex_init( &mutex1, NULL );
  16:         pthread_setconcurrency( 2 );
  17:         pthread_create( &t1, NULL, (void *)thread_A, 0 );
  18:         pthread_create( &t2, NULL, (void *)thread_B, 0 );
  19:         pthread_join( t1, NULL );
  20:         pthread_join( t2, NULL );
  21:         printf("main(): shared_resource == %d\n", shared_resource );
  22: }
  23: 
  24: void thread_A()
  25: {
  26:     int i, x ;
  27:         for( i = 0 ; i<1000000 ; i++ )
  28:         {
  29:             pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex1 );
  30:             x = shared_resource ;
  31:             x = x + 1 ;
  32:             shared_resource = x ;
  33:             pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex1 );
  34:         }
  35: }
  36: 
  37: void thread_B() {
  38:     int i, x ;
  39:         for( i = 0 ; i<1000000 ; i++ ) {
  40:             pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex1 );
  41:             x = shared_resource ;
  42:             x = x + 1 ;
  43:             shared_resource = x ;
  44:             pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex1 );
  45:         }
  46: }
----------------------------------------------------------------------

$B"!


----------------------------------------------------------------------
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/mutex-lock.c [$B
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/Makefile [$B
% make mutex-lock [$B
gcc -D_REENTRANT mutex-lock.o -lpthread -lposix4 -o mutex-lock
% ./mutex-lock  [$B
main(): shared_resource == 2000000
% ./mutex-lock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 2000000
% ./mutex-lock [$B
main(): shared_resource == 2000000
% []
----------------------------------------------------------------------

$B"!9M;!(B($B%m%C%/IU$-(B)

$B$3$N%W%m%0%i%`$,6&M-%a%b%j7?%^%k%A%W%m%;%C%5$GF0$$$F$$$k$H$7$F!"F0$-$r(B $B9M$($F$($k!#(B 

----------------------------------------------------------------------
thread_A()				thread_B()

	:					:
29: pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex1 );		:
					40: pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex1 );
30: x = shared_resource ;		$B!cB>$N%9%l%C%I$,uBV$G$7$P$i$/BT$?$5$l$k!d(B
32: shared_resource = x ;			:
33: pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex1 );		:
	:				$B!c


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$B40N;$rBT$DI,MW$,=P$,$"$k!#(B


$B"!%Q%$%W$H=[4D%P%C%U%!(B


Unix $B$N%Q%$%W$N$h$&$J$3$H$r%9%l%C%I$r;H$C$F


----------------------------------------------------------------------
thread_A | thread_B
----------------------------------------------------------------------







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----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1: 
   2: /*
   3:  * condv-buffer.c -- $B>r7oJQ?t$r;H$C$?4D>u%P%C%U%!(B
   4: */
   5: 
   6: #include <pthread.h>
   7: 
   8: void thread_A(), thread_B();
   9: 
  10: #define BUFFER_SIZE     4               /* $B%P%C%U%!$NBg$-$5(B */
  11: struct circular_buffer
  12: {
  13:         int rp ;                        /* $BFI$_=P$90LCV(B */
  14:         int wp ;                        /* $B=q$-9~$`0LCV(B */
  15:         int used ;                      /* $B%P%C%U%!Fb$NMWAG?t(B */
  16:         int data[BUFFER_SIZE];          /* $B%G!<%?$rJ]B8$9$k>l=j(B */
  17:         pthread_mutex_t mutex ;         /* $B$3$N9=B$BN$NAj8_GS=|$N$?$a$N(B mutex */
  18:         pthread_cond_t  not_full ;      /* $B%P%C%U%!$,0lGU$G$O$J$$>uBV$rBT$D$?$a$N>r7oJQ?t(B */
  19:         pthread_cond_t  not_empty ;     /* $B%P%C%U%!$,6u$G$O$J$$>uBV$rBT$D$?$a$N>r7oJQ?t(B */
  20: };
  21: 
  22: void put( struct circular_buffer *b,int x )
  23: {
  24:         pthread_mutex_lock( &b->mutex );
  25: loop:   if( b->used == BUFFER_SIZE )
  26:         {
  27:             pthread_cond_wait( &b->not_full,&b->mutex );
  28:             goto loop;
  29:         }
  30:         b->data[ b->wp++ ] = x ;
  31:         if( b->wp >= BUFFER_SIZE )
  32:             b->wp = 0 ;
  33:         b->used ++ ;
  34:         pthread_cond_signal( &b->not_empty );
  35:         pthread_mutex_unlock( &b->mutex );
  36: }
  37: 
  38: int get( struct circular_buffer *b )
  39: {
  40:     int x ;
  41:         pthread_mutex_lock( &b->mutex );
  42: loop:   if( b->used == 0 )
  43:         {
  44:             pthread_cond_wait( &b->not_empty,&b->mutex );
  45:             goto loop;
  46:         }
  47:         x = b->data[ b->rp++ ] ;
  48:         if( b->rp >= BUFFER_SIZE )
  49:             b->rp = 0 ;
  50:         b->used -- ;
  51:         pthread_cond_signal( &b->not_full );
  52:         pthread_mutex_unlock( &b->mutex );
  53:         return( x );
  54: }
  55: 
  56: main()
  57: {
  58:     pthread_t t1 ;
  59:     pthread_t t2 ;
  60:     struct circular_buffer *b  ;
  61:         b = (struct circular_buffer *)malloc(sizeof(struct circular_buffer));
  62:         if( b == NULL )
  63:         {
  64:             perror("no memory for struct buffer\n");
  65:             exit( -1 );
  66:         }
  67:         b->rp = 0 ;
  68:         b->wp = 0 ;
  69:         b->used = 0 ;
  70:         pthread_mutex_init( &b->mutex, NULL );
  71:         pthread_cond_init( &b->not_full,NULL );
  72:         pthread_cond_init( &b->not_empty,NULL );
  73:         pthread_setconcurrency( 2 );
  74:         pthread_create( &t1, NULL, (void *)thread_A, (void *)b );
  75:         pthread_create( &t2, NULL, (void *)thread_B, (void *)b );
  76:         pthread_join( t1, NULL );
  77:         pthread_join( t2, NULL );
  78: }
  79: 
  80: void thread_A( struct circular_buffer *b )      /* producer */
  81: {
  82:     int i,x ;
  83:         for( i = 0 ; i<10 ; i++ )
  84:         {
  85:             x = i ;
  86:             printf("thread_A(): put( %d )\n",x );
  87:             put( b,x );
  88:         }
  89: }
  90: 
  91: void thread_B( struct circular_buffer *b )      /* consumer */
  92: {
  93:     int i, x ;
  94:         for( i = 0 ; i<10 ; i++ )
  95:         {
  96:             x = get( b );
  97:             printf("thread_B(): get() %d.\n", x );
  98:         }
  99: }
----------------------------------------------------------------------








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$B%l%C%I!#(B





$B"!









----------------------------------------------------------------------
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/condv-buffer.c [$B
% wget http://www.hlla.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yas/sie/pdsoft-2003/2004-01-08/ex/Makefile [$B
% make condv-buffer [$B
gcc -D_REENTRANT -g -mcpu=v8 -Dpthread_setconcurrency=thr_setconcurrency -Dpthread_getconcurrency=thr_getconcurrency   -c condv-buffer.c -o condv-buffer.o
gcc -D_REENTRANT condv-buffer.o -lpthread -lposix4 -o condv-buffer
% ./condv-buffer  [$B
thread_A(): put( 0 )
thread_A(): put( 1 )
thread_A(): put( 2 )
thread_A(): put( 3 )
thread_A(): put( 4 )
thread_A(): put( 5 )
thread_B(): get() 0.
thread_B(): get() 1.
thread_B(): get() 2.
thread_B(): get() 3.
thread_B(): get() 4.
thread_A(): put( 6 )
thread_A(): put( 7 )
thread_A(): put( 8 )
thread_A(): put( 9 )
thread_B(): get() 5.
thread_B(): get() 6.
thread_B(): get() 7.
thread_B(): get() 8.
thread_B(): get() 9.
% []
----------------------------------------------------------------------







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----------------------------------------------------------------------
struct hostent *gethostbyname( char *name ){
    static struct hostent ret ;
	.....
	return( &ret );
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------


    


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----------------------------------------------------------------------
struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name);

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     int *h_errnop);

----------------------------------------------------------------------

    

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    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Java			Pthread
----------------------------------------------------------------------
new Thread(); start();	pthread_create()
join()			pthread_join()
synchronized		pthread_mutex_lock()$B$H(Bpthread_mutex_unlock()$B$NAH(B
wait()			pthread_cond_wait()
wait(long timeout)	pthread_cond_timedwait()
notify()		pthread_cond_signal()
notifyAll()		pthread_cond_broadcast()
----------------------------------------------------------------------

    


    

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----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1: 
   2: /*
   3:  * CircularBuffer.java -- Java $B$K$h$k4D>u%P%C%U%!(B
   4: */
   5: 
   6: class CircularBuffer
   7: {
   8:     static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 4 ;
   9:     int rp ;            // $BFI$_=P$90LCV(B
  10:     int wp ;            // $B=q$-9~$`0LCV(B
  11:     int data[];         // $B%G!<%?$rJ]B8$9$k>l=j(B
  12:     int used ;          // $B%P%C%U%!Fb$NMWAG?t(B
  13:     CircularBuffer()
  14:     {
  15:         data = new int[BUFFER_SIZE];
  16:         rp = 0 ;
  17:         wp = 0 ;
  18:     }
  19: 
  20:     public synchronized void put( int x ) throws InterruptedException
  21:     {
  22:         while( used == data.length )
  23:             wait();
  24:         data[ wp++ ] = x ;
  25:         if( wp == data.length )
  26:             wp = 0 ;
  27:         if( used++ == 0 )
  28:             notifyAll();
  29:     }
  30: 
  31:     public synchronized int get() throws InterruptedException
  32:     {
  33:         int x ;
  34:         while( used == 0 )
  35:             wait();         
  36:         x = data[ rp++ ] ;
  37:         if( rp >= data.length )
  38:             rp = 0 ;
  39:         if( used-- == data.length )
  40:             notifyAll();
  41:         return( x );
  42:     }
  43: 
  44:     static void thread_A( CircularBuffer b )    // Producer
  45:     {                           
  46:         int i,x ;
  47:         try {
  48:             for( i = 0 ; i<10 ; i++ )
  49:             {
  50:                 x = i ;
  51:                 System.out.println("thread_A(): put( "+x+" )");
  52:                 b.put( x );
  53:             }
  54:         }
  55:         catch( InterruptedException e )
  56:         {
  57:             System.err.println("thread_A(): Interrupted");
  58:         }
  59:     }
  60: 
  61:     static void thread_B( CircularBuffer b )    // Consumer
  62:     {
  63:         int i, x ;
  64:         try {
  65:             for( i = 0 ; i<10 ; i++ )
  66:             {
  67:                 x = b.get();
  68:                 System.out.println("thread_B(): get() "+x+".");
  69:             }
  70:         }
  71:         catch( InterruptedException e )
  72:         {
  73:             System.err.println("thread_B(): Interrupted");
  74:         }
  75:     }
  76: 
  77:     static void main(String argv[])
  78:     {
  79:         final CircularBuffer b = new CircularBuffer();
  80:         Thread t1 = new Thread( new Runnable()
  81:                                  { public void run() {thread_A(b);} } );
  82:         t1.start();
  83:         Thread t2 = new Thread( new Runnable()
  84:                                  { public void run() {thread_B(b);} } );
  85:         t2.start();
  86:         try {
  87:             t1.join();
  88:             t2.join();
  89:         }
  90:         catch( InterruptedException e )
  91:         {
  92:             System.err.println("main(): Interrupted");
  93:         }
  94:     }
  95: }
----------------------------------------------------------------------


    




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To: [email protected]
Subject: [pdsoft/report-thread-1] $B!cFbMF$K4X$7$?%5%V%8%'%/%H!d(B

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----------------------------------------------------------------------

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vehicle(int direction)
{
	arrive_bridge( direction );
	cross_bridge( direction );
	exit_bridge( direction );
}



    


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pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)H_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)H_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)H_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)H_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)O_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)O_func, ... );
pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)O_func, ... );

H_func( ... )
{
    printf(...);
    H_Ready(...);
}

O_func( ... )
{
    printf(...);
    O_Ready(...);
}

H2O_func( ... )
{
    printf(...);
}

H_Ready(...)
{
    ....
}

O_Ready(...)
{
    ....
}

make_water()
{
    pthread_create( ..., NULL, (void *)H2O_func, ... );
}



    



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$B@6?e8,B?O:(B: "$B%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`(B",$B4dGH=qE9(B (1992). ISBN:
4000078526.


    




    
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Last updated: 2004/01/08 03:16:06
 
    

     Yasushi Shinjo / <[email protected]>