WF_[ÆKw\¢
----ZNVYÌÆ_Iðß´µÄ----
´{ñ
(êåw)
*{eÍAÙeuWF_[ÆKw\¢----_àÝIZNVYÌâè----vw³çÐïw¤æ61Wx(1997N10)ÉÁMC³µ½àÌÅ éBåÈC³_ÍA1.1995NSSMf[^ÉæÁÄZo³ê½lðAÅIÅf[^ÉàÆâÄêC³µ½±ÆA2.\6.Æà¾ðt¯Á¦A±êÉí¹ÄLqðêÏXµ½±ÆA3.Q-Cu_¯wªð¤----«JÍÌyvÌÓÅA_ÆvãÌu ƬvTOÉ¢ÄÌà¾Éêëèª Á½ÌðC³µ½±ÆAÅ éBܽAPÆÌ_¶ÆµÄÌÌÙð®¦é½ßAO¶ð«¼µÄ éB(1998N1C³)
Gender and Social Stratification : Toward the Anti-sexist and Integrated Class Theory
Kenji Hashimoto
(Shizuoka University)
@@In almost studies on social
stratification, the female half of humanity has been excluded
from research object. This exclusion takes two forms :
(1)exclusion from research respondents : respondents were
extracted from only male population, (2)exclusion from
theoretical propositions i.e. sexism inherent in theory :
theories of stratification itself have dispositions to ignore
women as a unit of stratification. This exclusion has produced
many unreliable results and false conclusions in various field of
studies on social stratification, such as class composition,
social mobility, diffrentiation of pesantly and historical
sociology on of education.
@@To incorporate women and gender inequality into the study
on social stratification, I investigate unit of analysis and
relations of gender and class structure. Most studies have
assumed that the family is the unit of analysis and its location
in class structure is determined by the status of the male head
of the family. In other word, the patriarchal family has been
assumed as the unit of analysis. This assumption is inadequate,
both theoretically and empirically. We have to select relevant
unit of analysis, individual or family according to research
context.
@@As to relations of gender and class structure, I identify
three distinct approach : "gender as class",
"gender as determinant of individual's class location"
and "gendered class structure". In support of third
approach, I insist that studies on social stratification must be
refounded on the basis of adequate theory on class identification
and intensive studies of labour process, especially job
segregation by sex in the work place.
@{eÌÚIÍA]ÌKw¤1)ðWF_[Ì_©çTµA»±ÉÁèÌ_IÎüª¶ÝµÄ«½±ÆA»µÄ±Ì±ÆªÀؤÌãÅà½Ìëèâ¬ðà½çµÄ«½±Æð¾ç©ÉµA»ÌãÅI^ieBuÈ_ðñÄ·é±ÆÅ éBRâ³êé׫ÅåÌâèÍAu]ÌKw¤ÍA«ð³µÄ«½vÆ¢¤A¡úÅÍLFßç꽤jãÌÀÅ éB
P.u«Ì³vÆ¢¤±ÆÌÓ¡
@]ÌKw¤ª«ð³µÄ«½Æ¢¤êA»±ÉÍÈÆàñÂÌÓ¡ª éBæêÉ«ª¤ÎÛ©çO³êÄ«½AàµÍÀèIɵ©µíêıȩÁ½Æ¢¤±ÆAæñɤÌÛɾ¦IܽÍÃÙÉOñ³ê½Kw_»Ìà̪«ð³·é\¢ðÁÄ¢½Æ¢¤±ÆÅ éB
(1)¤ÎÛ©çÌO
@«ª¤ÎÛ©çO³êÄ«½±ÆðT^Iɦ·ÌÍA1955,1965,1975NÌSSM²¸Å éB±êç̲¸ÅÍũ粸ÎÛªj«ÉÀè³êĨèA«ÊÉÖ·éÝâ·ç¶ÝµÈ¢B1985NÌSSM²¸ÅÍ«ðÎÛƵ½²¸àÀ{³ê½ªAj«Æ«ª¯êÌ¿âŲ¸³êéÌÍA1995NªßÄÅ é2)B
@±¤µ½îÍA¢EeÆàî{IÉÏíèªÈ¢BÄÅnÊB¬¤ªòôIÉWµ½1960Nãã¼Af[^ÊŤðx¦½OCG(Occupational
Changes in a Generation)²¸Íj«ÌÝð{ÌÎÛƵĨèA¿âÌ`ªÉÍ"Dear
Mr."ÆL³êÄ¢½Bµ½ªÁÄBlau@&@Duncan[1967]ðͶßÆ·é±ÌúÌã\I¤ÍÙÚ·×ÄAj«ÌÝðÎÛÆ·éàÌÅ éB³çÉãð³©ÌÚÁÄLipset@&@Bendix[1959]ð©éÆAÐïÚ®ÌÛärÉÖ·éf[^Í·×Äj«É¢ÄÌàÌAܽÄàÌÐïڮ̪ÍÉp¢çê½f[^Íu¢ÑåvðÎÛƵĢ½½ßÉTvÌñ85ÜŪj«ÅAµ©àÀÛ̪ÍÅÍu«Æ30ÎȺÌj«vªO³êÄ¢éB[bpůúÉsÈíê½²¸É¢ÄÍÚתs¾¾ªA1970NãÈ~̲¸Å૪ÎÛÆÈÁÄ¢éÌͼöxÅ é(Erikson@&@Goldthorpe[1993])B
@±Ìæ¤É«ª²¸¤ÌÎÛ©çO³ê½wiÉA«ÍÐïÉÆÁÄdvȶÝÅÍȢƢ¤A·ÊIÈF¯ª Á½±ÆÍÀ¾ë¤BܽLEÒÌTvðø¦IÉWßéÆ¢¤AZpIÈâèà Á½©àµêÈ¢Bâ誻꾯ÈçÎA¤ÒªF¯ðüßIJ¸¤ÌÎÛÉ«ðÜßéæ¤w͵³¦·êÎÏÞB¾ªAîÍ»êÙÇPÅÍÈ¢BÆ¢¤Ìͱ¤µ½«Ì³ÌwiÉÍAæè[Èû@IE_Iâèª Á½©çÅ éB
(2)û@IE_Iâè
@±¤µ½Kw¤Ì`ÉεÄßĪêIÈá»ðsÈÁ½ÌÍAAcker[1973]Å éBumIZNVYÌêá(a case of intellectual sexism)vÆ¢¤èð±Ì_¶ÅÞÍA±êÜÅÌKw¤ÉÍÃṲ̀¿É6Â̼èªÜÜêĨèA»ÌÊ«ª¤ÎÛ©çr³êÄ«½AÆ·éB½¾µÞ̦µ½6Â̼èÉÍd¡ª èA»Ì__ÍÙÚñ_És«éB»êÍA@KwVXeÌPÊÍÆ°Å èA»Ì®KwÍj«¢ÑåÌnÊÉæÁÄè³êéAAj«Æ«ÌÔÉÍs½ª éªA±êÍKwVXeÆÍÖWªÈ¢AÌñ_Å éB
@AckerÉæéÆA±êçÍ¢¸êàÀɽ·é©AܽÍ_IÉ¢ïðà½ç·¼èÅ éB»ÀÉÍ·×ÄÌlªÆ°Æ¶ð¤ÉµÄ¢éí¯ÅÍÈAÌlXªPg¢ÑŶµÄ¢éBµ©àj«¢Ñ媢ȩÁ½èA¢Äà³EÒEÞEÒÅ éÆ°ª¶Ý·éBµ½ªÁÄ@Ìæ¤È¼èͬ觽ȢµAܽ±Ìæ¤É¼èµÄµÜ¤ÆAÆg«ÌnÊÍ©ªÌnʹÉæÁÄè³êéÌÉA¥ú©çͱꪳӡÉÈéÆl¦´éð¾ÈÈèA_IêÑ«ª¸íêĵܤB¼ûAn¢üȺɢéÆëÌ40ÜŪ«ð¢ÑåÆ·éÆëÅ éªA±ÌÀͫʪKwª»Æ§ÚÈÖWÉ é±Æð¦µÄ¢éBA̼èɽµÄAKwÆ«ÊÌÔÉÍ\¢IÈÖWª¶Ý·éÌÅ éB
@ñÂ̼èÉηéÞÌá»ÍA¾ç©É`IÈKw¤Ì×ðˢĨèAÀ»ÌãÌKÆWF_[ÌÖWðß®é_ÍA±Ì2_ðSÉWJ³êÄ«½B»µÄ20NÉí½é_ÆtF~jY_ÌWðo½¡úÌ_ÅÍAAckerÌwEµ½ñÂ̼èÌÓ¡ðæè¾mÉ]¿Å«æ¤B
@æê̼èÌÓ¡·éƱëͽ©B»êÍA±êÜÅÌKw¤ªAÆ·§Æ°Ì¶Ýð^ÌOñƵA±êðªÍÌPÊƵī½AÆ¢¤±ÆÅ éB»ÌÊAWF_[ͪÍÌPÊàÌâèƵijêAÊIɳ³êé±ÆÉÈÁ½Bæñ̼èÌÓ¡·éƱëͽ©B»êÍAKw\¢ðè·éÌÍÂlÌ®«ÆͳÖWÈqÏI\¢Å èAWF_[Èǻ̼ÌvöÍIÈvöÉ·¬¸AKw¤Ì{ÌÎÛÅÍȢƳêÄ«½Æ¢¤±ÆÅ éB
@±êçñÂ̼è̹¬ð½ÇÁÄ¢¯ÎA»ê¼êWeberÆMarxÆ¢¤AKw_ÌñÂ̹¬És« ½éB
@WeberÌugªvTOÍ¡IÈvfðÜÞªA»ÌjIÈvfͶl®Å éB¶l®ðKwæªÌîÉuÈãA¶l®ð¤L·éÆ°ªªÍÌPÊÉÈéÌÍRÅ éBWF_[ÆKw¤ðß®é_ɨ¢ÄANeo-WeberianÆ̳êéGoldthorpe[1983]ªj«ðSÆ·é`IÈAv[`ðiì·é§êðÆÁ½ÌÍAôRÅÍÈ¢B¼ûAMarxÌKTOͶYÖWãÌÊuðîƵĢéBÈÆà{å`I¶YÖWÉÖ·éÀèA¶YÖWãÌÊuÍÂlÉæÁÄèßçêé©çAKÌPÊÍ ÜÅàÂlÅ èAµ©à±ÌÊuðèßé̪jÅ é©Å é©Íî{IÈâèÅÍÈ¢B»µÄ¶YÖWãÌÊuð½È¢lXA½Æ¦ÎåwÍAKªÍÌÎÛÅÍÈ¢B`IÈ}NXå`ª{ÆKÆJÒKÌKΧðªÍÌÅ_ɦA«·ÊÌâèðIâèƵĵÁÄ«½ÌÍA±¤µ½KTOÌä¦Å éB
@µ½ªÁÄAckerÌá»ÍAPÉ»ãÐïwɨ¯éKw¤ÖÌá»ÉÆÇÜéàÌÅÍÈ¢BgªAKwAKÈÇÄѼÍÙÈéƵÄàAßãÐïÈw̽ÉÆÁÄAÐïKwÍÐï»Û̪Íɨ¯éî{IȪÍÌPÊÅ Á½Ì¾©çA±Ìá»ÍßãÐïÈwÌÉηéá»Åà éBµ½ªÁÄA¼É²¸ÎÛÉ«ªÜÜê½ÆµÄàAªÍÌOñÆÈé_»ÌàÌÉWF_[ÌâèðKØɵ¦È¢\¢ª éÈãA»ê¾¯Åâèð·é±ÆÍÅ«È¢ÌÅ éBæqÌæ¤É±¤µ½`ðAAckerÍmIZNVYÆÄñ¾Bµ©µÉÍAâèÍæèî{IÈAF¯_IEû@_IÈàÌÅ èAÞµëu_àÝIZNVYvÆÅàÄÔ׫ÅÍÈ¢©ÆvíêéB
@»êÅÍÉA±¤µ½u_àÝIZNVYvªÇÌæ¤ÈÊðà½çµÄ«½Ì©ðصæ¤Bæèã°éÌÍA(1)K\¬¤A(2)nÊB¬EÐïÚ®¤A(3)_¯wªð¤A(4)wðÆÐïKwÌðjÐïwI¤AÅ éB
Q.u«Ì³vÌÊ
(1)K\¬¤----uVÔwÌgåvÍ{©
@}NXoÏwª¢¨ÍðÛÁÄ«½íãú{ÌÐïÈwÅAKÍȺ©¤ÎÛƳêé±ÆÌÈ¢ÌæÅ Á½B»ÌÅBêAêè̤Òðø«Â¯Ä«½È¢e[}ÌêªAå´[1971]Éã\³êéK\¬¤Å éB±êͨ²¸Ì¯¡vðàÆÉeKÌÊIKÍðvµæ¤Æ·éàÌÅA1950Nã©çÅßÜÅA½Ì¤ªdËçêÄ«½BƱëªA±¤µ½¤ªnÜÁ½úÌiK©çAåOÐï_Ìe¿ºÅêåEE±EwÉÚµÄK\¬\ðÇÝ©¦AVÔwªgåµÄ¢éÆ·é©ðªo»µA1964NÉÍZ³ÈÉÜűü³êÄ¢e¿ÍðÂæ¤ÉÈÁ½B±êªA¡úÜÅL¬z³êÄ¢éVÔwìå»_Ì´^Å éB±êÉεÄå´çÍAgpµÄ¢½uVÔwvÆ¢¤JeS[ðjüµAJÒKàÌu¢íäéT[}wvÖÆgÝÖ¦AJÒKƵÄ̯¿«ð²·éæ¤ÉÈÁ½(å´[1964,1968])B
@VÔwðß®é¼ÒÌ©ðɤɯĢ½ÌÍAWF_[Ì_Å éB½ÌêAK\¬\ÅÍj«Æ«ªZ³êĨèAjÊ̪ͪsÈíêéæ¤ÉÈéÌÍ1980NãÉüÁÄ©çÅ é3)B±ÌÌe¿Í«íßÄå«©Á½BÆ¢¤ÌÍAVÔwÌâèðl¦éÛÉÍ«±E̵¢ªÅåÌ|CgÉÈé©çÅ éBBernstein[1899]ÈAK¤É¨¢ÄÅà½Ì_ðÄñÅ«½ÌÍJÒKÌÍÍðǤl¦é©Æ¢¤âèÅ èAJÒKÆVÔwðæÊ·é©Û©AæÊ·éêÉͻ̫EðDZÉø©Æ¢¤âèÅ Á½BƱ몫±EÌÙÆñÇÍPȱìÆÉ]·éºw±EÅ èA±Ì«EüãÉÊuµÄ¢éB¾ç©ÉAu«ÍK\¢ÌÌÅà_ðÄÔÌæðèßÄ¢év(West[1978=1984:221])ÌÅ éBµ½ªÁÄAjðZµ½ãűEð©®IÉVÔwÉÜßéÆAVÔwÌKÍðßåÉ]¿·é±ÆÉÈéB
@¢Ü¼ÉAíÙpÌêåEÇE±E]ÒðVÔwÆ©È·±Æɵæ¤B}\1.ÍA»ÌÊIKÍÌÚðjÊÉݽàÌÅ éBVÔwÌKÍͱÌ40NÔêѵÄgåµÄ¨èAAÆlûÉèßéä¦Í1950NÌ13.7©çA1990NÉÍ29.4ÉÜÅBµ½BƱëªuVÔwvÉèßé«Ìä¦àêѵÄÁµÄ¨èA1990NÉÍÙÚ¼ðèßéæ¤ÉÈÁ½BÁɱEÅÍA«ª1092l629l(58)ðèßéÉÁÄ¢éBµ©µümÌæ¤ÉA«±EÍêÊÉáÀàÅAj«Ìæ¤ÉÇEÖAÈéLAð½È¢BKwA®Ó¯â¶«xÈÇÌãÅàAêåEæèÍÌEnûJÒÆ̯¿«ª¢(´{[1995])B±êðè`ãA{ÆKÆJÒKÌuÔvðÓ¡·é͸ÌVÔwÆ©È·±ÆÉÍA_Iɩľç©Éâèª éBâèͻ꾯ÅÍÈ¢Bj«ÇE±EÆ«±Eð¯¿Ì¶ÝƩȵ½ãÅuVÔwªgåµ½vÆ·é©ðÉÍA«±EªÀàâLAÌãÅͺwJÒÅ é±ÆðBÁµA«·ÊðÆß·éøʪ éB
@»±Å«±EðVÔw©çO·éÆAVÔwÌAÆlûÉèßéä¦Í1950NÅ11.2A1990NÅÍ19.1ÆÈéBm©ÉSÌÉèßéä¦ÍÁµÄ¢éªA»ÌÁ¦ÍíÙpÒSÌÌÁ¦æèáAíÙpÒÉèßéä¦ÍẵĢéB»ÌÅ«ªèßéä¦ÍA1950Nª10.4A1990NÍ22.3ÆåµÄÍ¢éªAËRƵÄ2ÉÆÇÜéBuVÔwÌgåvÆ¢¤©ðÍA«·Êð³·é±ÆÉæÁĬ§·é¾à¾Á½ÌÅ éB
(2)nÊB¬¤----Ú®\¢Ì«·
@Ú®\ªÍÆpXðÍÆ¢¤ñÂÌeNmW[ðìg·éÐïÚ®EnÊB¬¤ÍA»ãÐïwɨ¯éÀؤÌÔ`Æࢦé¶ÝÅ Á½Bµ©µf[^̧ñà èA±êÜŪÍÎÛƳêÄ«½ÌÍÙÆñÇj«ÌÝÅ éBú{ÅÍ1985NSSM²¸ÉæÁÄßÄ«É¢Ä̪ͪÂ\ÉÈÁ½ªAÈ¢¤Ì¢Â©ÍA«Íj«æèÚ®¦ªAܽeÌ®Kw©çó¯ée¿ª¬³¢±ÆðwEµÄ¢é4)B¼É»¤¾Æ·êÎAj«ÌÝðÎÛƵ½]̤ÍÐïÚ®Êð߬]¿µAogKwÌe¿ðßå]¿µÄ«½±ÆÉÈéBܽÐïÚ®Ę̂É¢ÄàA]¿ðëÁÄ¢éÂ\«ª ë¤B±±ÅÍAÚ®\Ìî{IȪÍÅÀðmFµÄÝæ¤B
@}\2.ÍA1985NÆ1995NÌññÌSSM²¸©çAjÊÉÚ®wW̨ðݽàÌÅ éBj«ÌêAÀÚ®¦ÍÏ»µÄ¢È¢àÌÌÚ®¦ÍåÉÁµÄ¨èA»ÌÓ¡ÅYÆ»¼àͬ§µÄ¢éÆ¢¦éBƱ몫ÅÍAàÆàÆj«Éä×ÄÚ®¦ªAµ©àÚ®¦ªsÏAàµÍí¸©ÉẵĨèA»ÌÊAÚ®¦Ìj·Íåɸµ½5)B²¸_ªÅßÌ2_ÉÀçêéÌÅ_ÉÍTdÅ é׫¾ªA̱ÆÍm©¾ë¤B
@®KwªeÌ®KwÉKè³êéJjYÉ͢©ªl¦çêéªA»ÌåvÈàÌÌêÂÍÆÆÌp³Å éBƱ몫Íj«Ì«å¤¾¢ª¢È¢êð«AÆÆÌp³ðßçêéÂ\«ª¬³¢Bµ½ªÁÄ«ÌûªAeÌ®Kw©ç©RÉÈèâ·¢Bµ©µYÆ»ÆÆàÉp³Â\ÈÆÆðcÞAÆlû͸·é©çAj«ÌêÉÍÚ®¦ªÁ·é±ÆÉÈë¤BƱ몫ÌêÉÍAàÆàÆÆÆðp³·éÂ\«ª¬³©Á½½ßAYÆ»ªiñÅàÚ®¦ªÁ·é]nª¬³¢B±¤l¦êÎYÆ»¼àªAåÉj«ðzèµ½¼à¾Á½Æ¢¤±Æªª©éB
(3)_¯wªð¤----«JÍÌy
@ÐïÚ®¤ÍAÐïw¾¯ÅsÈíêÄ«½í¯ÅÍÈ¢B_ÆoÏwÅÍíO©çÅßÜÅA_¯wªð̤ªÉißçêīĨèA»Ì¤~ÏÍÐïwɨ¯éÐïÚ®¤ðÍé©ÉãñéB_¯wªð¤ÅÍAÐïwIȤÉä×éÆ«ÌâèÉεÄêèÌÓª¥íêÄ«½Æ¢¦éB½Æ¦ÎìK[1942]ÉÍ·ÅÉjÊ̪ͪ éµAZTXf[^â_º²¸ÉîäÌÈ©çʪÍA«Êðl¶µ½ªÍðsÈÁÄ¢éB
@µ©µSÌÆ·êÎ_¯wªð¤àAWF_[EoCAXðÆêÄ¢½í¯ÅÍÈ¢B»Ì±ÆÍA¤ÌÅ_ªu ƬvÆuOjvÉ ÄçêÄ«½±ÆÉAT^IÉ»êÄ¢éB_ÆvãÌu ƬvÆÍÆÌãpÒðwµA±ÌÉÍ·jÈOÌjqàÜÜêéBƱ몽̤ÍAu Ƭvð·jÆOñµÄuOjvÆÎÆ·éû@ðÌÁÄ«½B½Æ¦ÎÀØ[1957]ÍAOjÍíOúÉÍw²ãÌêèúÔA_·é±Æª½©Á½ÌÉεAíãÅͼÚÉ_ÆÈOÌEÉAXüªÜèAܽu Ƭv̬oà¦Ä«½±Æ©çAߢ«ú{Ì_ÆËÆ_ÆAÆlûÉÍî{IÈÏ»ª¶¶é¾ë¤AÆq×Ä¢éB±±ÅÌl@ÍA¾ç©Éj«¾¯Éü¯çêÄ¢éBÀØÌ\ªÍåØɨ¢Ä³µ©Á½Æ;¦éªA»êÅàj«ª¬oXüðßéêûÅ«ª_ÆJÍÉèßé䦪ÜÁ½½ßA_ÆË¥_ÆAÆlûÍ©Èè·úÉí½ÁÄ¢
ÉÛ³êÄ«½ÌÅ éB
@»Ìãú{Ì_ÆÍA¢Ñåâ ƬÌ_OAJªÁµAÆ_ÆÌúð}¦éB±¤µÄ_ÆJÍɨ¯é«Ì䦪Üé±ÆÉÈé̾ªA±ÌúÉͱÌÏ»ð_ÆJÍÌ¿ÌáºÆKè·é_¶ª±o·éB½Æ¦Î²[1968]ÍA_ÆAÆlûÌ«»XüðwEµ½ãÅAuxÈ@B¥Zpðg¢±ÈµA_Æocð¿IÉx»µÄä½ßÉÍAßÌ`¥öKÉÆçíêÈ¢AáXµ¢ocÌS¢èªKvÅ éªAêÊIÈ«»¥Vî»ÌXüÍܳɻêÆtsµÄ¢évÆ¢¤B¨ä[1965]ÉÁÄÍAú{Ì_ÆÍu³ÆëÌàÉÆÇÜé׫wlðÞêÉ@«o·±ÆÉæÁÄA_ÆÌJÍs«ð½Æ©Ø貯æ¤Æµ½v̾AÆ¢¤B¢¤ÜÅàÈ¢±Æ¾ªAíOúEíãúðʶīÍAíÉ_ÆJÌåvÈS¢è¾Á½ÌÅ èAíOúÅà_ÆAÆlûÌ45öxðèßÄ¢½(I´[1943])B±êçÌ©ðÍA±¤µ½«Ì_ÆJÍƵÄÌv£ðA®Sɳ·éàÌÆ¢í´éð¾È¢B
@µ½ªÁÄ_¯wªð¤É¨¢ÄàA_ÆogÌ«½¿ªÇÌæ¤ÈÚ®ðo±µ½©É¢Ä̤ÍÀçêéB±±ÅÍ1995NSSMf[^ðp¢AåÉíãÉw²EAEðo±µ½¢ãÉ¢ÄAÈPȪÍðñ¦µÄ¨±¤B}\3ÍA_ÆogÒÌo¶ÊÊK\¬\Å éB·jÅÍ_¯w䦪23.6ÆA¼ðå«ãñÁÄ¢éBµ©µOjà7.3¾©çA»êÙÇá¢í¯ÅÍÈ¢B»êÈãÉÚ³êéÌÍA·EOÌ_¯w䦪»ê¼ê12.3A12.0ÉàBµÄ¢é±ÆÅ éB_ÆogÌ«ª_¯wÌåvȹÌê¾Á½±Æªí©éBÚ®æðÝéÆA«ÅÍJÒKÌ䦪½Aj«ÅÍJÒKÆÀñÅVÔwÌ䦪嫢B±¤µÄ©éÆA«ÍJÒKÌåvȹŠèA_¯wªðßöÌSÉÊuµÄ¢½±Æªª©éB
\3@_¯wogÒÌo¶ÊÊK\¬(N=1402)
(4)wðÆÐïKwÌðjÐïwI¤----Æ·§Æ°ÌOñ
@ßNA³çÐïwÅÍuðjÐïwvÆÄÎêéÌæŤÌ~Ϫµ¢B»Ìe[}ͽòÉí½éªA±±ÅÍwðÆÐïKwÉÖ·éã\IȤŠéVì[1991]ðæèã°æ¤B±Ì¤ÍºÉ§ÌOgÂRðtB[hƵÄA¶¿ÌûWÆÆàÉOOÈ·«æ貸ðsÈ¢A¯Ì¶¢EÖÌwðå`ÌZ§ßöð¾ç©Éµ½JìÅ éBµ©µA»±ÉÍÆ·§Æ°ð©¾ÌOñƵ½±ÆÉR·é¢Â©Ìâè_ª éB
@Vì[1991]ͤÌåèð4_ÉÜÆßÄ¢éªA»Ìêªu«ÉÆÁÄÌwðÌâèvÅ éBƱ못±ÉËRAu¥±»ªl¶ÌÅIIÈÚWƳê½íOúvÆ¢¤K誽̪঳¸É±ü³êA±êª¤Ìî²ÉÈÁÄ¢Bµ½ªÁÄuâèͻ̥ÜÅÌÔÌß²µûÉ évÆAl@ÌÎÛª`±³çC¹©ç¥ÜÅÌñ10NÔÉÀè³êé±ÆÉÈé(Vì[1991:13,95-97])B±êðó¯Ägc[1991]ÍAwZ²ÆÒÌiHÉ¢Ģµ½ãÅu²ÆÒÍwÆëxwiwxwAExÌÇÌiHðÆÁ½ÆµÄàANãÉÒÁÄ¢½ÌÍw¥xÅ èAêÆåwƵÄ̶¾Á½v6)ƵÄzôÒÌEÆÌ¢ÉÚèAuogÒÍwðæ¾ÉæÁÄî¶ÒÉÈÁ½ÒÆ¥·é±ÆÉæÁÄAÔK©çVÔKÖAܽAS©çÆsÖÆÚ®µÄ¢Á½vÆ_·é(gc[1991:128,130])B
@ʽµÄ»¤Å 뤩B\4.Í1995NSSM²¸©çZoµ½AwZ²ÆÒÌ¥ãÌåEÅ éBm©É³Eªñ¼ðèßÄÍ¢éBµ©µêåEÇE±EÌEÉA¢½ÒÌä¦Í23.5ÉãèAµÄÈ¢ÆÍ¢¦È¢BAÆãÌnÊ©ç©éÆAÆ°]ÆÒª21.9ƽ¢ÌÍRƵÄàAocÒEðõÆíÙêÊ]ÆÒª13.2A©cÆåE©RÆÒª7.7ÉãÁÄ¢éBwZ²ÆÒ͵ÄêÆåwΩè¾Á½í¯ÅÍÈ¢BƱëªVìç̤ÅÍAu«=êÆåwvÆ¢¤»à»àÌOñ𨢽±Æ©çA«{lÉ¢ÄÌÀ̾ª¥_ÜÅÅXgbvµAÈãÍ®KwªzôÒÌ®KwÉÒ³³êĵܤÌÅ éB
@
@Æ·§Æ°Æ¢¤±ÆÆÖíÁÄAà¤ê_wEµÄ¨±¤BLc[1991]ÉæéÆAå³úÜÅÌ_ÆÅÍ Æ¬Šé·jÉwðÍsv¾ÆÝȳêAiw³¹éÌÍOjÉÀçêÄ¢½B»µÄºaúÉÍ·jàiw³¹éXüª¶ÜêéªA»êÍ ÜÅà ƬÆÈé±ÆðOñµ½àÌÅ èAºa40NãÉÈÁÄà·jÌwðð}§·éXüªêÉ Á½AÆ¢¤BʽµÄ{¾ë¤©B
@}\5.ÍA_¯wogÒÌwððo¶R[z[gÊEo¶ÊÊÉݽàÌÅ éBm©É1910-19N¶ÜêÌR[z[gÅÍAOjÌûªwðª¢Æ¢¦éBµ©µwÈãÖÌiw¦Ì·Í2{öxÅ èA·jÖÌwðÌ}§ªxzI¾Á½ÆÍ¢¦È¢BtÉ1900-09N¶ÜêR[z[gÅÍA¬ÈãÖÌiw¦Í·jÌûª¢BSÌIÉ©ÄAOjÌûªwðª¢Æ¢¤ÌÍAK¸µàêÊIÈXüÅÍÈ¢B
@½¾µA1955NSSMf[^ÌwðR[hÍAIðÉÀÆwZ¥ÂNwZªÜÜêĢȢÈÇAM«É¯éÆvíê骪 éB»±ÅA1965NSSMf[^ÌVwðR[h)ðp¢ÄA_¯wogÒÌo¶R[z[g¥o¶ÊÆwðÌÖWðݽ̪\6.Å éBÀ;ç©Å éBÇÌR[z[gðÆÁÄàA·jÆOjɾmÈwðÌ·ÍFßçêÈ¢BÔ2æèÌÊÅÍA¢¸êÌR[z[gÉ¢ÄàA¼ÒÌ·Í20 ÅLÓÅÍÈ¢B
@¿ÈÝÉíãÉ¢ÄÍAw_ÆAÆ®ü²¸xÉtµÄsÈíêÄ¢éu_ÆqíÌVKw²ÒÌ®üv²¸©çA Ƭ¥ñ ƬÊÌZiw¦¥åwiw¦ðmé±ÆªÅ«éBÚ×É¢ÄÍ´{[1998]É÷éªA1975N ÜÅÍêѵÄAZiw¦¥åwiw¦Æà ƬÌÙ¤ªAñ ƬjqÌiw¦Í ƬÌÝÈç¸qðàºñÁÄ¢éB±¤µ½ÀÌêÍ·ÅÉAÀ[1965]ªwEµÄ¢é±ÆÅ éB
@ܽA_ÆÌ·jªêlÉu ƬvƩȳêÄ¢½Æ¢¤zèÉà^âªcéBìÉæéÆAu]íªÅÍA·jPƱ§ªS_ºÉsÈíêÄ«½©Ìæ¤ÉRÆzè·él¦ûªxzµÄ¢éBµ©µA±êÍÀɽ·éöoÅ év(ì[1957:71])B»ÀÉͪ±âq±EoƱÈÇ̳ܴÜȱ`Ôª Á½ÌÅ èA·jð©®IÉ Æ¬Æzè·é±ÆÍÅ«È¢BÀA±[1995]ÍA·jÌPƱÍú{ÅÍxzIÅ éàÌÌA¼ú{ÅÍK¸µàxzIÅÈ©Á½±Æð¾ç©ÉµÄ¢éBܽVì窲¸ÎÛÉIñ¾ºÉ§ªAK¸µà·jPƱÌxzIÈnæÅÍÈ¢Æl¦éªÍ éB1950NãÉSenÌOjÌ_ÆAÆóµðärµ½{o[1956]ÉæéÆAºÉ§ÅÍ·jæèOjÌAÆúª½AÞµëOjª_ÆÌåvÈS¢èÉÈÁÄ¢½Bw²ãÌu¨çòövªÞµÂ Á½±ÌúÉOjª_ÆÌS¾Á½Æ¢¤±ÌÀÍAOjÌ©Èè̪ª ƬA é¢Íª±Ò¾Á½±Æ𦴷éàÌÅ é7)B
@VìçÌ_Ʊ±Å¦µ½ÀÆÌH¢á¢Ì´öÌêÍAOgÂRnæÌÁê«É ë¤B¶Á³¢VìÍA±ÌnæÍu¯ÁµÄã\IÆàT^IÆࢢª½¢vÆATdÈÔxðæÁÄ¢é(Vì[1991:12])Bµ©µ¯ÉA̱Æð^ÁÄæ¢B»êÍA±Ì¤ÉÍ©çA_ºnæÌÆ°Í·jPƱ̼nÆ°Å èAµ©àÈÍêÆåw¾Æ¢¤Oñª Á½ÌÅÍÈ¢©Æ¢¤±ÆÅ éBÂÜè·jSÌ`Æ°ÆÆêSÒÌ¢éßãjÆ°Ì~NX`
AÆࢤ׫ÁèÌÆ°A¢íÎ`|ßã¡^ÌÆ·§Æ°ªA¤ÌOñ©ÂªÍÌî{PÊƳêÄ¢½ÌÅÍÈ¢©B±Ì_ÉÓµÄÇÝÔ·ÆA·«æ貸ÌÊÌÈ©çʪªAÂËɱ¤µ½Æ°fÌmFÖÆ®õ³êÄ¢é±Æªª©éB
R.WF_[ÆKw\¢Ì_»Éü¯Ä
@Èã©çAÆ·§Æ°ð^̪ÍPÊƵAܽ«·ÊÌâèðKw\¢ÆͳÖWÆ©È·ðªAKw¤ÌÎÛ©ç«ðr·éÊð¶Ý¾µ½±ÆA»µÄKw¤É½Ìëèâ¬AܽÍÀmèÌãÅÌ^â𶶳¹Ä«½±Æ;穾ë¤B»êÅÍtF~jYÌå£É[𵽱̧íÉAKw¤ÍǤ¦é׫È̾뤩B±êÜÅ̤ð®·éÆÆàÉA©gÌ©ððq×é±Æɵ½¢B½¾µ±ÌÌæÅdvȤð~ϳ¹Ä«½ÌÍåÉ}NXå`tF~jYÆ}NXå`K_Å èALqÍKðSÆ·éàÌÉÈéB
(1)ªÍÌPÊÌâè
@ªÍÌPÊðÆ°ÆOñ·é±ÆªA½Ìâè𶶳¹é±Æ;ç©Å éB©Æ¢ÁÄAªÍÌPÊð·×ÄÂlÆ·é±ÆÉàâèª éBLÌPÊA é¢ÍÁï=ĶYÌPÊƵÄÌÆ°Ìdv«Íå«A»Ì½ßÉÆ°ÍAeÆ°¬õÌKw®ÌøÊð¼ÌÆ°¬õÉÜÅgy³¹¸Éͨ©È¢©çÅ éB
@Wright[1989]ͱÌâèªAK®ªøÊðö·éJjYÆ¢¤AK_ÌÅàîbIÈâèÉÖíéàÌÅ éÆwEµ½BÞÉæéÆK\¢Íu¼ÚIÈÖWvÆu}î³ê½ÖWv̼ҩçÈèAÆ°ÍÆÆÆàÉA}î³ê½ÖWÌåvÈvfð\¬µÄ¢éB»µÄWF_[ÖWÍA±Ì}î³ê½ÖWÌ\¬IÈvfÅ éB±Ì¼ÒÌÎIÈdv«ÍÐïÉæÁÄÙÈèA«Í}î³ê½ÖWªdvÈÐïÅÍvÌ®K©çÌe¿ðó¯AdvÅÈ¢ÐïÅÍ©ª©gÌ®K©çÌe¿ðó¯éB»ÌãÅÞÍAÄÆXEF[fÌär©çAÄÅÍ}î³ê½ÖWªDzIÅ éÌÉεAXEF[fÅͼÒÌøʪ¯Å éÆ_µ½B
@µ©µ¼ÒÌøÊÍÐïÉæÁÄÙÈ龯ÅÍÈAK®ªe¿·éâèÌÌæÉæÁÄàÙÈé͸ŠéB½Æ¦ÎÀàâJÔÍî{IÉ{lÌK®ÉæÁÄè³êéªASÊIȶ
ͼÌÆ°©çÌe¿ðó¯é¾ë¤Bµ½ªÁÄäXÍAÂlPÊÌK®ÆÆ°ðl¶µ½K®ÌñíÞðAÐïÉæÁÄAܽâèÌÌæÉæÁÄg¢ª¯ê΢¢±ÆÉÈéBDuke@&@Edgell[1987]ͱ̼Òð»ê¼êREA(respondent
economically active)AHALL(household all) ÆÄÑAªÍÚIɶļÒðg¢ª¯é׫¾AƵ½B´{[1989]ÌuÂlIÈK®vuÆ°ÆAÚ»µ½K®vA·R[1995]ÌuKóµvu¶l®óµvÌæÊàA±êÆÙÚ¯¶ACfAÉæéàÌÅ éB
@céâèÍAÆ°ðl¶µ½K®ðÇÌæ¤É»è·é©Å éB`IAv[`ÍA»Ìîð©®IÉj«¢Ñåɨ¢½Bµ©µ½Ì²¸ÍALE«ÌÓ¯âs®ªvÆÌK®©çͤÜà¾Å«È¢±ÆAܽvÌÓ¯âs®àÈÌK®ÉêèöxKè³êÄ¢é±Æð¦µÄ¢éB±ÌâèÉεÄêÂÌð𦵽ÌÍAErikson[1984]Å Á½BÞÍA@vwÌêûµ©EÆð½È¢êÍAEÆðÂûÌK®ðÌp·éAA¼ÒÆà¯êÌEÆðÂêÍA±êð»ÌÜܼÒÌK®Æ·éAƵ½ãÅAÈÆvªÙÈéEÆðÂêÉ¢ÄAÈÆvÌEÆâJÔ©çeXÌK®ð»è·é¡Ì豫ðÝèµÄà¾ÍÌärðsÈÁ½B»ÌÊAvÆÈ̤¿nÊÌ¢ûÌK®ðp¢éû@(uDz«vf)Ìà¾ÍªÅࢱƪ¦³ê½B±Ì_ÍA1985NSSMf[^ðp¢½ªÍÅàx³êÄ¢é(´{[1989])B
@±Ì豫ÉæêÎAêÆåwÌK®ÍvÌK®Æ¯êÆ»è³êéBܽú{Ìæ¤É«ÌEÆInʪᢻóÅÍAå½ÌÆëÅÍvÌK®ªÈÌK®ðè·é±ÆÉÈéB¾Æ·êÎAj«ðîÉu¤û@ÉàAÎÛÖÌæêÚßƵÄÍ»êÈèÌÓ¡ª éÆ¢¤±ÆÉÈë¤B½¾µAXEF[fÌæ¤É½xÌ¢ÐïÅÍA»ÌÀèÅÍÈ¢BuÐïªÆ·§IÅ êÎ éÙÇA³hÌ_ÍæÄÍÜévÌÅ éiMann[1986:44]jB±ÌÓ¡Åà`IÈAv[`ÍAÆ·§Æ°ð^ÌOñÆ·éà̾Á½Æ¢¤±Æªæª©éB
@±¤µÄAckerÌñNµ½æêÌâèÍAÐÆܸððݽƢ¦éB
(2)WF_[ÆK\¢
@æñÌâèÍAWF_[ÆK\¢ÌÖWÅ éB±êÉ¢ÄÍåʵÄA3ÂÌ壪 éÆ¢¦éBæêÍuWF_[KvàAæñÍuWF_[K®èvövàAæOÍuWF_[»³ê½K\¢vàÅ éB
A.uWF_[Kvà
@«Æj«ÌÔÌoÏIÈxz-]®ÖWªêíÌKÖWÅ éÆ¢¤zÍAEngels[1884]É·ÅÉ©çêAܽMarx@&@Engels[1845-46]ÉàuÈÆq½¿ªvÌzêÅ éæ¤ÈÆ°vÉKÖWÌGèª éAƵ½Lqª éBµ©µ±Ì壪LÍÈxð¾éæ¤ÉÈéÌÍA1960NãÈ~ÌtF~jYÌWÈ~̱ÆÅ éB»ÌÅà¡úAÅàLmçêÄ¢éÌÍDelphy[1984]Å ë¤8)B
@ÞÉæéÆAäXÌÐïÉÍuYƧl®(industrial
mode)vÆuÆ°§l®(family mode)vÆ¢¤ñÂ̶Yl®ª éBåªÌàÍYƧl®Å¶Y³êéªAÆàT[rXAçÈÇÍÆ°§l®Å¶Y³êéB»µÄOÒÍ{§IïæÆA±êÉîÃKÖWðAãÒÍÆ·§IïæÆA±êÉîÃKÖW𶶳¹éÌÅ é(Delphy[1984:69-75])BDelphyÌå£Íãì[1990]ÌÐîÉæÁÄú{ÅàLmçêéæ¤ÉÈÁ½ªAܾKw¤Ée¿ð^¦éÉÍÁĢȢB±êÉεĢÄÅÍAKw¤ÌªìÅàêèÌxª©çêéB½Æ¦ÎWalby[1986]ÍAvÆåwÍuÆ·§I¶Yl®(patriarchal
mode of production)vÌÅÙÈéKIÊuðèßĨèAù¥ÌLEÒÍ{å`I¶Yl®ÆÆ·§I¶Yl®Ì¼ÒÉñdÌK®ðÂAƵ½B
@ßN̤ÅÚ³êéÌÍAªÍI}NXå`(Analytical
Marxism)ÆÄÎêé_ª¬9)©ç¶Üê½Carling[1991]Å éB±ÌÅCarlingªsÈÁ½ÌÍAQ[_ÆIIð_ðpµÈªçKÌîb_ðJµA»ÌãÅWF_[ÆKÌÖWð¢·éìÆÅ éBÞÉæêÎAKÆÍuÐïI¶YÍÌLÌᢩ綶½AÐïIÏtóÔɨ¯éÌnIÈÌi·v̱ÆÅ éB±Ìè`Íê©·éÆ]ÌKTOÆå«ÙÈéæ¤É©ó¯çêé©àµêÈ¢ªAÀÍRoemer[1982]ÌsÈÁ½}NXå`IKTOÌêÊ»ðx[XƵĢéB»µÄ«ÌÀàªj«æèá¢ðºÅÈÆvªJÍÌÅKzªðsȤÆAKRIÉÈÍåÉÆJAvÍåÉÀJÆ¢¤ªÆª¶¶Aµ©àJÔÍÈÌûª·ÈéB±±©çÞÍAWF_[ÍKƩȳêé׫¾Æ_µ½B
@ÈãÌæ¤ÈuWF_[=KvàÍAù¶ÌKw¤Ì_uÉεÄSÊIɧí·éàÌÅ éB൱êðó¯üêéÈçÎAKw\¢Ìc¬ÌdûâKw®Ì»fîAªÍè@ÈÇÌ弪Aå«ÈÏXðçêé±ÆÉÈë¤Bµ©µ¢¸êÌà¾ÅàA«JÒªáÀàEánÊÌóÔɨ©êéRª¼ÚÉÍླêÈ¢B{å`I¶Yl®ÆÆ·§I¶Yl®ðæʵÄAOÒð¶YAãÒðÆ°ÉÊuïĵܤÆAOÒÌàɨ¯é«·ÊÌྪ¢ïÉÈéµACarlingÌà¾ÅÍ«ÌáÀàª^ƳêÄ¢éBܽáÀàÆÆSÍÝâÖWÉ èAñÂÌKKèðƧÌàÌÆ©È·±ÆÉÍ^âàcéB½¾µDelphyÉֵĢ¦ÎA»Ìå£Ì{ÌÓ`ÍêåÌæƵÄÌKw¤Éηéá»Æ¢¤æèÍAÐïÈwÌÖÌá»A»µÄ«ðú_ÖÌv£Æ¢¤Æ±ëÉ èA±¤µ½âè_ª»Ì¿lð¸¸éàÌÅÍÈ¢B
B.uWF_[K®èvövà
@±êÍWF_[ðK®ÌåvÈèvöÉÊuïéàÌÅ éB±êðÅɾmÉ壵½Hartman[1981=1991]ÉæéÆA}NXå`Í{å`ÐïÌK\¢ð¾ç©Éµ½àÌÌAu¾êªÇÌêðßé̩ྷé±ÆªÅ«È¢vB»µÄuWF_[âlíÌqGL[±»ªA¾êªÇÌóðßé©ðè·éBÆ·§ÍPÈéqGL[IgDÈÌÅÍÈAÁèÌlÔªÁèÌêðèßéqGL[vÈÌÅ éB
@½¾µ±Ì§êÍA¨»çÍÞÌÓ}ɽµÄA³hÌK_ƪtF~jXgÌá»ð©í·½ßÉp³êé±ÆÉÈÁ½B½Æ¦ÎWestergaardÍAu«Éæés½ÍilíÉæés½Æ¯lj©Èè̪ÜÅKIs½ðʶÄ\»³êA»ÌtÅÍÈ¢BÀÛA«ÍA»Ìj«ÖÌ]®Ì½ÌªðiSÅÍÈ¢jccKÌoÏIÌÌärIᢧêÉu©êé±ÆðʶÄA̱·éviWestergaard[1993:105]jÆ¢¤BÂÜèAܸK\¢âKàÌqGL[ª èA»ÌãÅWF_[ª®KâKàÅÂlªèßéÊuðè·éAÆ¢¤ÌÅ éB ÜÅàåvÈqGL[ÍAK\¢Ì¤É éBµ½ªÁı̧êɧÂÆAK_»ÌàÌðå«C³·éKvªÈÈéÌÅ éiYoung[1981=1991],
Acker[1988]jBÀAWestergaardªãÌæ¤É壵½ÌÍAWF_[âGXjVeBÌdv«ð²µÄK_ÌLø«ðÛè·éc_ÖÌá»ÆµÄÅ Á½10)B
@µ©µ±ÌðÉÍ^âàå«¢BAckerªá¦µ½æ¤ÉAn¢wâáÀàJÒ̽ª«ÉæÁÄèßçêÄ¢éÆ¢¤ÀÍA«ªJsêÉQü·é±ÆÉæÁÄA»êÈOÉͶݵȩÁ½^CvÌn¢w----«ºwJÒwª`¬³ê½Æ¢¤±Æ𦴷éB«ÌÙpJÖÌQüÉæÁÄAKw\¢ÍÏ»µ½ÌÅ éB±Ì±ÆÍAú{ɨ¯ép[gJÒÌÁðl¦Äà¾ç©¾ë¤Bù¥«ªp[gJÒƵÄQü·é±ÆÉæèA½Ìj«JÒÍÙpÌÀèÆÀàðó·éæ¤ÉÈÁ½Bܽ½ÌÅÍA±EÖQüµ½«½¿ªºw±Ewð\¬·éæ¤ÉÈÁ½ÊAj«ÍãwzCgJ[ÌnÊðÛá³êé±ÆÉÈÁ½Æ¢¦éiGoldthorpe[1983],
Abbott@@Sapsford[1986]jB
C.uWF_[»³ê½K\¢và
@±Ìæ¤Él¦éÆK\¢ÆWF_[ÍAPÉWF_[ªK®ÌèvöÌêÂÉÈéÆ¢¤OIÈÖWÅÎêÄ¢éÌÅÍÈA\¬IÈÖWÉ éÆ¢¦éBuWF_[»³ê½K\¢(gendered
class structure)vàÍA±Ì_ÉÚ·éàÌÅ éB
@Mann[1986]ÉæéÆA«Í½ÌêA éKÌj«½¿Æ»ÌºÊÉÊu·éKÌj«½¿ÌÔÌÉÕÑ(buffer
zone)ÉÊuµAuKIªh(quasi-class fraction)vð\¬µÄ¢éB»ÌÓ¡ÅWF_[ÉæéZOQ[VÍAoÏIKw»ÌSIJjYÅ éBuKwÍ¢ÜâWF_[»³êĨèAWF_[ÍKw»³êÄ¢évÌÅ é(Mann[1986:56])B±êðó¯ÄAndes[1992]ÍAuKÍj«SÌKÆ«SÌKÆÉZOQCg³êÄ¢évÆ¢¤¼àðf[^ÉîâÄصAmèIÈ_ð¾Ä¢éB±Ì¼ÒÍ¢¸êàæiÐïðzèµ½c_¾ªA±êÉεÄWerlhof[1986=1995]ÍæO¢EÌK\¢ÌªÍ©çA«ÊÆKÆÌÎÖWªÜ·Ü·¾mÉÈèA»ÌÅ«ªÅºwKÉÊuïçêéÆÆàÉAj«Ì½ÍxzKÌ«Éηéxzð}î·éuÔKvƵĻêéAÆ壵½B
@ÈãÌæ¤Èå£ÍAÆ·§Æ{å`I¶Yl®ªAñ³IVXeð\¬·éÆ¢¤æèÍuÙØ@vIÈÖW(Werlhof[1986=1995:185])É èA»Ì̪K\¢ðèµÄ¢éAÆ·éàÌÅ éBuWF_[KvàÉñ³_IXüª¢±ÆÍAæqµ½BuWF_[K®èvövààAWF_[ðK\¢OÌvöÆ©È·_Åñ³_Ìêí(½¾µAK\¢ÌûªDzIÈvöƳêé±Æª½¢)Å é±ÆÉÏíèÍÈ¢B±êÉεÄuWF_[»³ê½K\¢vàÍA±¤µ½ñ³_ð·éÆÆàÉAÀØIÈKw¤ÉàLxɦ´ð^¦éàÌÆ¢¦éB
(3)uwWF_[ÆKwx¤vð´¦Ä
@µ©µuWF_[»³ê½K\¢vÆ¢¤âèÝèÌÓ¡·é±ÆÍd¢B]©ç éuwWF_[ÆKwx¤vÆ¢¤¾¢ûÍAuWF_[vÆuKwvªOÝIÈÖWÉ é±ÆðOñƵȪçAKw®ânÊB¬AÐïÚ®ßöÈÇÌj·ðoµæ¤Æ·éÝðÓ¡·é±Æª½©Á½B»µÄ»ÌêA¯êÌEƪÞA¯êÌAÆãÌnʪÞA¯êÌEÆÐMÚxªj«Æ«ÉKp³êÄ«½Bµ©µKw\¢»Ìà̪WF_[Æ\¬IÈÖWÉ éÈçÎA±Ìæ¤È¤û@ÍÊpµÈ¢BæêÉKw\¢Ì_IÈc¬»ÌàÌÌiK©çWF_[ªl¶ÉüêçêȯêÎÈçÈ¢µAæñÉKw®ð»f·é½ßÌÚx\¬©Ìª©¼µÌÎÛÆÈç´éð¾È¢B±Ìñ_É¢ġãsíêé׫ìÆÌÈPÈ©æè}ð`±ÆÅA{eÌÑÉ©¦½¢B
@Kw¤ÌîbIÈÏƵÄÌEÆÌdv«ÍA®©µª½¢Bµ©µÈªç]̤ÅÍAeEÆàÍÏ¿Å èA¯êEÆÅ êΫÊÉÖí縯êÌKwÉÜßçêéƼèµÄ«½Æ¢¤âèª Á½B«±EðêÊIÉVÔwÉÜßé±ÆªÅ«È¢±ÆÍæÉwEµ½ªA¯ḻÆͼÌEÆÉࢦéBÌET[rXEÍAÊíum}j
Avƪ޳êéªA±ÌÉÍÇEÖÂȪéLAðÂå²jqÌcÆEÌSÒAÚqT[rXõ©çA«p[gXõÜŪÜÜêéBܽêåEÌÉÍAåªðj«ªèßéxêåE©çAÅìèÌæ¤É³iÅåÉ«ªAEÆÜŪÜÜêéB¯êwðE¯êiÅ èȪçAÀÛÌE±ªjÅå«ÙÈé±ÆརBÉà©©íç¸ù¶ÌEƪÞð@BIÉÄÍßé±ÆÉæÁÄA]ÌKw¤ªj«Æ«Ìi·Ì¶ÝðBɵī½±ÆÍÔá¢È¢B
@»Ì̽ßÉÍAæêÉEÆðeKwÉèUé½ßÌîð¾mɵAæñɯêEÆàEEêà«ÊE±ª£É¢Ä̪Í11)ðʶÄAeEÆÌ«iðjÊɾç©É·éÆ¢¤ñÂÌìÆðs¢A»ÌãÅeEÆÆeKwJeS[ÌÎÖWðAjÊÉÁè·êÎæ¢B½Æ¦Î}NXå`K_Ìæ¤ÉKæªÌîð¶Yvf(¶YèiÆJÍ)̧ÖWÉuÈçÎAeEƪ¶Yvf̧ÖWÌÅèßéÊuðjÊɾç©É·éìÆðʶÄA»ê¼êÌ®KðÁè»Å«æ¤B±ÌìÆÌßöÅÍAù¶ÌEÆJeS[»ÌàÌÌ©¼µàAKvÉÈÁÄé͸ŠéB
@t^CJÒÈOÌêÍAªÍÌPÊðl¶·é±ÆªKvÉÈéBêÆåwÍAÆ°PÊɨ¢ÄÌÝ®KwðÂAeKwàÌêJeS[Æl¦é±ÆªÅ«éBÞ½¿ÍA½Æ¦ÎJÒK¢ÑåwwAVÔw¢ÑåwwAÈÇÆ檳êæ¤Bܽp[g^CJÒÍAÂlPÊÅͺwJÒÅ èȪçAÆ°PÊÅͱêÆÙÈé®Kwð¿¤é¶ÝƵÄc¬·é±ÆªÅ«éB±¤µ½êAÌìÆðʶÄAäXÍêÆåwwðÜÞ«SÌÉ¢ÄAKw\¢ÌÅÃÈÊuïð©Å«é¾ë¤B±¤µÄ®Kwªmè³êêÎAWF_[ª¤ÊÌÊuÆQðàÂuKvÆl¦é±ÆªÂ\©Æ¢¤AæÌâèÉεÄàAv[`ªÂ\ÉÈéB
@½¾µÅãÉt¯Á¦È¯êÎÈçÈ¢ÌÍAú{Ì»óÅÍA±Ìæ¤È¤ªW·éÂ\«É¢ÄyÏÍūȢƢ¤±ÆÅ éBvʤð¾ÓÆ·éKw¤ÒÆJßöªÍð¾ÓÆ·éJ¤ÒÌÔÉÍAÙÆñÇð¬ªÈ¢B»à»àKw¤Ò̩̪s«µÄ¢éBm©É1995NSSM²¸Éͽ̤ҪWÜÁ½ªA»ÌåªÍuKw¤ÒvÆ¢¤æèuKwÏðg¤ÐïwÒvÅ éB{ÌêåÌæð±êçÌlXÉA±¤µ½cåÈìÆðúÒ·éÌÍÆ¢¤à̾B¹ßĤï⤬Ê̤LÆ¢Á½xÅݦͪiÞ±Æðè¤ÆÆàÉAWF_[ÉÖSðÂᢤÒÌQÁÉúÒµ½¢B
[]
(1)±±Å¢¤uKw¤vÆÍAEÆInÊEgªEKÈÇeíKwTOÌãÊTOƵÄÌAÐïKwÉַ餷×Äðw·B
(2)1961NÉÀ{³ê½uSSMåw²¸vÅͫಸÎÛÉÜßçêÄ¢éªAÎÛnÍæÌÝÅ éBªÍÊÍAÀc[1971]ÉûßçêÄ¢éB
(3)ú{¤Y}Ïõïoϲ¸[1965]ÉÍ·ÅÉjÊK\¬\ª éªA{iIȤƵÄÍSteven[1983]ªÅÅ éB
(4)´{[1989]A¡c[1990]ðQÆB
(5)j«Æ«ÅÍEÆ\¬ªÙÈéÌÅA¡ñÌæ¤ÈeÆ{lÌärÅÍA«ÅÀÚ®¦ªÈéÌÍRÅ éBµ½ªÁÄjärÌêÍAÚ®¦ÌÝÉڷ׫ŠéB
(6)gcª±Ìæ¤É_µ½êÂÌÞ¿ÍAºaúÉsÈí꽲ƶ²¸Å éBµ©µLE¦ª20ȺƫíßÄáAµ©à»ÌÙÆñǪßãZN^[ÌíÙpÒÅ é±Æ©çÝÄA±Ì²¸ÅÍàÆàÆA©cEÆ°]ÆÒªuLEÒvƩȳêĢȩÁ½æ¤Å éB
(7)ȨA1995NSSMf[^ÉæéWvÅÍA_Æj«Ìñ4ÜŪOjÅ éB±êÉ¢ÄÍ´{[1998]ðQÆB
(8)ȨFirestone[1970]ÍA«Æj«ÌÖWðKÖWÆKè·é_Åͯ¶¾ªA»ÌîÕð¼«Ì¶¨wI@\Ìá¢ÉßÄ¢éB
(9)ªÍI}NXå`ÆÍA`IÈ}NXå`_Ì^íµ¢¼àA½Æ¦ÎÙØ@âJ¿làÆ¢Á½¼àðúü·éÆÆàÉAIE_wIEvÊIû@ÈÇðå_ɱüµÄ`I}NXå`Ìï_ðµæ¤Æ·é_ª¬ÅAoÏwAÐïwANwÈÇ̽ÌÌæŤª~ϳênßÄ¢éB1997NÉÍú{ÅàÅ̤gDƵÄAAieCJ¥}NVY¤ï(http://www.toyama-u.ac.jp/~matsui/am/am.html)ª¬³êÄ¢éB
(10)½¾µWestergaardÍãÉA±Ìà¾ÍÈÉ·¬½ÆµAu«âlíÌs½ÍA»êÆ©Ìs½ðKIs½Ét¯Á¦évÆA«Éæés½Ìdv«ðæè¾mɵĢé(Westergaard[1995])B
(11)½Æ¦ÎØ{[1995]ÍA»ÌMdÈÝÅ éB
[Ql¶£]
Abbott, P. & Sapsford, R., 1986, Class
Identification of Married Working Women, B.J.S., vol.37, no.4.
Acker, J., 1973, Women and Social Stratification : A Case of
Intellectual Sexism, A.J.S., vol.78, no.4.
Acker, J., 1988, Class, Gender and the Relations of Distribution,
Signs, vol.13, no.3.
Andes, N., 1992, Social Class and Gender, Gender and Society,
Vol.6, No.2.
Vìèv(Ò),1991,wwðå`ÌÐïjxLM°.
Bernstein, E., 1899, Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die
Aufgaben der Sozialdemocratie.Ë´lYó,1960,wÐïå`ÌOñÆÐï¯å}ÌC±xÍo[VÐ.
Blau, P.M. & Duncan, O.D., 1967, The American Occupational
Structure, John Willey & Suns.
Carling, A., 1991, Social Division, Verso.
Crompton, R. & Mann, M.(eds.), 1986, Gender and
Stratification, Polity Press.
Delphy, C., 1984, Close to Home, The University of Massachusetts
Press.
Duke, V. & Edgell, S., 1987, The Operationalization of Class
in British Sociology, B.J.S., vol.38, no.4.
Engels, F., 1884, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums
und des Stats. ºczêó,1971,uÆ°ALàY¨æÑÆÌN¹v,w}NXEGQXSWxæ21ª
åX.
Erikson, R., 1984, Social Class of Men, Women and Family,
Sociology, vol.18, no.4.
Erikson, R. & Goldthorpe, J.H., 1993, The Constant Flux,
Clarendon Press.
Firestone, S., 1970, The Dialectic of Sex, Wiliam Morrow.
ÑOqó,1980,w«ÌÙØ@x]_Ð.
Goldthorpe, J.H., 1983, Women and Class Analysis : in Defence of
the Conventional View, Sociology, vol.17, no.4.
Hartman, H., 1981, The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism,
in, Sargent[1981].
´{ñ,1989,u«ÌKªÍ----Æ°ÆAÚ»·éK®v,w«ÆÐïKwi1985NÐïKwÆÐïÚ®S²¸ñæ4ªjx1985NÐïKwÆÐïÚ®S²¸Ïõï.
´{ñ,1995,uwéÆÐïxú{ÌKEKw\¢Æ«JÒv,
wú{JÐïwïNñxæ6ª.
´{ñ,1998,uíãú{Ì_¯wªðvCÎc_ÒwÐïKwEÚ®ÌîbªÍÆÛär(1995NSSM²¸V[Y1)x1995NSSM²¸¤ï.
¨ä`²,1965,u_º©çݽlûss»v,
ìºOYEÚ«Òwlûss»Ì_ƪÍx¤[.
LcÆK,1991,u_Æ̶¢EÆwðv,Vì[1991]û.
¡cKq,1990,unÊB¬ßöv,ª{pYE¼ä¹qÒw«ÆÐïKw(»ãú{ÌKw\¢CxåwoÅï.
ìX,1957,wCfIM[ƵÄÌÆ°§xxâgX.
Ø{ìüq,1995,u«ÊE±ª£Æ«JÒv,wú{JÐïwïNñxæ6ª.
Lipset, S.M. & Bendix, R., 1959, Social Mobility in
Industrial Society, University of California Press., éØOó,1969,wYÆÐïÌ\¢xTC}oÅï.
I´Sõ,1943 ,wú{_ÆÌîb\¢xö_Ð.
Mann, M, 1986, A Crisis in Stratification Theory?, in, Crompton
& Mann[1986].
Marx, K. & Engels, F., 1845-46, Die Deutsche Ideologie.
^ºLêE¡ìÂE|àÇmó ,1963,uhCcECfIM[v,w}NXEGQXSWxæ2ª
åX.
{oGY,1956,w_ºöݸÆ_xLãt.
Àèq,1965,u_ÆogÒÌAÆ\¢v,wú{Ì_Æ38x,À[1995]û.
ÀèqÒ,1983,w_Ælû_EJÍ_x_Rº¶»¦ï.@
Àèq,1995,wJͬoÆ_Æ\¢x_Ñv¦ï.
Àسg,1957,uíãɨ¯é_ÆlûÌâ[âèv,w_Ƥxæ12ªæ1,À[1983]û.
ú{¤Y}Ïõïoϲ¸,1965 ,uú{ÌK\¬Ì»óvwOqx1965.2.
ìKdY,1942,w_¯£ºÌÀØI¤xâgX.
å´²(Ò),1971,wú{ÌK\¬xâgX.
å´²,1964,u»ãú{ÌK\¬v,woÏ_pxæ93ªæ3.
å´²,1968,uíãú{ÌK\¬ÆÅocÒwjv,w»ãÌoÏÆv---åìÕOæ¶ÃóLO----xLãt.
Roemer, J., 1982, A General Theory of Exploitation and Class,Harvard University Press.
²®ü,1968,u_Ælû̬oÆ_ÆÌÏ®v,¨¸êÒwú{_ÆÌÏvßöxâgX.
Sargent, L.(ed.), 1981, Women and Rovolution : A Discussion of
The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism, Pluto Press.@c©¸qó,1991,w}NXå`ÆtF~jYÌsKÈ¥x¤[.
²¡r÷(¤ã\),1995,wKwEÚ®¤Ì»Ýx(½¬6NxÈw¤ïâबÊñ).
·Rav,1995,uKw¤É¨¯éw«xâèv,²¡[1995]û.
Steven, R., 1983, Classes in Contemporary Japan, Cambridge
University Press.
±,1995,uZíÊÆÐïÚ®v,²¡[1995]û.
ãìçßq,1990,wÆ·§Æ{§xâgX.
Walby, S., 1986, Gender, Class and Stratification., in, Crompton
& Mann[1986].
Werlhof, C.v., 1986, Zum Verhaltnis von "Staat" und
"Kapital" und "Patriarchat",
Hummel,D.u.a.(Hg.), Kein Staat mit diesem Staat?, Bielefeld
P{SqóuwÆxÆw{xÆwÆ·§xÌÖWðß®ÁÄvÃcrüEP{Sqó
1995w¢EVXeÆ«x¡´X.
West, J., 1978, Women, Sex and Class, in, Kuhn, A., & Wolpe,
A.M., 1978, Feminism and Materialism, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
ãìçßqEç{ÅqEZòƵqEÊÀ^qEîØöqEnÓaqó,1984,w}NXå`tF~jY̧íx¤[.
Westergaard, J., 1993, Class in Britain since 1979 : Facts,
Theories and Ideolgies.nÓëjó,1993,wCMXK_xÂØX.
Westergaard, J., 1995, A Response to Dr. Kenji Hashimoto.
nÓëjó,1995,u´{ñÖÌÔvwê´_pxæ113ªæ2.
*½¾µA´{ð"Dr."Ƶ½ÌÍWestergaardÌëFÅ éB
Wright, E.O., 1989, Women in the Class Structure, Politics and
Society vol.17.no.1.
gc¶,1991,u³çÌÐïI@\vVì[1991]û.
ÀcOY,1971,wÐïڮ̤xåwoÅï.
Young,I., 1981, Beyond the Unhappy Marriage, in, Sargent[1981].