鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃緒申#5707. 2鐃重誌申 <gh> 鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2024-12-11-1]) 鐃緒申続鐃緒申鐃緒申<gh> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃銃出醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃￥申鐃術醐申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝の醐申典鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒し鐃緒申 Scragg (46--47) 鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃所が鐃緒申鐃暑．
The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <鐃緒申鐃�> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾逸申鐃緒申文鐃塾なわ申鐃緒申同鐃緒申鐃緒申悗了鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蠅�鐃緒申鐃暑が鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鮖仮箸鐃緒申鐃夙緒申鐃竣な居申鐃述わ申鐃淳つわ申鐃獣わ申鐃塾で￥申鐃緒申鐃術者にわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申弍鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申襪�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔以駕申鐃祝誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申硫鐃緒申鐃淑醐申鐃叔載わ申鐃暑．
a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)
b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabe鐃緒申鐃�, Thomas or 鐃緒申鐃�omas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)
c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [鐃緒申鐃�] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [鐃緒申鐃�] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)
鐃緒申鐃淑常申鐃所，鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝器申連鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申廚鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃春常申颪�わ申鐃緒申函鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申未蝓�
鐃緒申(1) <th> 鐃熟古英醐申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申僂鐃緒申鐃緒申襪鰹申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申辰鐃�
鐃緒申(2) 2鐃重誌申 <ch> 鐃緒申 <th> 鐃熟わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸魯鐃銃ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃粛鰹申茲刻申鐃�
鐃緒申(3) <h> 鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申聞鐃緒申 (diacritical_mark) 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申茲�鐃祝なっわ申鐃塾は￥申鐃緒申典鐃緒申鐃緒申離鐃銃ワ申鐃緒申 h 鐃緒申無鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申<h> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申(4) 2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃縦器申存鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃塾パワ申鐃緒申鐃藷が￥申鐃緒申鐃藷グワ申鐃塾ワ申泪鐃緒申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里辰討鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃縮誌申鐃緒申鐃塾種申砲鐃所，他鐃舜わ申鐃緒申腓件申鐃�
鐃緒申(5) 2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申h 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃緒申鐃準擦鐃緒申鐃淑ので￥申鐃準擦鐃緒申鐃薯示わ申
鐃緒申<gh> 鐃緒申泙鐃�2鐃重誌申鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃緒申発達鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝醐申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申 Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
鐃緒申2鐃重誌申 (digraph) 鐃緒申 <gh> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃旬ブワ申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申 gh 鐃塾各居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�2鐃重誌申 <gh> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃緒申鐃曙が表鐃緒す鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙とわ申法鐃緒申儻鐃祝常申任發わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申里覆鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃緒申椶鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申1鐃縦に居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所が鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃重英醐申任蓮鐃緒申鐃術醐申聞澆鐃重居申鐃重�鐃緒申 <gh> 鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃塾ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔￥申<h> 鐃緒申1文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃祝なわ申函鐃緒申鐃緒申隆超鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� <h> 鐃塾誌申鐃術は緒申鐃緒申鐃祝随申鐃準し鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申 <gh> 鐃緒申 <ȝ> (= yogh) 鐃緒申鐃緒申頭鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃暑こ鐃夙になる．<gh> 鐃熟わ申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃宿わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃処た鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申Upward and Davidson (182) 鐃祝わ申鐃夙￥申2鐃重醐申 <gh> 鐃熟ワ申鐃藷グワ申鐃塾ワ申泪鐃縮誌申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申辰討發随申蕕居申譴随申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申
. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [鐃緒申鐃�] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃藷グワ申鐃塾ワ申泪鐃緒申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申砲鐃� <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> 鐃淑わ申2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃塾誌申鐃術わ申鐃緒申認鐃緒申鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃初す鐃駿てわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃叔醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃循わ申多鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒け鐃叔はなわ申鐃緒申里痢鐃�2鐃重誌申 <gh> 鐃盾こ鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申辰鐃� (cf鐃緒申Anglo-Norman Dictionary) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃藷グワ申鐃塾ワ申泪鐃緒申鐃書き器申鐃曙た鐃縮誌申鐃緒申鐃巡，鐃緒申鐃塾影駈申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃塾写誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃書く際にわ申 <gh> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙になる．
鐃緒申鐃緒申 Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� (linguistics) 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃潤ジ鐃純ー鐃夙はわ申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃楯ップに刻申鐃緒申鐃塾に貢醐申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申 YouTube/Podcast 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃粛ワ申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申鐃�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申1鐃緒申14鐃緒申鐃祝醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃叔随申鐃緒申任蓮鐃�1鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾駕申飽鐃緒申鐃渋鰹申鐃緒申鐃�<ghoti> 鐃緒申 /fɪʃ/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申羶器申鳳儻鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申妙鐃淑関件申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸覆辰討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲弔鐃緒申討蓮鐃�#5009. 鐃淑わ申鐃出￥申鐃淑￥申鐃宿￥申鐃緒申鐃順ー鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃粛ワ申鐃緒申ghoti = fish鐃竣は駈申鐃緒申鐃祝器申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� ([2023-01-13-1]) 鐃盾参鐃夙）￥申2鐃緒申砲錣随申鐃巡が鐃銃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾でわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃盾た鐃緒申鐃舜わ申擇鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾でわ申鐃緒申鐃淑随申鐃庶さ鐃藷，関件申鐃峻わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所が鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申
鐃緒申ghoti, high, women, nation, debt 鐃淑どわ申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃￥申鐃緒申鐃庶さ鐃緒申鐃緒申抔鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾件申妙洒脱鐃淑ト￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申匹鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙ワ申鐃�鐃瞬フワ申鵐垢鐃緒申屬譟�鐃緒申筆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重厨￥申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃粛鰹申鐃緒申娚鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃夙�鐃緒申2鐃緒申#194鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃瞬フワ申鵐垢鐃緒申屬譟�鐃緒申筆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重厨」とわ申鐃緒申鐃春レー鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝のツボのわ申鐃緒申3鐃緒申鐃緒申造砲鐃緒申發件申鐃緒申鐃緒申慮鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃宿緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申隼廚鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申儻鐃淑降にフワ申鵐晃鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申屬譴随申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申里六鐃緒申造任鐃緒申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿�鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃塾は写誌申鐃緒申鐃縦人の逸申筆鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒け鐃叔はわ申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鵑�￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣種申併鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申隆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟逸申筆鐃夙醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃順が鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙わ申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃殉わ申鐃淑削申鐃緒申禄鐃緒申鐃� (minim) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸覆辰討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃緒申鐃緒申顛澆蓮鐃緒申儿鐃緒申優鐃緒申鵐垢判鼎覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申妨鐃重居申鐃緒申鐃獣にワ申謄鐃緒申砲悗鐃銃器申櫃鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申悗鐃緒申討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃春ワ申鵐晃譴�鐃瞬わ申函淵鐃銃ワ申鐃祝駕申鐃重厨は￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃逸申鐃緒申鐃循なってはわ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃述駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃出￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃述随申 (prestige) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃舜わ申鐃旬駈申箸鐃緒申討箸蕕�鐃暑こ鐃夙わ申鐃叔わ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蓮鐃緒申儻鐃緒申峪鐃緒申砲鐃緒申未鐃緒申憧兒鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃順き鐃緒申潮流鐃叔わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申2鐃緒申痢屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃舜ラジ鐃緒申鐃竣で種申鐃遵げ鐃緒申譴随申鐃緒申鐃祝関わ申鐃銃￥申鐃巡自鐃夙わ申鐃�hellog鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃祝ブワ申鐃緒申鐃竣￥申Voicy 鐃瞬英醐申慮豸誌申鐃緒申箸砲弔鐃緒申薀醐申鐃� (heldio)鐃緒申鐃緒申YouTube 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃粛ワ申鐃瞬逸申鐃緒申兵鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申隆鐃緒申儻鐃舜醐申鐃緒申悒鐃緒申鐃緒申優鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆匹鐃緒申未鐃緒申董鐃緒申諭鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃銃わ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝ワ申鵐�わ申泙箸鐃緒申鐃緒申兒鐃緒申砲覆蠅緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申里如鐃�note 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申潺據鐃緒申鐃�鐃瞬「わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申廚鐃� ghoti 鐃緒申砲泙弔鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦ワ申鵐�緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣てみまわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申錣誌申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃叔随申鐃緒申虜埜鐃塾「わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣￥申鐃緒申鐃曙か鐃処！鐃竣は￥申鐃緒申#224. women 鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申 (2)鐃緒申 ([2009-12-07-1]) 鐃塾わ申鐃夙でわ申鐃緒申12年鐃緒申鐃塾個随申的鐃淑駕申鐃緒申覆箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申盍駈申曄砲如鐃緒申颪い鐃緒申鐃緒申伴鐃緒申里鐃祝削申鐃銃わ申鐃殉わ申鐃処，鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑笑）￥申
鐃緒申Voicy 鐃術￥申鐃緒申鐃淑ワ申謄鐃緒申鐃所ス鐃淑￥申鐃夙わ申鐃銃￥申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申廚鐃� Voicy 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙わ申匆陲靴討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申隼廚鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申膿鐃緒申鐃�鐃瞬フワ申鵐垢鐃緒申屬譟�鐃緒申筆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重厨￥申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃粛鰹申鐃緒申娚鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申襦�#194鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申望鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃� YouTube 鐃緒申 Podcast 鐃塾人居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃粛ワ申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申鐃�鐃緒申1鐃緒申10鐃緒申鐃祝醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃叔随申鐃緒申鐃�鐃緒申ghoti 鐃夙書いてフワ申鐃獣ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申匹燹�鐃術醐申悒鐃緒申隋種申鐃緒申鐃重逸申鐃緒申剖鐃緒申発鐃緒申1鐃緒申#193鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離 (spelling_pronunciation_gap) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申里箸鐃緒申討茲�鐃塾わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所が鐃述介さわ申討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申笋�鐃術醐申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝を研究し鐃銃わ申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸發�鐃所，鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申続鐃峻となる次鐃緒申塙鐃緒せ鐃銃監緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙になわ申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申平鐃緒申遒居申鵝い鐃緒申鐃緒申辰砲覆辰討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃�
鐃緒申<ghoti> 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申 fish /fɪʃ/ 鐃緒申鐃宿わ申襦わ申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申肇鐃叔ワ申優鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟英醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃緒申廚亡愎鐃緒申鐃藷せてわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申表仗箸侶鐃緒申鐃� George Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) 鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申里劼匹鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃塾とわ申鐃銃紹介さわ申襪鰹申箸鐃渋随申鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃�Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� <ghoti> 鐃緒申 <gh> 鐃祝関わ申鐃緒申 hellog 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃銃￥申鐃淑駕申鐃緒申鵑欧討鐃緒申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#15. Bernard Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃宿わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 "ghotiy" ?鐃緒申 ([2009-05-13-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#605. Shavian Alphabet鐃緒申 ([2010-12-23-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2085. <ough> 鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2015-01-11-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2590. <gh> 鐃緒申泙鐃獣縁申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃竣￥申 ([2016-05-30-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#3945. "<h> second" 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃緒申発達鐃緒申 ([2020-02-14-1])
鐃緒申鐃淑わ申 <ghoti> 鐃緒申 /fɪʃ/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申立鐃縦のわ申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申鐃�2鐃粛のト￥申鐃緒申鐃祝常申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟わ申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃塾で￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申箸禄劼戮泙鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申Shaw 鐃熟わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申撞鵑欧鐃緒申錣縁申如鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃巡た鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋�鐃盾何鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申琉鐃緒申卒鐃緒申魎兇鐃緒申討鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃�<ghoti> 鐃緒申 /fɪʃ/ 鐃塾ワ申鐃初ク鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑�鐃緒申鐃暑け鐃緒申匹癲わ申鐃緒申覆鐃塾醐申鐃緒申鐃春駕申鐃緒申抜鐃緒申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申龍鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申隆鐃緒申个呂匹鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里任鐃緒申腓�鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃巡た鐃緒申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申標鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申法 (orthography) 鐃塾なわ申鐃叔わ申鐃獣わ申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申法 (graphotactics) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙随申鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙思わ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃瞬誌申鐃塾緒申鐃緒申則鐃緒申複鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃祝わた鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里覆鐃緒申任鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑醐申鐃緒申鐃� (grapheme) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申亡悗鐃緒申覽�則鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所，鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申噺討鐃叔わ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申<ghoti> 鐃緒申 /fɪʃ/ 鐃塾なわ申鐃叔わ申箸鐃緒け鐃述駕申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申 <gh> 鐃緒申 <ti> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃￥申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃塾居申則鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃銃わ申鐃暑，鐃縦まわ申鐃峻居申則鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申里任鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申<gh> 鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃塾関件申鐃熟確わ申鐃緒申 cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough 鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃駿の高い鐃緒申砲鐃淳わ申譟わ申鐃獣種申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申錣縁申任呂鐃緒申鐃殉わ申鐃藷．わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾関件申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申立鐃縦のは器申鐃緒申的鐃祝は醐申鐃緒申鐃淑件申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝にわ申鐃緒申鐃銃でわ申鐃所，鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃夙わ申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃塾居申則鐃緒申鐃夙み刻申鐃殉わ申討鐃緒申鐃夙考わ申鐃緒申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃縦まり，鐃緒申単鐃緒申砲鐃� <gh> 鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃塾関件申鐃緒申鐃緒申頭鐃淑件申鐃緒申鐃緒申頭鐃祝で醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃純が鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃�ghoti 鐃緒申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃塾居申則鐃祝逸申反鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申抜鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾でわ申鐃順う鐃緒申
鐃緒申同鐃粛わ申 <ti> 鐃緒申 /ʃ/ 鐃塾関件申鐃盾，鐃緒申鐃曙自鐃塾は決し鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申鐃�-tion 鐃緒申 -tious 鐃緒申鐃緒申単鐃緒申鐃渋随申鐃緒申鐃緒申蝓わ申笋随申鐃緒申盡�鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申泙鐃� (ex. nation, station, ambitious, cautious) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申/ʃ/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申 <ti> 鐃熟器申鐃緒申的鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾�鐃緒申鐃銃醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申錣縁申任呂覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 <on> 鐃緒申 <ous> 鐃緒申伴鐃獣て醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃淑醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申竜鐃渋э申任鐃緒申鐃�<ghoti> 鐃緒申 <ti> 鐃緒申 /ʃ/ 鐃緒申鐃宿まわ申鐃緒申櫃亡鐃緒申鐃緒申覿�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃塾居申則鐃緒申反鐃緒申由鐃処し鐃殉わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃淑醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申砲弔鐃緒申討楼焚鐃緒申竜鐃緒申鐃緒申發器申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2405. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離 --- 鐃術醐申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃峻居申則鐃緒申鐃塾種申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃竣逸申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2015-11-27-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#3882. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃塾￥申鐃出縁申鐃緒申則鐃竣とわ申鐃縮わ申存鐃淳わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃渋э申廖鐃� ([2019-12-13-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申悒薀醐申鐃緒申砲鐃� Voicy 鐃緒申 鐃盾あ鐃所，鐃緒申鐃緒申虜膿鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙なってわ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申Voicy 鐃緒申任呂鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃舜ラジ鐃緒申鐃盾，鐃緒申鐃�鐃瞬英醐申慮豸誌申鐃緒申箸砲弔鐃緒申薀醐申鐃� (heldio)鐃緒申 鐃盾，同鐃緒申鐃瞬醐申悄廛鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申縫鐃緒申謄鐃緒申薀わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申優鐃叔わ申鐃暑た鐃潤，鐃緒申鐃殉わ申両鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋ぶわ申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申泙鐃緒申幣弌法鐃�
鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申砲鐃� <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> 鐃淑ど￥申2文鐃緒申鐃緒申1鐃縦の駕申鐃緒申表鐃緒す2鐃重誌申 (digraph) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃初ず存鐃淳わ申鐃暑．1文鐃緒申鐃緒申1鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙い鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃春ワ申鐃駿ットわ申鐃緒申鐃循わ申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申弌鐃�2鐃重誌申鐃緒申存鐃淳わ申鐃暑こ鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃循わ申鐃緒申琉鐃獣�鐃祝ほわ申鐃淑わ申覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申造砲聾撤儻鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃初現鐃淳に誌申鐃殉で￥申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙自鐃塾わ申鐃緒申砲留標鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃初さ鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蓮鐃緒申鐃祝挙げわ申2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申紊駕申茲�鐃緒申"verb second" 鐃塾醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃� "<h> second" 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� "<h> second" 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申則鐃夙わ申鐃緒申単鐃述駕申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑．<ch> 鐃緒申 /ʧ/, <ph> 鐃緒申 /f/, <sh> 鐃緒申 /ʃ/, <th> 鐃緒申 /鐃緒申, 鐃緒申鐃�/, <wh> 鐃緒申 /w, ʍ/ 鐃淑どでわ申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申<gh> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃淑どわ申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑が鐃緒申無鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃春わ申鐃獣わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃淑￥申#2590. <gh> 鐃緒申泙鐃獣縁申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃竣￥申 ([2016-05-30-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1])鐃祝￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃祝みわ申鐃緒申 "<h> second" 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃術醐申濃箸鐃緒申呂瓩随申里蓮鐃緒申鐃緒申茲緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申里鐃緒申箸任鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾古英醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申任蓮鐃�<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <th> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申匆鐃緒申漏董鐃� <c>, <ȝ>, <f>, <鐃緒申鐃�, 鐃緒申鐃�> 鐃緒申1文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申<sh>, <wh> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申匆鐃緒申漏董鐃� <sc>, <hw> 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃縮わ申2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申未鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申<ch> 鐃緒申 <th> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃緒申謄鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申悩鐃緒申僂鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃塾写誌申鐃緒申鐃盾見鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申呂鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝種申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里任鐃緒申襦ワ申泙鐃緒申鐃�<ph> 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃はワ申鐃所シ鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申襪わ申呂鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申房鐃緒申僂鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃ワ申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申亮鐃緒申僂任鐃緒申襦�
鐃緒申鐃術醐申蓮鐃緒申鐃銃ワ申鐃巡ギ鐃所シ鐃緒申鐃曙か鐃緒申鐃緒申僂鐃緒申譴随申綉�鐃塾よう鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃祝随申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申縫侫鐃藷ス醐申任鐃淑随申鐃重�鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃塾誌申鐃術わ申鐃淳わ申譴随申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申悗辰董鐃�2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃縦随申鐃緒申鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃薯自わ申発鐃銃わ申鐃緒申忙鐃獣わ申鐃緒申<gh>, <sh>, <wh> 鐃淑どでわ申鐃暑．
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾よう鐃祝￥申鐃術醐申鐃� "<h> second" 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申謄鐃緒申砲鐃緒申辰鐃�2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申直鐃旬￥申鐃緒申鐃旬に影駈申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里任鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃緒申發緒申鐃緒申謄鐃緒申任鐃�2文鐃緒申鐃旬わ申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃緒申発展鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蓮鐃�<h> 鐃緒申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蠅居申鐃緒申 /h/ 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃述駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申泪鵐構鐃緒申鐃塾誌申鐃緒申妨鐃緒申鐃緒申鴇端鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申分鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縮り，鐃緒申鐃重�鐃峻逸申鐃緒申焚鐃緒申任鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟�動鐃緒申鐃緒申 <h> 鐃緒申文鐃緒申鐃緒申他鐃緒申文鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申戮鐃渋醐申澳鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申辰鐃緒申里鐃緒申隼廚鐃緒申襦�<h> 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申文鐃緒申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申遊鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃初え鐃緒申譟わ申鐃塾駈申鐃縮わ申同鐃緒申箸鐃緒申辰鐃緒申未竜鐃叔緒申鬚△討鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃夙考わ申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃塾鰹申適鐃緒申 (exaptation) 鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃渋は￥申鐃術醐申任皺誌申任箸鐃緒申討鐃� /h/ 存鐃淳わ申必鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃叔はなわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縮ｏ申任魯鐃銃ワ申鐃夙誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申両鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里茲�鐃祝考わ申鐃緒申弌鐃緒申儻鐃叔も，鐃緒申鐃緒申半端鐃緒申存鐃淳でわ申鐃緒申 <h> 鐃緒申2鐃重誌申鐃塾刻申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔とわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術でわ申鐃緒申超鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申辰討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃暑．鐃緒申cf. 鐃緒申#214. 鐃峻逸申鐃緒申併匆鐃� /h/鐃緒申 ([2009-11-27-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#459. 鐃峻逸申鐃緒申併匆鐃� /h/ (2)鐃緒申 ([2010-07-30-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1677. 鐃緒申頭鐃緒申 <h> 鐃緒申鐃緒申砲砲弔鐃緒申討僚鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2013-11-29-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1292. 鐃緒申儻譴�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃� h 鐃塾逸申鐃瞬づわ申鐃緒申 ([2012-11-09-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1675. 鐃緒申儻譴�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃� h 鐃塾逸申鐃瞬づわ申 (2)鐃緒申 ([2013-11-27-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1899. 鐃緒申儻譴�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃� h 鐃塾逸申鐃瞬づわ申 (3)鐃緒申 ([2014-07-09-1])鐃祝￥申
鐃緒申鐃淑上，鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃� Minkova (111) 鐃薯参照わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙器申連鐃緒申鐃銃￥申鐃淑駕申鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃盾参鐃夙￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2423. digraph 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 (1)鐃緒申 ([2015-12-15-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2424. digraph 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 (2)鐃緒申 ([2015-12-16-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#3251. <chi> 鐃熟「ワ申鐃竣わ申鐃瞬ワ申鐃竣わ申鐃瞬ワ申鐃竣わ申鐃瞬ヒ」わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2018-03-22-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#3337. Mulcaster 鐃塾醐申鐃獣リス鐃緒申 "generall table" 鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申豸仕�鐃瞬誌申 (2)鐃緒申 ([2018-06-16-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#2049. <sh> 鐃夙わ申鐃塾逸申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申法鐃� ([2014-12-06-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申#1795. 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦わ申 wh 鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2014-03-27-1])
鐃緒申鐃緒申 Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
鐃緒申標鐃緒申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申Jones 鐃緒申 English Pronouncing Dictionary (12th ed.) 鐃緒申鐃術わ申鐃銃￥申<gh> 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申有名鐃曙，鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙，複鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�90鐃緒申鐃緒申仂櫃箸鐃緒申鐃縦器申鐃緒申鐃峻なってわ申鐃暑．鐃淑駕申鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申 (145--46) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃種申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鮗┐鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
1. Spelling 鐃祝つわ申鐃緒申
(1) Digraph 'gh' 鐃塾逸申鐃瞬にわ申鐃淑�鐃緒申
鐃緒申頭鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃� 6 (7%) 鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申 19 (21%) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃� (-t 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申 65 (72%)
鐃緒申頭鐃緒申 'gh' 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟わ申鐃駿わ申 gh [g] 鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃暑．
(2) 鐃曙音鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃淑�鐃緒申
- ough(t) 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申 29 73 -igh(t) 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申 24 -augh(t) 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申 10 -eigh(t) 鐃緒申泙鐃緒申 10 鐃緒申鐃緒申他 17
2. Sound 鐃祝つわ申鐃緒申
(1) 'gh' 鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃淑�鐃緒申
gh [g] 鐃緒申鐃緒申 14 (16%) gh [f] 鐃緒申鐃緒申 10 (10%) gh-mute 鐃緒申 62 (70%) 鐃緒申鐃緒申他鐃塾駕申 4 (4%)
'gh' [g] 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿�鐃竣に削申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申任鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儔鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃塾とわ申鐃銃わ申 [f] 鐃緒申鐃曙が鐃緒申笋�鐃暑外鐃熟ほとわ申鐃緒申杙鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃暑．
(2) gh-mute 鐃緒申鐃淑�鐃緒申
[-ait] 鐃夙なわ申鐃� 25 54 [ɔːt] 鐃夙なわ申鐃� 19 [-eit] 鐃夙なわ申鐃� 10 鐃緒申鐃緒申他鐃塾駕申 8
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申立鐃准わ申鐃緒申鐃夙とわ申法鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� 'gh' digraph 鐃緒申鐃曙音鐃夙の関件申鐃緒申密鐃旬でわ申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃旬わ申鐃駿わ申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
(3) 鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申分鐃緒申
単鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� 68 (76%) 2鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� 19 (21%) 3鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� 3 (3%)
'gh' word 鐃緒申単鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� frequency 鐃塾高い鐃緒申鐃旬語が多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃春わ申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟ほとわ申匹鐃緒申端鐃緒申輸鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申襦�
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃銃は￥申<gh> 鐃緒申泙鐃獣縁申鐃叔は￥申though 鐃緒申 thought 鐃塾よう鐃緒申単鐃曙が鐃叔わ申典鐃緒申的鐃叔わ申鐃暑．7鐃緒申曚匹鐃緒申鐃獣縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申襪�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�2鐃重誌申鐃緒申鐃縦わ申鐃緒申無鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑か鐃叔わ申鐃暑．
鐃緒申<gh> 鐃祝器申連鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申董鐃緒申鐃�#15. Bernard Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃宿わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 "ghotiy" ?鐃緒申 ([2009-05-13-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#210. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� ([2009-11-23-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1902. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申標鐃準化鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申崗紂わ申鐃緒申崗鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2014-07-12-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1936. 聞鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申 ([2014-08-15-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#2085. <ough> 鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2015-01-11-1]) 鐃淑どの居申鐃緒申鐃盾参鐃夙￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申雄鐃緒申鐃緒申Digraph 'gh' 発達鐃祝関わ申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃粛誌申鐃竣『刻申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃舜醐申鐃醇紀鐃竣￥申鐃緒申4鐃緒申鐃緒申1967年鐃緒申128--47鐃叔￥申
鐃緒申<gh> 鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑音鐃緒申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#210. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� ([2009-11-23-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1902. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申標鐃準化鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申崗紂わ申鐃緒申崗鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 ([2014-07-12-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1936. 聞鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申 ([2014-08-15-1]) 鐃淑どわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術醐申砲匹鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾ワ申鐃緒申鐃所エ鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鵑�わ申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃殉とわ申討澆茲�鐃緒申鐃瞬ルシ鐃緒申 (145) 鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃塾よう鐃淑リス鐃夙わ申鵑欧討鐃緒申襦�
[au] bough鐃緒申plough 鐃淑わ申 [ou] dough鐃緒申though 鐃淑わ申 [ɔ:] bought鐃緒申thought 鐃淑わ申 [ɔf] cough鐃緒申trough鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術異件申 [ɔ:f] 鐃盾こ鐃緒申鐃銃縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申存鐃淳わ申鐃緒申 [ʌf] enough鐃緒申tough 鐃淑わ申 [ɔk] hough [u:] through [ʌp] hiccough [ə] borough鐃緒申thorough鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 [ <ough> 鐃緒申 ] 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸里覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申<ough> 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申続鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃出わ申鐃銃￥申単鐃緒申砲鐃獣わ申9鐃緒申鐃緒申覆覆鐃緒申鐃�10鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙になる．鐃緒申鐃塾とわ申鐃銃わ申30鐃緒申曚匹鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申茲�鐃淑ので￥申鐃緒申鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟驚わ申鐃駿わ申鐃緒申鐃渋でわ申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃曙ぞ鐃緒申硫鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃出緯わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸覆鐃夙実わ申複鐃緒申鐃淑のわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申 (1) 鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃淑鰹申鐃叔わ申鐃曙音鐃塾違い鐃緒申(2) <gh> 鐃緒申表鐃緒さ鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃縮居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃準擦鐃緒申 [x] 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃曙音鐃緒申鐃術件申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃獣わ申鐃所し鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙￥申(3) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� [x] 鐃緒申鐃獣種申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所唇鐃緒申鐃緒申 [f] 鐃緒申鐃瞬器申鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃夙￥申(4) 鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申屬鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申(5) 無鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬にわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙音鐃塾弱化鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾緒申鐃竣逸申鐃緒申鐃循なわ申鐃淑鰹申鐃祝異なわ申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃銃削申鐃術わ申鐃緒申鐃夙述べわ申砲箸匹鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申night 鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 <gh> 鐃塾よう鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申無鐃緒申鐃重醐申鐃緒申鐃準擦鐃緒申 [鐃緒申鐃�] 鐃緒申鐃舜わ申鐃緒申鐃祝はわ申鐃塾醐申硫鐃緒申儔鐃緒申鐃縦常申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃緒申直鐃淑のわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縮居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃準擦鐃緒申 [x] 鐃緒申鐃緒申与鐃緒申鐃緒申隼鐃緒申屬鐃淑ｏ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里里茲�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃旬細は￥申#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1]) 鐃叔随申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬ルシ鐃緒申 (145--47) 鐃祝簡件申糞鐃緒申劼鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾でわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申盪駕申箸鐃緒申譴随申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里箸鐃緒申鐃�30鐃緒申曚匹判劼戮鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申辰肇如鐃緒申鐃緒申戞鐃緒申鐃緒申能鐃緒申鐃緒申紊駕申討澆鐃夙醐申有名鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申譟κｏ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃以駕申鐃緒申34鐃曙が鐃藷がっわ申鐃緒申
although, blough, borough, bough, bought, brough, brought, chough, clough, cough, dough, drought, enough, fought, furlough, hiccough, hough, lough, 'nough, nought, ought, plough, rough, slough, sough, sought, thorough, though, thought, through, tough, tought, trough, wrought
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申鐃緒申襯醐申紂�鐃瞬ルシ鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申 綽￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃出￥申鐃盾岡 優鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃舜英醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝と醐申鐃緒申鐃駿￥申鐃緒申鐃楯緒申鐃叔￥申1999年鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃術醐申砲任蓮鐃緒申颪�醐申鐃春わ申標鐃準化鐃塾器申鐃獣は￥申14鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申半鐃緒申鐃緒申15鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃銃のワ申鐃緒申疋鐃緒申鐃循わ申鐃曙た鐃夙考わ申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃暑．鐃旬ブワ申鐃緒申鐃叔は￥申鐃緒申#306. Samuels 鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙�達鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃書きわ申鐃夙わ申標鐃緒申鐃�4鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃竣￥申 ([2010-02-27-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#929. 鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鵐哀鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿醐申鐃緒申隆鐃緒申廚箸覆辰鐃緒申鐃粛鰹申鐃� ([2011-11-12-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1228. 鐃術醐申砲砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿醐申鐃術醐申鐃夙�展鐃夙鰹申立鐃緒申鐃獣て￥申 ([2012-09-06-1])鐃緒申鐃緒申#1245. 複鐃緒申的鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申硫鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申討僚颪�わ申鐃夙わ申標鐃緒申儻鐃緒申発展鐃緒申 ([2012-09-23-1]) 鐃淑どの居申鐃緒申鐃叔種申鐃遵げ鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾誌申鐃緒申慮紂わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃銃逸申鐃緒申鐃術わ申導鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申発展鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙も，鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申標鐃準化鐃緒申流鐃緒申亡鐃緒申鐃重�鐃淑影駈申鐃緒申擇椶鐃緒申鐃緒申塙佑鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃�#297. 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術わ申導鐃緒申鐃熟英醐申鐃宿醐申牴緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申櫃鐃緒申鐃� ([2010-02-18-1]) 鐃緒申鐃緒申#871. 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術わ申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃瞬誌申鐃塾醐申鐃所化鐃祝件申咾弔鐃緒申覆鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃粛鰹申鐃� ([2011-09-15-1]) 鐃緒申鐃緒申#1312. 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術わ申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃瞬誌申鐃塾醐申鐃所化鐃祝件申咾弔鐃緒申覆鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃粛� (2)鐃緒申 ([2012-11-29-1]) 鐃叔みわ申鐃処う鐃祝￥申鐃叔駈申呂鐃緒申琉娶鐃緒申鐃緒申个鐃緒申動鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃出てわ申鐃暑が鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃夙わ申儻鐃祝常申離鐃緒申鐃緒申潺鵐阿箸鐃緒申討蓮鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申僂鐃緒申仂鐃塾誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申標鐃準化鐃緒申鐃祝やか鐃祝進わ申任鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸呂鐃緒申茲緒申鼎覆辰討鐃緒申襦�
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術語か鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃銃のわ申鐃塾誌申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃春でわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣てわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙音鐃緒申鐃� (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) 鐃緒申筆頭鐃祝￥申鐃緒申#1290. 鐃循誌申鐃緒申鐃循誌申鐃緒申發随申蕕件申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申端鐃緒申鐃緒申琉鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� ([2012-11-07-1]) 鐃叔挙げわ申鐃処う鐃淑種々鐃塾子駕申鐃塾消種申鐃緒申鐃淑行わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃春わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃祝もか鐃緒申鐃緒申蕕削申鐃緒申颪�醐申鐃春わ申標鐃準化鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃薯示わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙は￥申鐃緒申望鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙醐申鐃緒ざ鐃緒申鬚┐覆鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申如鐃緒申畍緒申鐃術醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離 (spelling_pronunciation_gap) 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃殉っわ申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾よう鐃緒申流鐃緒申鐃舜わ申鐃銃￥申鐃術醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃宿醐申牴緒申蓮鐃緒申鐃祝上，鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑ワ申鐃緒申鐃淳ングわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃殉っわ申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃春わ申鐃緒申速鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬削申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申分的鐃祝は￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬削申鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申箸澆襪鰹申箸鐃叔わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾逸申味鐃叔はわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申討鐃緒申襪鰹申箸蓮鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申箸箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔もあ鐃緒申里鐃緒申發件申鐃淑わ申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申弌鐃緒申儻鐃祝にわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申標鐃準化鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃塾器申鐃獣わ申14--15鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃循わ申鐃曙た鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋わ申鐃緒申鐃叔なわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋逸申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申疋鐃緒申鐃熟わ申鐃循わ申鐃曙た鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋にわ申愀鐃緒申鐃緒申討鐃緒申襦�Horobin (84--85) 鐃緒申鐃緒申摘鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申茲�鐃祝￥申同鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申罎件申討鐃緒申辰鐃緒申歇鐃重�鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾ワ申鐃緒申疋鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃宿醐申牴緒申隆鐃緒申廚某鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃夙の逸申味鐃緒申鐃順き鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃純え鐃出￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔は￥申<gh> 鐃淑どわ申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申表鐃緒さ鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃� /鐃緒申鐃�, x/ 鐃熟わ申鐃叔わ申無鐃緒申鐃夙なってわ申鐃所，"knight" 鐃緒申 <nit>, "doughter" 鐃緒申 <datter> 鐃淑どわ申鐃瞬わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔はわ申鐃塾子駕申鐃熟わ申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃初ず鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申 <gh> 鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃緒申存鐃緒申鐃曙，鐃潤現鐃緒申鐃宿醐申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申 <knight>, <doughter> 鐃塾なわ申鐃祝醐申鐃所化鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙になっわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 /鐃緒申鐃�, x/ 鐃塾消種申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃熟醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申悗鐃准わ申鐃緒申里如鐃緒申鐃宿￥申標鐃緒申的鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申 <nit> 鐃夙なるか <knight> 鐃夙なるか鐃塾削申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃瞬削申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申箸箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃緒申箸鐃粛わ申鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙になる．標鐃準化鐃緒申鐃緒申 <wh> 鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃わ申同鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃叔わ申 /h/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃楯種申的鐃淑ワ申鐃緒申疋鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃銃わ申 /h/ 鐃緒申鐃楯わ申鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃宿醐申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃塾なわ申鐃祝わ申 <h> 鐃夙わ申鐃銃醐申鐃所化鐃緒申鐃暑こ鐃夙になってわ申鐃殉っわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃緒申評鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申弌鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は随申鐃緒申的鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃淑わ申里鐃渋随申鐃宿醐申鐃塾器申鐃竣となり，鐃瞬誌申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃わ申鐃楯種申的鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃淑わ申里鐃渋随申鐃宿醐申鐃塾器申鐃竣となっわ申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟�鐃緒申鐃銃￥申鐃緒申儻鐃塾醐申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃塾￥申鐃縮わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申悄廚鐃緒申半鐃緒申鐃緒申鼎砲弔鐃緒申董鐃緒申鐃�#941. 鐃緒申儻鐃塾醐申鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃熟なわ申鐃縮わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鼎鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申鐃� ([2011-11-24-1]) 鐃緒申鐃緒申咫鐃�#1843. conservative radicalism鐃緒申 ([2014-05-14-1]) 鐃薯参照わ申鐃曙た鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 /x/ 鐃祝関わ申鐃銃￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申 /f/ 鐃舜わ申発展鐃緒申鐃緒申dough 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申粉鐃祝わ申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 duff 鐃淑ワ申鐃春￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申粉鐃塾固わ申鐃竣デワ申鐃藷グ）わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申惻鐃緒申僂鐃緒申譴随申磴�鐃緒申鐃緒申福鐃�#1195. <gh> = /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申 ([2012-08-04-1]) 鐃盾参鐃夙）￥申鐃緒申鐃塾よう鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃夙の関件申鐃緒申密鐃叔わ申鐃緒申鐃純が鐃緒申辰鐃渋随申鐃緒申辰鐃緒申覆鐃出￥申鐃潤現鐃緒申鐃宿醐申鐃重�鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申直鐃淑わ申里砲覆辰鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟り，鐃術醐申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃宿醐申牴緒申砲蓮鐃緒申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申任覆鐃緒申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申盧�鐃緒申鐃獣てわ申鐃暑．
鐃緒申鐃緒申 Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申 <gh> 鐃緒申鐃出わ申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃粛でわ申鐃暑こ鐃夙は￥申鐃緒申#15. Bernard Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申鐃宿わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 "ghotiy" ?鐃緒申 ([2009-05-13-1]) 鐃緒申鐃�#210. 鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� ([2009-11-23-1]) 鐃叔種申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃緒申鐃出縁申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申肋鐃緒申覆鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃�[2012-06-29-1]鐃塾居申鐃緒申鐃緒申#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search鐃竣の醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃緒申撞鵑欧鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�chough, clough, cough, enough, laugh, rough, shough, slough, sough, tough, trough 鐃淑どわ申鐃述ットわ申鐃緒申鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃塾わ申鐃緒申鐃縦わ申鐃熟異なわ申発鐃緒申鐃薯示わ申鐃緒申里發�鐃緒申法鐃�Hough 鐃緒申 Brough 鐃淑どの醐申有名鐃祝わ申 /f/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃塾逸申鐃緒申鐃叔￥申borough, bough, dough, plough, though, through 鐃淑ど￥申無鐃緒申鐃塾わ申里眈�鐃淑わ申鐃淑わ申鐃緒申鐃殉わ申鐃緒申/t/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申続鐃緒申鐃緒申超鐃緒申任鐃縮居申鐃緒申鐃渋随申鐃� (ex. aught, bought, daughter, naught, ought, slaughter, sought, thought, tought) 鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃粛駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾るた鐃緒申法鐃�<gh> 鐃塾駕申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申調鐃駿てみわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 (443--44) 鐃祝わ申鐃出￥申/x/ > /f/ 鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦駈申鐃祝わ申辰動曚覆襪�鐃緒申14鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申兒鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 /rx/ 鐃緒申鐃暑い鐃緒申 /lx/ 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃述駕申連続鐃夙なわ申鐃緒申砲蓮鐃�14鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申 /rf/, /lf/ 鐃舜とわ申鐃曙ぞ鐃緒申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重英醐申 dweorh 鐃熟￥申鐃緒申儻鐃� dwerh 鐃緒申个鐃� dwerf "dwarf" 鐃緒申鐃緒申呂鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申慮鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申鐃緒申未箸鐃緒申鐃宿緒申鐃曙た発鐃緒申鐃祝刻申錣誌申鐃� <f> 鐃緒申鐃瞬っわ申鐃塾で￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� <gh> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦常申椶砲牢愀鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃初く15鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝始まっわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所さ鐃緒申襪�鐃緒申/uː/ 鐃緒申 /aʊ/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申圓鐃緒申鐃縦駈申鐃緒申 /x/ 鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃舜わ申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃曙音鐃夙わ申同鐃緒申鐃祝わ申鐃� /x/ 鐃緒申 /xw/ 鐃舜と随申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� /f/ 鐃舜わ申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙考わ申鐃緒申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃曙が enough 鐃緒申 laugh 鐃塾ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申由鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃叔わ申鐃暑が鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾器申鐃峻わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申儔鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�bough, through 鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申襦�
鐃緒申/t/ 鐃緒申鐃緒申続鐃緒申鐃緒申 sought, daughter 鐃淑どにつわ申鐃銃は￥申/x/ 鐃熟逸申鐃緒申 /f/ 鐃舜わ申鐃術駕申鐃緒申鐃緒申17鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝わ申 /f/ 鐃薯示わ申鐃緒申里鐃渋随申鐃緒申辰鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃祝削申鐃緒申鐃緒申譴随申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃初く鐃緒申鐃祝わ申蝓�/f/ 鐃緒申鐃楯わ申鐃曙た laughter 鐃緒申 draught 鐃盾あ鐃所，単鐃緒申任呂覆鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申plough 鐃祝つわ申鐃銃逸申鐃緒申鐃�<plough> 鐃熟￥申鐃重英醐申 pl鐃緒申鐃�h 鐃緒申由鐃処す鐃暑が鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃叔わ申複鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃殉件申 pl鐃緒申鐃�wes 鐃祝器申鼎鐃� <plow> 鐃緒申鐃渋わ申立鐃獣わ申鐃緒申17鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃淑降￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃所ス鐃術醐申任鐃� <plough> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃薯され，鐃緒申鐃緒申螢�鐃術醐申任鐃� <plow> 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃薯され，鐃緒申鐃淳わ申分鐃循に誌申辰討鐃緒申襦�<enough> 鐃夙古件申 <enow> 鐃緒申同鐃粛￥申鐃叔わ申鐃暑．<gh> 鐃祝まつわ申襪緒申鐃渋常申両楮戮蓮鐃�Upward and Davidson (182--84) 鐃薯参照￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申鐃緒申 鐃緒申鐃竣￥申鐃舜駕申鐃緒申鐃祝』￥申鐃術醐申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申11鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃順修鐃循緒申店鐃緒申1985年鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申 Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃熟￥申鐃術醐申望鐃塾種申鐃竣わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申蝓わ申椒屮鐃緒申鐃緒申任鐃緒申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙なってわ申鐃緒申鐃淑器申連鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃薯参照�鐃�spelling_pronunciation_gap鐃祝￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟わ申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申砲鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃述介する．Gelderen (14) 鐃緒申鐃叔載わ申鐃銃わ申鐃緒申鐃塾で￥申"unknown source" 鐃夙わ申鐃緒申討鐃緒申襦�couplet 鐃叔脚縁申鐃緒申踏鐃緒申任鐃緒申襪�鐃緒申鐃循ぼわ申鐃駿てわ申鐃夙わ申鐃瞬誌申鐃緒申鐃循なってわ申鐃緒申里鐃緒申潺鐃緒申鐃緒申峪鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申媼鐃祝種申辰鐃緒申鐃緒申箸鐃粛件申咾箸鐃緒申銅造砲茲�鐃叔わ申鐃銃わ申鐃暑．
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Some may stumble but not you,
On hiccough, thorough, slough, and through?
So now you are ready perhaps
to learn of less familiar traps?
Beware of heard, a dreadful word
that looks like beard and sounds like bird,
and dead is said like bed, not bead or deed.
Watch out for meat, great, and threat that
rhyme with suite, straight, and debt.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃縦刻申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申淵弌鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃藷がわ申鐃緒申茲�鐃叔￥申Web 鐃緒申探鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃逸申鐃淑ワ申鐃緒申鐃緒申廛鐃緒申佞鐃緒申鐃�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申YouTube鐃緒申鐃盾あ鐃緒申法鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申弔鐃緒申離鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃竣トを参照わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃熟￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�PDF鐃緒申匹鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃緒申半鐃緒申 <ough> 鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申多鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申的鐃叔わ申鐃暑．through 鐃緒申鐃瞬誌申鐃祝つわ申鐃銃は￥申[2009-06-20-1]他鐃緒申鐃夙￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006. 163.
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申儻鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申乖離鐃緒申鐃俊わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙はつとわ申鐃塾わ申鐃銃わ申鐃暑が鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申未妨鐃緒申鐃緒申洞鐃緒申鐃緒申飽鐃緒申櫃鼎鐃緒申鐃緒申磴� "ghoti" 鐃叔わ申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃塾「わ申鐃緒申鐃縦わ申鐃竣は￥申
鐃緒申鐃緒申<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
鐃緒申鐃緒申<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
鐃緒申鐃緒申<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申蓮鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃宿出身の削申函鐃緒申鐃宿常申函鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃竣者でわ申鐃緒申 George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 鐃緒申鐃藷げわ申鐃緒申里箸鐃緒申胴鐃緒申鐃緒申里鐃緒申討鐃緒申鐃銃緒申念鐃緒申僂鐃緒申鐃暑が鐃緒申Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃獣わ申鐃塾ではなわ申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申發�鐃暑．Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃� Holroyd 鐃祝わ申鐃夙￥申鐃緒申鐃緒申熱鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申彈圓鐃� "ghoti" 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃遵げ鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃祝￥申鐃楯種申的鐃淑人￥申鐃緒申鐃殉笑わ申鐃曙た鐃塾で￥申Shaw 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾駕申鐃竣者わ申鐃淑護し鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙らし鐃緒申鐃緒申
But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)
鐃緒申鐃曙が鐃緒申鐃渋わ申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申函鐃�Shaw 鐃緒申 "ghoti" 鐃緒申発鐃銃者ではなわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃殉でわ申鐃緒申鐃緒申文遒件申鐃緒申佑砲鐃緒申鐃緒申覆鐃緒申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申箸砲覆襦ワ申鐃緒申鐃叔も，鐃術醐申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃塾削申鐃緒申屬鐃薯広わ申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃塾らし鐃潤た鐃緒申鐃俊は￥申鐃緒申呂鐃� Shaw 鐃祝居申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃銃よい鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃熟逸申鐃出逸申隆愀鐃緒申鐃緒申弔泙鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申鐃夙�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申廚鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃叔わ申鐃暑．鐃緒申鐃瞬わ申鐃緒申埜鐃緒申譴�鐃緒申鐃緒申儔鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申里任鐃緒申襪鰹申箸鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃夙わ申鐃緒申函鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃重�鐃淑常申鐃瞬は種申鐃塾よう鐃淑図わ申表鐃緒申鐃緒申襦ワ申鐃緒申屬鐃緒申鐃緒申 "written mode" 鐃緒申発鐃緒申鐃緒申 "spoken mode" 鐃夙わ申鐃銃わ申鐃暑．鐃緒申
spoken mode 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申 鐃緒申
鐃緒申 鐃緒申
鐃緒申 鐃緒申
鐃緒申 鐃緒申
鐃緒申 鐃緒申
written mode 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
time 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
spoken mode 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃渋�鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃�
鐃緒申
鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申
鐃緒申
written mode 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
time 鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow