ããã¯ãPaul Grahamï¼What You Can't Say ããåèè ã®è¨±å¯ãå¾ã¦ç¿»è¨³ã»å ¬éãããã®ã§ãã
<ç権表示>
æ¬å訳ããã¹ãã®è¤è£½ãå¤æ´ãåé
å¸ã¯ããã®ç権表示ãæ®ãéããèªç±ã«è¡ã£ã¦çµæ§ã§ãã
(ããã®ç権表示ãã«ã¯ä¸ã®æãå«ã¾ãã¾ããããªãã¡ãåé
å¸ãç¦æ¢ãã¦ã¯ããã¾ãã)ã
Copyright 2004 by Paul Graham
åæ: http://www.paulgraham.com/say.html
æ¥æ¬èªè¨³ï¼Shiro Kawai (shiro ï¼ acm.org)
<ç権表示çµã>
Paul Grahamæ°ã®ã¨ãã»ã¤ãã¾ã¨ãããããã«ã¼ã¨ç»å®¶ãã®
é¦è¨³çãåºçããã¾ããã
åºç社ã®æ¡å
ãã¼ã¸
Amazon.co.jp
ãµãã¼ããã¼ã¸
2004/1/05 翻訳å
Ž
2004/1/10 åæã®å¤æ´ã«è¿½å¾(主ã¨ãã¦ãªã³ã¯ã®è¿½å )
2004/4/11 æ¦äºä¼¸å
ããããã®èª¤è¨ã®è¨æ£ãåæ
(ããã¯ãç°ç«¯ã«é¢ããã¨ãã»ã¤ã§ãããããã«ãã¦ç¦ããããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãèãã ããã«ãã£ã¦ä½ãããããå¾è ã¯ãè¿å¹´ã¾ã§ã¯ããå°æ°ã®ã¨ãªã¼ããèããã° è¯ããã¨ã ã£ãããããç¾å¨ã誰ããèããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ã«ãªã£ãã Webã«ãã£ã¦èª°ããæè¦ãå ¬è¡¨ã§ããããã«ãªã£ãããã ã)
æã®èªåã®åçãè¦ã¦ããã®å¤è¦ã«æ¥ãããããè¦ãããã¨ããªãã ãããã ã»ãã¨ã«ãããªæãçã¦ããã ã£ã? ãããçã¦ããã ã ããã¦ãã©ããªã«æ»ç¨½ã«è¦ãããããã®æã¯æããããªãã£ãã æµè¡ã¯æ¬è³ªçã«ãè¦ããªããªããã®ã ãã¡ããã©å°çã®åããã ãã®ä¸ã«è¼ã£ã¦ããæã ã«ã¨ã£ã¦è¦ããªããã®ã§ããããã«ã
ã ããéå¾³ã«ãæµè¡ããããã¨ãæãã¨ãã¡ãã£ã¨æããããªãã éå¾³ã®æµè¡ãåãããã«ä½ã§ãããã§ãããã大æµã®äººã«ã¯è¦ããªãã ã ãããã¯æè£ ã®æµè¡ãããã£ã¨å±éºã ãæµè¡ã®æè£ ã¯ è¯ããã¶ã¤ã³ã¨èª¤è§£ãããããæµè¡ã®éå¾³ã¯åã¨èª¤è§£ãããã å¤ãªæ ¼å¥½ããã¦ãã¦ãç¬ãããã ãã ãã éå¾³ã®æµè¡ã«éããã¨ãé¦ã«ãªã£ãããæå «åã«ãªã£ãããæçããããã 殺ããããã¨ããããã
ããªããã¿ã¤ã ãã·ã³ã§éå»ã«æéæ è¡ã«è¡ããã¨ã«ãªã£ããã ã©ãã¸è¡ããã«ãããããã常ã«æ£ããã¢ããã¤ã¹ãããã å£ã«ãããã¨ã«æ°ãã¤ãããæã ãç¡å®³ã ã¨æã£ã¦ããæè¦ã§ãã ããã¸ããªé¨åã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ããå¯è½æ§ãããã ç§ã¯æ¢ã«ã17ä¸ç´ã®ã¨ã¼ãããã«ãããªã大ããªç½é£ã«éã£ã¦ããã ããçºè¨ã å°ãªãã¨ãä¸ã¤ãã¦ãããå®éããããå£ã«ããããã§ã¬ãªã¬ã¤ã¯å¤§å¤ãªç®ã« ãã£ããã ãã¤ã¾ããå°çã¯åããã¨ã [1]ã
ãã¼ãã¯ãã¤ã§ã ãã©ãã«ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããå½¼ããä¸é©åãªçºè¨ãããã®ã¯ã å½¼ããæµè¡å¤ãã®æè£ ããã¦ãè¯ãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãæã£ã¦ãããã¨ã¨ åãçç±ã«ããã常èã«ãã¾ãã¨ããããªãããã ã
ããã¯ãæ´å²ã®ã©ã®æç¹ã§ãå¤ãããªããã¨ã«æããã ã©ã®æ代ã«ããã¦ããã»ãã¨ã«ã°ãããèããä¿¡ãããã¦ãããã¨ãããã ããããå対ã®èããè¨ãããã®ãªãåä»äºã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ããããªãã»ã© å¼·ã人ã ã«ä¿¡ãããã¦ãããããã ã
ç¾ä»£ã¯éãã®ã ããã? å¤å°ã§ãæ´å²ãããã£ããã¨ã®ãã人ãªãã ã¾ãã¾ã¡ãããªããç¾ä»£ãå¤ãããªãã¨çããã ããã ããç¾ä»£ããå²ä¸åãã¦ãå ¨ã¦ãæ£ããè¡ããã¦ããæ代ã§ããã¨ãããã ãã°ãããå¶ç¶ã§ã¯ãªããã
å°æ¥ã®äººã ãã°ããããã¨ã ã¨æããã¨ãæã ãä¿¡ãã¦ãããããããªãã ã¨æãã¨ãä½ãããããããããã®ãããããã誰ãããæªæ¥ããã¿ã¤ã ãã·ã³ã«ä¹ã£ã¦ ç¾ä»£ã«ãã£ã¦ããã¨ãã¦ãå½¼ãå£ã«ããªãããã«æ°ãã¤ããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ã£ã¦ ä½ã ããããããããç§ãããã§èãããã¨ãã¦ãããããã¯ã ã ã§ãããã ç¾ä»£ã®ç°ç«¯ãè¦ãã¦ã¿ããªãã³ã£ããããããã£ã¦ã ããããªãã ã©ããªæ代ã«ããã¦ã使ãããå£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ãè¦ã¤ããä¸è¬çãªæ¹æ³ã æ¢ãã¦ã¿ããã ã
ã¾ãããã®ãã¹ãããã¯ããããã ããªãã¯ãèªåã¨åæ ¼ã®äººãéã¾ã£ã¦ããã°ã«ã¼ãå ã§ã 表æããã®ãæããããªæè¦ãæã£ã¦ããã ãããã
ãã®çããNoãªãã°ãã¡ãã£ã¨æ¢ã¾ã£ã¦èãã¦ã¿ã¦ã»ããã ããªããä¿¡ãã¦ãããã¨ããã¹ã¦ãããªããä¿¡ããã¹ãã¨ããã¦ãããã¨ã ã¨ãããã ããã¯å¶ç¶ã ãããã確ççã«ã¯ããããããªãå¯è½æ§ã®æ¹ãé«ãã ããªããè¨ããããã¨ãä½ã§ãããã®ã¾ã¾ä¿¡ãã¦ãããã¨ããã»ããããããã ã
å¯è½æ§ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãããªãã¯ããããã®çåã«å¯¾ãã¦èªåãªãã«ç¬ç«ã㦠çããèããã®ã ããã©ãããããã¾ãã¾ãç¾ä»£ã«ããã¦è¯ãã¨ããã¦ãããã®ã¨ ä¸è´ãããã¨ãããã¨ãèãããããã§ãããã¯ãã¾ãæãããã«ãªãã ä¸è´ããããã«ã¯ãåãééããããªãã¡ããªããªãããã ã å°å³ä¼ç¤¾ã¯ããã¨å°ããªééãã製åã«å ¥ãã¦ããã¦ã誰ããã³ãã¼ããããã㨠ãããããã«ãã¦ãããããä»ã®å°å³ãåãééããå«ãã§ãããã ããã¯ã³ãã¼ããã¨ããæåãªè¨¼æ ã ã
æ´å²ä¸ã®å ¨ã¦ã®ä»ã®æ代ã¨åãããã«ãç¾ä»£ã®éå¾³ããããã¤ãã®èª¤ãã å«ãã§ãããã¨ã¯ã¾ãééããªããããã¦ã誰ããåãééããããã¨ãããã ããããããã¯å¶ç¶ãããªãããããå¶ç¶ã ã¨ä¸»å¼µããã®ã¯ãã¾ã㧠1972å¹´ã«æµè¡ã¨ã¯å ¨ãç¬ç«ãã¦ãã«ããã ã®ã¸ã¼ã³ãºã¯ãã£ãããã¨æ±ºããã ã¨ä¸»å¼µãããããªãã®ã ã
ããªããç¾ä»£ã«ããã¦ãä¿¡ããã¹ãã¨ããã¦ãããã¨ãä¿¡ãã¦ããã®ã ã¨ãããã ããããªããååæ¦äºåã®åé¨ã®è¾²å主ã®å®¶ãã 1930年代ã®ãã¤ããããããã¯1200å¹´ã®ã¢ã³ã´ã«ã§è²ã£ãã¨ãã¦ãã ãã®æ代ã«ä¿¡ããã¹ãã¨ããã¦ãããã¨ããã£ã±ããã®ã¾ã¾ä¿¡ãã¦ããã ã¨ããå¯è½æ§ãå¦å®ã§ããªãããããä»ã¨åæ§ã ã£ãå¯è½æ§ã®æ¹ããã£ã¨é«ãã ããã
ãè¯ãé å¿ãã¦ãããã¨ãããããªè¨èã使ãããæ代ã«ã¯ã å£æããããªèããæ±ãã¨ããã ãã§ãã©ããããããã¨æããã¦ããã ããã ã ããæ¬æ¥ã¯éã§ã¯ãªãããå£æããããªèããæ±ããªããã¨ããã»ããã ã¾ãã¾ã¡ãããªããã©ããããããã¨è¨ããããããªããã
å£æãããèãã«ã¯ãã©ããªãã®ãããã ãããã ãã®ãããªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãè¦ã¤ãã ã²ã¨ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãä»ã®äººããããå£ã«ãããããã«ç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããã㪠ãã®ãã¨ã«æ³¨ç®ãããã¨ã [2]ã
ãã¡ãããæã ããããã¨ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããã å£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ãæ¢ãã¨ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã çå®ã§ãããããããã¯å°ãªãã¨ããçå®ã§ããå¯è½æ§ãååã«ããã åé¡ãå ¬ã«ãã¦ãããæ¹ãè¯ãã«ãããããããå£ã«ã§ããªãã¨ãããã¨ãæ¢ãã¦ãããã ã ãã£ã¨ããå£ã«ãããããã«é¨ãã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããããªãã¨ã®å¤ãã¯ã ããããå¾è ã®æ¡ä»¶ãã¯ãªã¢ããã ããã¨æãããã 2 + 2ã¯5ã ã¨ããããããã¼ã°ã®ä½äººã¯èº«é·ã3mããã¨ã主張ããã£ã¦ã ç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããããªãã¨ã¯ãªãããããã£ãããããã¾ã«ééã£ã¦ãã 主張ã¯ãã¸ã§ã¼ã¯ã¨ãã¦ã¨ãããããæªããã°çæ°ã®ãããã¨æããããããããªããã 誰ãããããèãã¦ããããã«ãªãã£ã¦ãã¨ã¯ãã¾ãããããã«ãªãã 人ãããããèãã¦æãåºããããªä¸»å¼µã¨ã¯ããã®ä¸»å¼µãä¿¡ãããã㨠å°ãã¨ãã®äººãèãã¦ãããã®ã ããããããæã人ã®æããè²·ã主張ã¯ã çå®ã§ãããããããªãã¨æãããã¦ãã主張ã ããã
ã¬ãªã¬ã¤ããããã¥ã¢ã®äººã ã¯èº«é·ã3mããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã°ã 害ã®ãªãå¥äººã ã¨æããã¦ããã ããã ã ããå°çã太é½ã®å¨ããåã£ã¦ããã¨è¨ããã¨ã¯å¥åé¡ã ã ããã«ãã£ã¦äººã ããã®ãèãå§ããããã«ãªããã¨ããæä¼ã¯ç¥ã£ã¦ããã
éå»ãæ¯ãè¿ã£ã¦ã¿ãã°ããã®ãããã£ã±ãªã«ã¼ã«ã¯ç¢ºãã«ãã¾ã使ããããã ã ãããè¨ã£ããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããããªæè¦ã®å¤ãã¯ã ç¾å¨ã§ã¯å®³ã®ãªããã®ã ãã ãããæªæ¥ããã®æ è¡è ã¯ãããã«ã¡ 人ã ãç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ãããããªæè¦ã®ãããªãã¨ãããã¤ãã¯ã åãããã«ç¡å®³ãªãã®ã ã¨èããã ãããç¾ä»£ã«ã¬ãªã¬ã¤ã¯ããªãã®ã ããã? ãããªãã¨ã¯ããã¾ãã
ãããã£ãã±ã¼ã¹ãæ¢ãã«ã¯ã人ã ãç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããããªä¸»å¼µã« 常ã«æ³¨ç®ãã¦ãããã®ä¸»å¼µã¯çå®ã§ããå¾ãã ããããã¨åãã¦ã¿ããã¨ã ã ãããã主張ã¯ãç°ç«¯ã(ãããã¯ç¾ä»£ã§ããã«ç¸å½ãããã®)ã§ã¯ããã ãããã åæã«ãããçå®ã§ããå¯è½æ§ã¯ãªãã ãããã
ãã ããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯å ¨ã¦ã®çãã¯æ±ã¾ããªãã ãããããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã«ã¤ãã¦ã誰ãç½é£ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãããã¨ãç¡ãã£ãã¨ããã? ãããããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãããã¾ãã«å¼·çã«ç©è°ãé¸ããããªããã«ã 誰ããããæ¢ãã¦å ¬ã«è¨ãåºããªãã§ããã¨ããã? ã©ããã£ã¦ããããèããè¦ã¤ãããè¯ãã ãã?
ããä¸ã¤ã®ã¢ããã¼ãã¯ããç°ç«¯ãã¨ããè¨èã追ããã¨ã ã æ´å²ã®ã©ã®æ代ã§ããçå½ã®è°è«ã«ç»ãåã«ä¸»å¼µãæã¡è½ã¨ãããã«ä½¿ããã ã¬ããã«ããã£ãã西æ´ã®æ´å²ã®å¤§ããªé¨åã§ããä¸æ¬ãããåæ¶ãããç°ç«¯ã ã¨ãã£ãè¨èã使ããã¦ããããå°ãåã¯ãä¸ä½æ³ããä¸éå¾³ããã¢ã¡ãªã«çã§ãªãã ã¨ãã£ãè¨èãããã§ãã£ãããããããããã£ãã¬ããã«ã¯æ¢ã«å¹ãç®ã 失ã£ããã¬ããã«ã¨ãããã®ã¯å¸¸ã«ããã ãä»ã§ã¯ããããã£ãè¨èã¯æ®é㯠ç®èã¨ãã¦ãã使ãããªããã ãä¸ææã¯ããããã®è¨èã¯æ¬ç©ã®åãæã£ã¦ ãããã ã
ä¾ãã°ãæå主義è ãã¨ããè¨èã¯ãç¾ä»£ã§ã¯ç¹ã«æ¿æ²»è²ã帯ã³ã¦ã¯ããªãã ããã1917å¹´ã®ãã¤ãã«ããã¦ã¯ããã®è¨èã¯æ¦å¨ã§ãã£ãã ã«ã¼ãã³ãã«ãã¯ãã®è¨èã使ã£ã¦ãåå¹³æ¡ãæ¯æãã人ã ãä¸æããã®ã ã 第äºæ¬¡ä¸ç大æ¦ã®ã¯ãã¾ãã«ããã¦ã¯ããã®è¨èã¯ãã£ã¼ãã«ã¨æ¯æè éã«ãã£ã¦ã å対è ãé»ãããããã«ä½¿ãããã1940å¹´ã«ã¯ããã£ã¼ãã«ã®æ»æçãªæ¿çã« å対ãããããªã主張ããæå主義ãã¨ãããã ãããæ£ãããã¨ãééã£ããã¨ããããåãã¨ããã¾ã§ã¯èª°ããããªãã£ãã
ãã¡ãããç¾ä»£ã«ãããããã¬ããã«ã¯ããããããããããã ããããã»ã©ä½ã«ã§ã使ãããä¸é©åãªãã¨ããè¨èãã¯ãããå¤ãã¯å·¦æ´¾ãã åºã¦ããããæè¿ã®ãã®ã¯å³æ´¾ããæ¥ãã ã対ç«ä¸»ç¾©çãã ã ãã®è¨èã¯ç¾å¨ã®æ¿æ¨©ã«ãã£ã¦ãã©ããªè©±é¡ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãç¸æãé»ãããã®ã« 使ããã¦ããã
ã©ããªæ代ã§ãããããã£ãã¬ããã«ãè¦ã¤ããã®ã¯é£ãããªãã åæåºæ¥ãªãæè¦ã«å¯¾ãã¦ããããã¯æ£ãããªããã¨ããããã㫠人ã ãã©ãããè¨èã使ãããè¦ãã°è¯ãã æ¿æ²»å®¶ããç¸æã«å¯¾ãã¦ãééã£ã¦ãããã¨ãããªããããã¯çç´ãªæ¹å¤ã ã ãããæ¿æ²»å®¶ããã主張ãããã®çå½ã§ã¯ãªã ã対ç«ä¸»ç¾©çãã ã¨ããå·®å¥ã«å¯¾ãã¦é æ ®ãæ¬ ãã¦ãããã ã¨ãè¨ã£ã¦æ»æãã¦ããã¨ããã°ã 注æãæã£ãæ¹ãããã
ãã®ããã«ãæã ã®ã¿ãã¼ã®ãã¡ã©ããå°æ¥ã®ä¸ä»£ããè¦ã¦ç¬ããããã®ã§ãããã ç¥ãããã²ã¨ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãã¬ããã«ããå§ãããã¨ã ã ã²ã¨ã¤ã¬ããã«ãé¸ãã§ã¿ã(ä¾ãã°ããæ§å·®å¥ä¸»ç¾©è ãã¨ãã)ã ããã¦ããã®ããã«å¼ã°ããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãããã¤ãèãã¦ã¿ãã ããã¦ãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã®ããããã«ã¤ãã¦ããããçå®ãããããªããã©ãããåãã¦ã¿ããã ã
ããããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãã©ã³ãã ã«æ¸ãåºãã¦ããã®ãã£ã¦? ããã ãã¨ããã®ã¯ãå®ã¯ããã¯ã©ã³ãã ã§ã¯ãªãããã ã æåã«æèã«ç»ã£ã¦æ¥ãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ããä¸çªãããããªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã ããã ã ãããããã®ã¯ãããªããæ¢ã«æ°ã¥ãã¦ããã«ããããããã èãããã¨ãæ¢ãã¦ãã¾ã£ã¦ãããã®ã ããã ã
1989å¹´ã«ãããè³¢ãç 究è éããæ¾å°ç·ç§å»å¸«ãè¸ã®ã¬ã³ãã²ã³ããèºçã®å åã æ¢ãæã®ç¼ã®åãã調ã¹ã[3]ã ããã¨ãå»å¸«ãçæ§ã®ç å¤ãè¦éããæã§ããã å»å¸«ã®ç¼ã¯ãã®ç®æã«å°ãã®éçã¾ã£ã¦ãããã¨ãããã£ãã ã¤ã¾ããå»å¸«ãé ã®ã©ããã§ã¯ãããã«ä½ããããã¨ãããã¨ãèªèãã¦ããã ãã ããããæèçãªç¥èã®é¨åã¾ã§å±ããªãã ããªã®ã ã å¤ãã®ãããããç°ç«¯çãªèãã¯ãæã ã®æèã®ä¸ã«ã»ã©ãã©å½¢ã«ãªãã¨ããã¾ã§ ã§ãã¦ããããããªããã¨ç§ã¯æããã ãããèªå·±æ¤é²æ©è½ãä¸æçã«åã£ã¦ã¿ãã°ã ãããã£ããã®ãæåã«æµ®ãã³ããã£ã¦ãããã ã
æªæ¥ãè¦ããã¨ãã§ããã°ãæã ã®ã¿ãã¼ã®ã©ããç¬ãããããã«ãªãã㯠ããã«ãããã ãããããã¯ã§ããªãç¸è«ã ããä¼¼ããããªãã¨ãªãã§ããã éå»ãè¦ããã ãæã ãééãã¦ãããã¨ãç¥ãããã²ã¨ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ã ãã¤ã¦åãå ¥ãããã¦ããã®ã«ä»ã§ã¯èããã§ããªããã¨ãæ¢ããã¨ã ã
éå»ããç¾å¨ã¸ã®å¤åã®ããã¤ãã¯ãé²æ©ã«ãããã®ã ããã ç©çå¦ã®ãããªé åã§ã¯ãéå»ã®ä¸ä»£ã¨çç¾ããçµæãåºã¦ãããã ããã¯æã ãæ£ããã¦éå»ãééã£ã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã ã ã§ãããã£ã¡ãããç§å¦ã®ç¢ºå®æ§ããé¢ããã«ãããã£ã¦ã ããã¯ã£ããã¨è¨ãããã¨ã¯æ¥éã«å°ãªããªãã 社ä¼çãªåé¡ã«ã¾ã§æ¥ãã°ãå¤ãã®å¤åã¯åãªãæµè¡ã ã åºãåãå ¥ããããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã®å¤åã¯ãã¹ã«ã¼ãä¸ã¨å¤åã¨ä¼¼ããå¯ã£ããã ã
ç¾ä»£ã«çããæã ã®æ¹ããéå»ã®ä¸ä»£ãããã£ã¨è³¢ãã¦é«å¾³ã ã¨æããã ãããããªãããæ´å²ãå¦ã¹ã°å¦ã¶ã»ã©ãããã¯æããªããªã£ã¦ããã éå»ã«çãã人ã ã¯æã ã¨ããä¼¼ã¦ãããè±éã§ããªããéè®äººã§ããªãã å½¼ããä½ãèãã¦ããã«ãããããã¯äººã ãä¿¡ããã«è¶³ãèãã§ãã£ãããã
ããã«ããã²ã¨ã¤ããããããç°ç«¯ãè¦ã¤ããæºãããã ç¾å¨ã®ã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¨æ§ã ãªéå»ã®æåã«ãããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¨ã®diffãåã£ã¦ çµæãè¦ã¦ã¿ããã [4]ã ç¾å¨ã®åºæºããããã¨ã³ã£ãããããããªãã®ããã£ã¨ããã¤ãããã ããã ããã¯ããã ãã¨ããã§ããã®å ´åãã©ã¡ããæ£ããã¨è¨ããã ãããã
大ããªéããè¦ã¤ããã®ã«ãå¿ ãããéå»ãã®ããè¦ãå¿ è¦ã¯ãªãã èªåã®æ代ã«ããã¦ããç°ãªã社ä¼ã¯ãä½ãããã¦ä½ãã ããã«ã¤ã㦠極ãã¦ç°ãªã£ãèããæã£ã¦ãããã ãããèªåã®æåã®ã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¨ ä»ã®æåã®ããã¨ã®diffãåã£ã¦ã¿ã¦ãè¯ãã ããã (ãããããæè¯ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãããããæåã訪ãã¦ã¿ããã¨ã )ã
çç¾ããã¿ãã¼ãè¦ã¤ããã ãããããæåã§ã¯Xãèãããã¨ã¯ è¡æçã ããå¥ã®æåã§ã¯ãããèããªããã¨ãè¡æçã¨ããããããããªãã ã§ããå¤ãã®å ´åãè¡æã¯ä¸æ¹ã®å´ã«ããããããªããã¨ç§ã¯æãã ããæåã§ã¯Xã¯è¯ãã¦ãå¥ã®æåã§ã¯ããã¯ã¨ãã§ããªããã¨ã¨ãããã ç§ã®ä»®èª¬ã¯ããããã¨ãã§ããªããã¨ã¨ããå´ã®æ¹ããä½ãééãããã¦ãããããªãã ã£ã¦ãã¨ã [5]ã
ã¿ãã¼ä»¥ä¸ã®ã¿ãã¼ã¨ããã®ã¯ãããããã»ã¨ãã©æ®éçã«ã¿ãã¼ã¨ããã¦ãã ãã¨ã ãã ã¨æããä¾ãã°æ®ºäººã ãã ãã大é¨åã®æéã¨å ´æã§ç¡å®³ã¨ãã㦠ããèããä»ããã§ã¿ãã¼ã¨ããã¦ãããªããããã¯æã ãã©ããã§ééãã¦ãã ãã¨ã®æåãªåè£ã«ãªãã
ä¾ãã°ããæ¿æ²»çã«æ£ãããè¨èé£ãã®æ³¢ãæé«æ½®ã«éãã1990年代å§ãã®é ã ãã¼ãã¼ãã§ã¯ææã¨è·å¡ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãã³ãã¬ãããé ãããããã®ä¸ã«ã¯ã ä»ã®è«¸æ³¨æã«æ··ãã£ã¦ãååãå¦çã®æè£ ãè¤ãããã¨ã¯ä¸é©åã§ããã¨æ¸ããã¦ããã ããããã£ãããã·ã£ãã ããã£ã¦è¨ã£ã¡ããããªããã ã£ã¦ãã ãããªè¦åã¯ãããããéå»ã§ãç¾å¨ã§ããä¸çã®æ§ã ãªæåã®ä¸ã§ãé常ã«çãããã® ã ããã¨æãã人ã®æè£ ãè¤ãããã¨ã¯éã«ç¤¼åæ£ãããã¨ã¨ èãããã¦ããæåã®æ¹ãå¤ãã ããã ãããã£ã¦ãããã¯ãæªæ¥ããã®æ è¡è ãæéæ è¡å ã 1992å¹´ã®ããµãã¥ã¼ã»ããå·ã±ã³ããªãã¸ã«å®ããå ´åã«ãé¿ããã¹ã ã¿ãã¼ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã®ç©ãããªä¾ã¨ãªãå¯è½æ§ãé«ãã
ãã¡ãããæªæ¥ã«ã¿ã¤ã ãã·ã³ãããã®ãªãã å¤åã±ã³ããªãã¸ã«é¢ãããªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ããã¥ã¢ã«ãå¥ã«ç¨æããã¦ãããã¨ã ããã ã±ã³ããªãã¸ã¯ãã¤ã§ãå£ãããããç´°ããªãã¨ã«å£ãåºã人ãããè¡ã§ããã ããªãã¯å¸¸ã«ä¼è©±ã®ä¸ã§èãã¨ä¸ç·ã«ææ³ãç´ãããã®ãè¦æããªãã¡ããªããªããããª å ´æã ããã ããã«ããä¸ã¤ãã¿ãã¼ãçºè¦ããæ¹æ³ããããããããªãã å è¦ãããä¸åã¶ã£ã人ãæ¢ãã¦ããã®é ã®ä¸ãã®ããã¦ã¿ããã ã
åä¾ã®é ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãããæå³ãæã ã®ã¿ãã¼ã®å ¨ã¦ãä¿åããã¦ããã æã ã¯ãåä¾ã®èãã¯è¼ãããç¾ããããã¹ããã¨æããããã æã ãåä¾ã«è¦ããä¸çã®å§¿ã¯ãçºéä¸ã®å¿ã«åããã¦åç´ã«ãã¦ããã ãã§ãªãã ãã¡ãã¨æ¶æ¯ããã¦ãããåä¾ã¯ããèããã¹ããã¨ãã大人ã®èãã«åãããããã« [6]ã
æ±ãè¨èã®æ±ãã«ããã®ç¸®å³ãè¦ããã¨ãã§ããã ç§ã®å人ã®å¤ãã¯ããããåä¾ãè²ã¦ã¯ãããããã¿ããªèµ¤ãåã èãã¦ããã¨ããã§ã¯ãfuckãã¨ããshitããªãã¦è¨èã¯ä½¿ããªãããã« ãã¦ãããããããªãã¨èµ¤ãåãããããè¨èã使ãã¯ããã¦ãã¾ããã®ããã«ã ã§ããããããåèªã¯è¨èªã®ä¸é¨ã§ãã£ã¦ã大人ã¯ãã¤ã§ã使ã£ã¦ãããããªããã ã¨ãããã¨ã¯ã大人ã¯èªåéã®åä¾ã«å¯¾ãã¦ããããã®åèªã使ããªããã¨ã§ è¨èªã«é¢ããä¸æ£ç¢ºãªèããä¼ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã ã©ããã¦ãããªãã¨ããããã ãã? åä¾ã¯è¨èªå ¨ã¦ã使ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããã¨å¤§äººãèãã¦ããããã ã åä¾ã«ã¯ç¡å¢ã§ãã¦ã»ããã®ã [7]ã
大æµã®å¤§äººã¯ãåãçç±ãããããã¨ä¸çã«é¢ãã¦èª¤è§£ãçã¿ãããè¦æ¹ã åä¾ã«ä¸ãããæãæç½ãªä¾ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã¯ãµã³ã¿ã¯ãã¼ã¹ã ã ããããå°ããªåããµã³ã¿ã¯ãã¼ã¹ãä¿¡ãã¦ããã®ã¯å¯æããã®ã ã ç§èªèº«ããå°ããªåããµã³ã¿ã¯ãã¼ã¹ãä¿¡ãã¦ããã®ãå¯æãã¨æãã ãã ãããããçåã¯æ®ãã大人ã¯ãåä¾èªèº«ã®ããã«ãããããã¨ãè¨ã£ã¦ãã ãã ããããããã¨ã大人èªèº«ã®ããã«?
ããã§ã¯ããã®èãã«è³æã ã¨ãå対ã ã¨ãããè°è«ããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã 親ã¨ãããã®ã¯ãåä¾ã®ä¸çãå¯æã赤ã¡ããåãã°ããºã§é£¾ããã¦ãã«ã¯ãããªã ãã®ãªãã ãããç§ã ã£ã¦èªåã®åã«ã¯ãããããããããªãã ããã§ã®ç®çã«ã¨ã£ã¦éè¦ãªãã¨ã¯ãçµæã¨ãã¦ãè¯ãè²ã¦ããããã£ã¼ã³ã¨ã¼ã¸ã® åä¾ã®é ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãæã ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã®ã¿ãã¼ã®ã»ã¼å®ç§ãªã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãä½ããããã¨ã« ãªããã¨ãããã¨ã ãããããçµé¨ã«ãã£ã¦æ±ããã¦ã¯ããªããçæ°ããç¶æ ã§ã å°æ¥ãã°ããããã¨ã ã¨åããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¯ä½ã§ãããæ¢ã«ãã®é ã®ä¸ã«å ¥ã£ã¦ããã¯ãã ã
ããããã©ããã£ã¦ãå£ã«ã§ããªãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãåãåºããã£ã¦? 次ã®æèå®é¨ã使ããã ãå¾å¹´ã®ã³ã³ã©ããã®å°èª¬ã«åºã¦ãããã㪠人ç©ãæ³å®ãããå½¼ã¯ããæã¯ã¢ããªã«ã§åå µã¨ãªããããæã¯ããã¼ã«ã§å»å¸«ã¨ãªãã ããã¦ã¾ãããæã¯ãã¤ã¢ãã®ãã¤ãã¯ã©ãã§æ¯é 人ããã£ãã¨ãããã ãããç´°ãããã¨ã¯ä½ã§ãè¯ãã®ã ããã¨ã«ããå½¼ã¯å®ã«è²ã ãªãã¨ãè¦èããã¦ããã ãã®ç·ã®é ã®ä¸èº«ã¨ãéå¤ã§è¡åè¯ãè²ã¦ããã16æã®å¥³ã®åã®é ã®ä¸èº«ãæ¯è¼ ãã¦ã¿ããã©ãã ãããå½¼ãèãããã¨ã®ãã¡ã女ã®åã«è¡æãä¸ãããã㪠ãã¨ã¯ä¸ä½ä½ã ãããå½¼ã¯ä¸çãç¥ã£ã¦ãããããã¦å¥³ã®åã¯ã æã ã®ã¿ãã¼ãç¥ã£ã¦ãããå°ãªãã¨ãå å ãã¦ããã ä¸æ¹ããããä¸æ¹ãå¼ãç®ããã°ããã®çµæããæã ãå£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ã ã
å£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ãè¦åºãæ¹æ³ããããä¸ã¤èãããã¨ãã§ããã ã¿ãã¼ãã©ããã£ã¦ä½ãããããè¦ããã¨ã ã éå¾³ã®æµè¡ã¯ã©ã®ããã«çã¾ãã社ä¼ã«æ ¹ä»ãã®ã ããã ãã®æ©æ§ãç解ã§ããã°ããããä»ã®æ代ã«åãã¦ãããã¨ãè¦ã¦åããã¨ã ã§ãããããããªãã
éå¾³ã®æµè¡ã¯ãæ®éã®æµè¡ã¨åãããã«ã¯ä½ãããªãã æ®éã®æµè¡ã¯ã誰ãå½±é¿åã®ãã人ã®æ°ã¾ãããªæãä»ãã ã¿ããªãçä¼¼ãããã¨ã§ãå¶ç¶èµ·ããããã«æããã 15ä¸ç´å¾åã«ã¨ã¼ãããã§ã¤ã¾å ã®å¤§ããªé´ãæµè¡ã£ãã®ã¯ã ãã©ã³ã¹ã®ã·ã£ã«ã«8ä¸ã足æã6æ¬æã£ã¦ããããã ã ãã©ã³ã¯ã»ã¯ã¼ãã¼ãã¤ã³ãã£ã¢ãå·ã®å·¥å ´è¡ã®ååãè¸åã¨ãããã¨ã§ã ãGaryãã¨ããååãå§ã¾ã£ãã ããããéå¾³ã®æµè¡ã¯ãã£ã¨æå³çã«ä½ããããã¨ãå¤ãã å£ã«åºããªããã¨ãããå ´åãããã¦ãã¯ãä½ããã®éå£ãã 人ã ã«ãããå£ã«ãã¦æ¬²ãããªãã¨æã£ã¦ããããã ã
ãã®éå£ãç¥çµãå°ããã¦ããã°ããã»ã©ãç¦ããå§åã¯å¼·ããªãã ã¬ãªã¬ã¤ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ç®èã ã£ãã®ã¯ãå½¼ã¯ã³ãã«ãã¯ã¹ã®èããç¹°ãè¿ããã ã㧠弾å§ããããã¨ã ãã³ãã«ãã¯ã¹èªèº«ã¯å¼¾å§ãããªãã£ãã®ã«ã å®éãã³ãã«ãã¯ã¹ã¯å¤§èå ã®åäºä¼å¡ã§ãããæçã«èªèº«ã®æ¬ãç®ä¸ãã¦ããããã ã ãã¬ãªã¬ã¤ã®æ代ã«ã¯æä¼ã¯åå®ææ¹é©ã®è¦éã®æä¸ã«ããã éä¼çµ±çãªèãã«å¯¾ãã¦ãã£ã¨å¼·ãææ ®ãã¦ããã
ã¿ãã¼ãã¤ããåºãéå£ã¯ãå¼±ãã¨æ¨©åã®ä¸éã§å±ããæºãã¦ããã èªä¿¡ã®ããéå£ã¯ãèªåãå®ãããã®ã¿ãã¼ãå¿ è¦ã¨ããªãã ã¢ã¡ãªã«äººãã¤ã®ãªã¹äººãããªãçºè¨ããã¦ããä¸é©åã ã¨ã¯æãããªãã ããã ä¸æ¹ã§ãéå£ã¯ã¿ãã¼ãå¼·å¶ãã«è¶³ãåãæã£ã¦ããå¿ è¦ãããã ãã®å稿ãæ¸ãã¦ããæç¹ã§ã¯ãæ±ç©æ好è ã¯ãã®å好ãã©ã¤ãã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã¨ã㦠社ä¼ã«åãå ¥ããããç¨ã®å¢åã¯ã¾ã ç¡ãããã ã
ãããããéå¾³çãªã¿ãã¼ã®æ大ã®æºã¯ãå¢åã®ã¶ã¤ããããã«ãã㦠ä¸æ¹ãããããã¦ä»æ¹ã®ä¸æãåã£ã¦ããã ããã¨ãã£ãå ´åãªã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æãã ããã«ã¯ãã¿ãã¼ãå¼·å¶ããã ãã®åãæã¡ããã¤ãããå¿ è¦ã¨ããã»ã©å¼±ããã¨ãã éå£ãããã
å¤ãã®ç´äºã¯ããããæ¬æ¥ã¯ä½ã«ã¤ãã¦ã§ãã£ãã«ããã 競åããææ³éã®äºãã¸ã¨å¤å®¹ãã¦ãããã¤ã®ãªã¹ã®å®ææ¹é©ã¯ã åºã§ã¯å¯ã¨æ¨©åãæ±ããéãã§ãã£ãããçµå±ã¯ãã¼ãã®ç ´å£çå½±é¿ãã è±å½äººã®éãå®ãããã®éãã¸ã¨å¤å®¹ããã 人ã ãäºãããã«ã¯ãææ³ã®ããã«ããã»ããç°¡åã ã ããã¦ã©ã¡ããåã£ã¦ããåã£ãæ¹ã®ææ³ãåè ã¨å ±ã«åå©ãèªãã ã¾ãã§ç¥ãããã¡ããåããããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ ãã®ææ³ã«åæãããã¨ã示ããã¨ã§ããããã°ããã«ã
æã ã¯ãã°ãã°ã第äºæ¬¡ä¸ç大æ¦ã¯ãå ¨ä½ä¸»ç¾©ã«å¯¾ããèªç±ã®åå©ã ã¨èããããã ãã®æã«ã¯ãã½ãã¨ãé£é¦ãåã¡çµã«å ¥ã£ã¦ãããã¨ã¯é½åè¯ãå¿ãã¦ããããã ã
ç§ã¯ãææ³ã«åºã¥ãäºããå ¨ãç¡ãã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãã ãã©ããªäºãã§ããããããææ³ã«åºã¥ããã©ããã«ãããããã ãããããã¯ææ³ã«é¢ããäºãã§ãããã®ããã«ãªã£ã¦ããã¨ãããã¨ã ææãã¦ããã®ã ã ããã¦ãå»ããã°ããã®æµè¡ããã¡ã°ãæµè¡å¤ãã§ããã®ã¨åãããã«ã ãã¡è² ããããã°ããã®ææ³ã¯ãæãééã£ããã®ã§ããããã«åãåãããã å ·è±¡ä¸»ç¾©è¸è¡ã¯ãããã©ã¼ã¨ã¹ã¿ã¼ãªã³ã«æ°ã«å ¥ããããã¨ããåããçæããã ãã¾ããããç«ã¡ç´ãã¤ã¤ãã [8]ã
éå¾³ã®æµè¡ã¯æè£ ã®æµè¡ã¨ã¯éãã¨ããããçºçãããã ããã社ä¼ã«åºã¾ãæ©æ§ã«ã¯ããã¦éãããªãã ã¾ããæµè¡ããã®ã«ææãªå±¤ãéå¿ãããããåãè¾¼ãã èªåã§èªåãã¯ã¼ã«ã ã¨æã£ã¦ãã人ã ã¯ã並ã®ç¾¤éããèªåãåºå¥ãããã®ã ã æµè¡ã確ç«ããã¨ã第äºã®ããã£ã¨å¤§ããªéå£ããæããããã®æµè¡ã«å ãã [9]ã ãããã®äººã ã¯ãç®ç«ã¡ããããã§ã¯ãªããç®ç«ã¤ã®ãæããã æµè¡ãæ¡ãå ¥ããã®ã ã
ãããã£ã¦ãå£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ãä½ããç¥ããããã°ãæµè¡ã®ä»çµã¿ã ããè¦ã¦ããããä½ãå£ã«ã§ããªãããããäºæ¸¬ãããã¨ãããã¨ã ã åãæã¡ç¥çµãå°ããã¦ããéå£ã¯ããããããã¦ãã®éå£ãæãè¾¼ã¿ãã èãã¨ããã®ã¯ä½ããããéå£ãæè¿ã®äºãã«æãããããæ¯æãã¦ãããããã« ä¸ç·ã«è²è¤ªãã¦ãã¾ã£ãèãã¯ä½ããèªæèçã§ã¯ã¼ã«ã«ãããã㨠æã人éããèªåãåã®æµè¡(ä¾ãã°è¦ªã®ä¸ä»£ã®æµè¡ãªã©)ããåºå¥ããã㨠èããæã«ãåã®æµè¡ã®ã©ããªèããæå¦ããã ãããã ããã¦æ®éã®äººã ãå£ã«ãããã¨ãæãããã¨ã¨ã¯ãªãã ãããã
ãã®ãã¯ããã¯ã¯ãå£ã«ã§ããªããã¨å ¨ã¦ãçºè¦ã§ããããã§ã¯ãªãã æè¿äºããã¨ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ããªãã®ã«å£æããããã¨ãã¨ããã®ã ããã¤ãæãä»ããæã ã®ã¿ãã¼ã®å¤ãã¯ããã£ã¨éå»ã«æ·±ãæ ¹ãä¸ããã¦ããã ããããã®ã¢ããã¼ããåã«è¿°ã¹ã4ã¤ã¨çµã¿åãããã°ã ããã¶ãããããã®ãèãããã¨ãæãããèãããè¦ã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããã ããã
ä½ã§ãããããããªãã¨ãããããã®ããã¨çåã«æã人ãããã ããã ä½ã ã£ã¦ãè¤ããããªãå±éºãªèããããããã®ããã¦åããã ããã¨ã ã©ããã¦ç³ã®ä¸ãè¦ããããªçä¼¼ããããã ãã
ç§ããããããã®ã¯ãã¾ã第ä¸ã«ã¯ãåä¾ã®æã«ç³ã®ä¸ãè¦ããã®ã¨åã çç±ããã ãç´ç²ãªå¥½å¥å¿ãããã¦ç¹ã«ãç¦ãããã¦ãããã¨ã«å¯¾ãã 好å¥å¿ãã¨ã«ããè¦ãã¦ãããããããããã©ããããèªåã§èããããã
第äºã®çç±ã¯ãç§ã¯ééãã§ãããããªèãã好ãã§ãªãããã ã ä»ã®æ代ã¨åãããã«ãå°æ¥ã°ããããã¨ã ã¨æããããããªãã¨ã æã ãä¿¡ãã¦ããã®ã ã¨ããããå°ãªãã¨ãç§ã¯ãããç¥ã£ã¦ã ããããã®ãä¿¡ãããã¨ãé¿ãããã
第ä¸ã«ãããã¯é è³ã«ã¨ã£ã¦è¯ãããã ã è¯ãä»äºãããã«ã¯ãã©ãã¸ã§ãè¡ããé è³ãå¿ è¦ã ã ã¨ããããæ¬æ¥è¡ãã¹ãã§ãªããããªã¨ããã«è¡ãç¿æ§ãæã£ã¦ãããããªé è³ããã
ç´ æ´ãããä»äºã¯ãä»äººãè¦éããã¦ãããããªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ããçã¾ãããã¨ãå¤ãã ããã¦ãèããã§ããªããããªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã»ã©ãè¦éãããã¦ãããã®ã¯ ç¡ããããªãããä¾ãã°ãèªç¶æ·æ±°ãèãã¦ã¿ãããã¨ã¦ãåç´ã ã ã ã®ã«ãªããä»ã®äººã¯èãä»ããªãã£ããã ããã ããã¯ããã¾ãã«æç½éããããã ã ãã¼ã¦ã£ã³æ¬äººããããèªèº«ã®çè«ãæå³ããã¨ããã注ææ·±ãçªå ç«ã¡ã§ é¿ãã¦éã£ã¦ãããå½¼ã¯èªåã®æéããçç©å¦ãèãã¦éããããã£ãããã§ã å½¼ã®ãã¨ãç¡ç¥è«è ã¨å¼¾å¾ãã人ã ã¨è°è«ãããã£ããããããªãã
ç¹ã«ç§å¦ã§ã¯ãå½ç¶ã¨ã¿ãªããã¦ãããã¨ã«çåãæã¤è½å㯠大ããªå©ç¹ã¨ãªããå°ãªãã¨ãè¯ãç§å¦è ã®modus operandi(ä»äºææ³)ã¨ã¯ ã¾ãã«ããã ããããã ãä¸è¬çãªç¥èã綻ã³ãã¨ãããæ¢ãã å²ãç®ãããéãã¦ããã®ä¸ã«ãããã®ãè¦ãã ããããæ°ããçè«ãçã¾ããã
è¯ãç§å¦è ã¨ã¯ãå¥ã®è¨èã§è¨ãã°ãä¸è¬çãªç¥èãåã«ç¡è¦ããã ãã§ã¯ãªãã ãããç ´ãããã«ç¹ã«åªåãããã®ã ã¨ãè¨ãããç§å¦è ã¯ãèªãå°é£ãæ¢ãã®ã ã ããã¯å ¨ã¦ã®å¦è ã«ã¨ã£ã¦å¿ è¦ãªææ³ã§ããã¯ãã ãã ç§å¦è ã¯ç¹ã«ç³ã®ä¸ãè¦ãããã人種ã§ããããã«æãã [10]ã
ä½æ ã ãã? åã«ãç§å¦è ã¯è³¢ãããã ãããã å¤ãã®ç©çå¦è ã¯ãå¿ è¦ã¨ããã°ããã©ã³ã¹æå¦ã®å士課ç¨ãçµãããã¨ã ã£ã¦ã§ãã ã ãããããã©ã³ã¹æå¦ã®ææã§ç©çå¦ã®å士課ç¨ã çµãããã人ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ããªãã ããã ããã¨ããç§å¦ã«ããã¦ã¯ãã®ãã¨ã®çå½ãããã¯ã£ããã¨ãã¦ããããã ç§å¦è ã¯å¤§èã«ãªããã¨ãããã¨ã ãããã (ãããã¯ããã®ãã¨ã®çå½ãããã¯ã£ããã¨ãã¦ããããã ç§å¦è ã¨ãã¦ãã£ã¦ããããã«ã¯ãåã«è¯ãæ¿æ²»å®¶ã§ãããã¨ä»¥ä¸ã«ã è³¢ããã¨ãæ±ããããã¨ãè¨ãããããããªãã)ã
çç±ã¯ä½ã§ãããç¥æ§ã¨è¡æçãªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¸ã®æ¢æ±å¿ã¨ã®éã«ã¯ ã¯ã£ããã¨ããç¸é¢ãããããã«æãããè³¢ã人ã ã¯ä¸è¬çãªèãã® ç©´ãæ¢ããã¨ã«ç±å¿ã ã¨ããã ãã§ã¯ãªãããããã人ã ã¯ã 常èã«ã¨ãããããã¨ãå°ãªãã¨ãããããå½¼ãã®æ ¼å¥½ãè¦ãã°ãããã ããã
ç°ç«¯ãå©çãããããã®ã¯ç§å¦ã®åéã ãã§ã¯ãªãã 競äºçãªé åãªãã©ãã§ããä»ã®äººãè¦ãåæ°ãæããªãã¨ãããè¦ããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ 大ããåã¤ãã¨ãã§ããã ããã¦ã©ããªé åã«ããã»ã¨ãã©ã®äººãæãã¦å£ã«ããªã ç°ç«¯ã¨ãããã®ãããããããªãããç±³å½ã®èªåè»ç£æ¥ã¯ã ãã¼ã±ããã·ã§ã¢ã®æ¸å°ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã©ã対å¿ãã¹ããå®ã«è¦æ ®ãã¦ããã ã ããå¤å´ã«ãã注ææ·±ã人éãªã誰ã§ãããã®åå ã¯ãã¾ãã«æç½ã§ã ã²ã¨ãã¨ã§èª¬æã§ããã ãããè¦ããã«å質ãæªããã ã ããã«ãç±³å½ã®èªåè»ç£æ¥ã¯ãã®ãããªè»ãé·ãçç£ãç¶ãã¦ããããã ç±³å½ã®è»ã®ãã©ã³ãã¯ãã¾ãåãã©ã³ãã¨ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãã ââã®è»ã ããè²·ããã§ã¯ãªããââã®è»ã ãã©è²·ããã¨ããããã ã ãã£ãã©ãã¯ãé«ç´è»ã®ä»£åè©ã§ãã£ãã®ã¯1970å¹´ããã¾ã§ã ã ã§ããã ãããããæ¢ãã¦å£ã«ãããã¨ã¯ããªã [11]ã ã§ãªããã°ããããã®ã¡ã¼ã«ã¼ã¯ã¨ã£ãã«åé¡ã解決ãããã¨ãã¦ããã¯ãã ã
èããã§ããªããããªãã¨ãèãããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãããã«ãã£ã¦å¾ãããèã 以ä¸ã®å¹ç¨ããããããã¯ã¡ããã©ã¹ãã¬ããéåã¿ãããªãã®ã ã èµ°ãåã«ããã¹ãã¬ãããã¦ããã°ãæ®éã«èµ°ãããããã£ã¨éãä½å¢ã 容æã«åããã¨ãã§ããã ãããä»äººãèããã身ã®æ¯ããã ã¤ãã㪠ãã¾ãã«å¸¸è»ãé¸ãããã¨ãèããããããã«ãªã£ã¦ããã°ã 常èã®ç®±ã®ã»ãã®å¤å´ãæ£æ©ãããããããããªãã ããã¦äººã¯ãããé©æ°çã ã¨è¨ãã ããã
å£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ãçºè¦ãããããããã©ãããããã? ç§ã®ã¢ããã¤ã¹ã¯ããããå£ã«ããªããã¨ã ã ãããã¯å°ãªãã¨ããæ¦ããé¸ãã§ãããã¨ã ã
ä¾ãã°ãå°æ¥ãé»è²ãç¦ãããããªéåãèµ·ãã£ãã¨ãããã ä½ããé»è²ã«å¡ããã¨ããããé»è²ã好ããã¶ããã¿ããããããã ãé»è²ä¸»ç¾©è ãã¨ããã¬ããã«ãå¼µããããã ã ãªã¬ã³ã¸è²ã好ã人ã¯ãä¸å¿è¨±ãããããçãããç®ã§è¦ãããã ãã¦ãããã§ããªãããé»è²ã«ã¯ä½ãæªãã¨ããã¯ãªããããªããã㨠æ°ã¥ããã¨ããããããè¨ã触ããã¦åã£ããããã¶ãããªããé»è²ä¸»ç¾©è 㨠å¼ã°ããåé»è²ä¸»ç¾©è ã¨ã®ééãªãè°è«ã«å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ããã ããã ãã¡ãããããªãã®äººçã®ç®çãé»è²ã®å¾©æ¨©ã«ããã®ãªãã ãã®éããããªãã®ãããããã¨ã ããã ã§ããããªãã®ããããã®ããããããªåé¡ãèãã¦ã¿ããã¨ã ã¨ããã°ã é»è²ä¸»ç¾©è ã¨å¼ã°ãããã¨ã¯éªéã§ãããªãã æãè ã¨è°è«ããè ã¯æãè ã«ãªãã®ã ã
æãéè¦ãªãã¨ã¯ãèããããã¨ãèãããããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãã£ã¦ã è¨ããããã¨ãè¨ãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ã¯ãªãã èãããã¨ãå ¨é¨è¨ããªãã¡ããªããªãã¨æã£ã¦ãããªãã ããã¯ä¸é©åãªèããæ±ããã¨ãå´ã£ã¦éªéãã¦ãã¾ãã éã®æ¹éãåã£ãã»ããè¯ãã ããã èãããã¨ã¨ã話ããã¨ã®éã«ã¯ã£ããã¨ããç·ãå¼ããã ã é ã®ä¸ã§ã¯ãå ¨ã¦è¨±ãããã ç§ã¯èªåã®é ã®ä¸ã§ã¯ãæãä»ãéãæãã¨ãã§ããªãèããæ¼ãé²ããããã« ãã¦ãããã§ããã¡ããã©ç§å¯çµç¤¾ã¿ããã«ããã®ä¸ã§èµ·ãããã¨ã¯å¤ã«ã¯æ¼ãããªãã ãã¡ã¤ãã¯ã©ãã®æåã®è¦ç´ã¯ããã¡ã¤ãã¯ã©ãã«ã¤ãã¦åããªããã¨ãããã¨ã ã
ãã«ãã³ã1630年代ã«ã¤ã¿ãªã¢ã訪ããæãããã¹ã®å¤§ä½¿ã§ãã£ã ãã³ãªã¼ã»ã¦ã¼ãã³å¿ã¯ã"i pensieri stretti & il viso sciolto." (éããèãã¨éããé¡)ãã¢ããã¼ã«ãã¹ããã¨è¨ã£ãã çã«å¾®ç¬ã¿ããããããä½ãèãã¦ãããã¯å£ã«ããªããã¨ã ããã¯è³¢æãªã¢ããã¤ã¹ã§ãã£ãããã«ãã³ã¯è°è«å¥½ããªè³ªã ã£ããã å½æã¯ç°ç«¯å¯©åãå³ããã£ããã ãããã«ãã³ã®ç½®ãããç¶æ³ã¨æã ã®ç¶æ³ã®å·®ã¯ã åã«ç¨åº¦ã®å·®ã§ããããã«ç§ã«ã¯æãããã©ã®æ代ã«ãç°ç«¯ã¯åå¨ãã ãã¨ãããã§æçããããã¨ã¯ãªãã¦ããæ¬æ¥ã®ä»äºããã£ããéªéãããç¨ã® ããããã«ã¯å·»ãè¾¼ã¾ããã
é»ã£ã¦ãããã¨ããã®ã¯èç è ã«è¦ãããããããªãã ãµã¤ã¨ã³ããã¸ã¼ä¿¡è ãæ¹å¤è ã«å¯¾ãã¦å«ããããè¡ã£ã¦ããã¨ããè¨äºã [12]ã ã¤ã¹ã©ã¨ã«ã®äººæ¨©ä¾µå®³ã«å対ãã人ã ã«é¢ãããã¡ã¤ã«ãã¤ã¹ã©ã¨ã«æ¯æè ã ä½æãã¦ããã¨ããè¨äºã [13]ã DMCAéåã§äººã ã訴ããããããã¦ããã㨠[14]ãªã©ãèªããã³ã«ã ç§ã®ä¸ã®ä¸é¨ã¯ããããææ ¢ãªããããã¶ã¡ãã¾ãã¦ãããããã¨è¨ããããã åé¡ã¯ãå£æããã¨ãå¤ããããã¨ã ã å ¨é¨è¨ã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãããæ¬æ¥ã®ä»äºã«ãããããæéãªã©ç¡ããªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã ãã¼ã ã»ãã§ã ã¹ãã¼ã«ãªããããªã [15]ã
ã ããèããç§å¯ã«ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ã¯ãè°è«ã®å©ç¹ã失ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¨ããåé¡ãããã ã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã¯è©±ããã¨ã§ããã£ã¨å¤ãã®ã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãç£ã¿åºãã¦ããã å¾ã£ã¦ä¸çªè¯ãæ¹æ³ã¯ãã§ããã°ãå°æ°ã®ä½ã§ã話ããä¿¡é ¼ã§ããå人ãæã£ã¦ãã ãã¨ã ãããã¯ã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãå¹ãæ¹æ³ã¨ããã ãã§ãªãã å人ãé¸ã¶è¯ãæéã«ããªããã¨ãã§ããªãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ãèãã¦ã é£ã³ä¸ãããªããããªäººãããç¥ãåã£ã¦é¢ç½ã人éã ããã ã
viso scioltoãéããé¡ããã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ã pensieri strettiãéããèããç¨å¤§äºã§ã¯ãªãããããªããã¨æãã æè¯ã®é¸æã¯ããã®æã«ç±çãã¦ãã人ã ã«ã¯ä¸ããªããã¨ã¯ã£ããè¨ã£ã¦ããã ããããã£ããã©ã®ç¹ã«åæããªããã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã¼ããã¦ãããã¨ã ããã ç±çãã人ã ã¯ããªããè°è«ã«å¼ã£å¼µãè¾¼ããã¨ããã ãããã çããå¿ è¦ãªãã¦ãªããã ããããããã人ã ããå½¼ãã®è¨èã«ãã£ã¦åé¡ã å®ç¾©ãã¦ãè³æãå対ããã¨ããªãã«è¿«ã£ããªãããã¤ã§ããã©ã¡ãã§ããªãã㨠çãããã¨ãã§ããã
ãã£ã¨è¯ãã®ã¯ããã¾ã 決ãã¦ããªããã¨çãããã¨ã ã ããã¯ã©ãªã¼ã»ãµãã¼ãºããããããç«å ´ã«è¿½ãè¾¼ã¾ãããã«ãªã£ãæã®çãã ã å¾ã«å½¼ã¯ãã®æãæ¯ãè¿ã£ã¦ããç§ã¯ãªããã¹è©¦é¨ã¯åããªããã¨èª¬æãã [16]ã 人ã ãç±ããªããããªåé¡ã¯ããã¦ããã¨ã¦ãè¤éãªãã®ã ã å³çã§ããããã£ã¦ä½ãè¯ããã¨ã¯ãªãã
åé»è²ä¸»ç¾©è ããã¾ãã«ããªãã®æã«ä½ãããã«ãªãã åæããªããã°ãªããªããªã£ãã¨ãã¦ãã é»è²ä¸»ç¾©è ã¨ãã¦å¼¾å¾ããããã¨ãé¿ãã¤ã¤æ¦ãæ¹æ³ãããã æã®è»éã®ææ§å µã®ããã«ãæµã®æ¬éã¨ã®ç´æ¥å¯¾æ±ºãé¿ãã ãããã«é ãããç½å¶ãããã ã
ã²ã¨ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãè°è«ã®æ½è±¡åº¦ãä¸æ®µä¸ãããã¨ã ã ä¸è¬çãªæ¤é²ã«é¢ãã¦è°è«ããã°ã 誰ããæ¤é²ãããã¨æã£ã¦ããæ¬ãæ ç»ã«å«ã¾ãã¦ããç°ç«¯ããã¨ã« æ»æããããã¨ãé¿ããããã ã¬ããã«è²¼ãã«ã¯ãã¡ã¿ã¬ããã«è²¼ãã§å¯¾æãããã ã è°è«ãé¿ããããã®ã¬ããã«è²¼ããã®ãã®ã«ã¬ããã«ãè²¼ãããã ã ãæ¿æ²»çã«æ£ãããã¨ããç¨èªãåºã¾ã£ãã®ã¯ãããããæ¿æ²»çã«æ£ããè¨ãåãã è¦æ±ãã風潮ã®çµãã®å§ã¾ãã§ãã£ãããªããªããæ¿æ²»çã«æ£ããè¨ãåã ãªããã®ãæ¬å½ã«æå§ãããç¹å®ã®ç°ç«¯ã«ç´æ¥è§¦ããã«ã ãã®ãããªé¢¨æ½®å ¨ä½ãæ¹å¤ãããã¨ãå¯è½ã«ããããã ã
ããã²ã¨ã¤ã®åææ³ã¯ãã¡ã¿ãã¡ã使ããã¨ã ã ã¢ã¼ãµã¼ã»ãã©ã¼ã¯ãã»ã¤ã©ã ã®é女è£å¤ãæããæ¯æ²ããã¤ã¼ããæ¸ããã¨ã§ã é米活åå§å¡ä¼(House Un-American Activities Committee, HUAC)ãæ¶æããã ãã¡ãããå½¼ã¯ç´æ¥ã«å§å¡ä¼ãåæããã¦çºè¨ãããã¨ã¯æ±ºãã¦ãªãã£ãããã å§å¡ä¼ãã©ããããã¨ãã§ããªãã£ããã ã£ã¦HUACã¯ã»ã¤ã©ã ã®é女è£å¤ã å¼è·ããããã«ããããªãã£ããããã ããã§ãããã©ã¼ã®æ¯å©ã¯å®ã«ãã¾ãã¯ã¾ã£ãã®ã§ãããã«ã¡ã§ãHUACã®æ´»å㯠ãã°ãã°ãé女ç©ããã¨å¼ã°ããã
æè¯ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããããããã¦ã¼ã¢ã¢ã ã ç±çãã¦ãã人ã ã¯ãåå ã®ãããã«ãããããã ç·ãã¦ã¦ã¼ã¢ã¢ã®ã»ã³ã¹ãæ¬ ãã¦ããã ã¸ã§ã¼ã¯ã«å¯¾ãã¦å¿ããè¡ãç¥ããªãã ã¦ã¼ã¢ã¢ã®é åã§ã¯ãã¾ãã§å½¼ãã¯ã¹ã±ã¼ããªã³ã¯ã«ã¤ãã¦ãããããã«è£ åã® é¨å£«ã¿ãããªãã®ã ãä¾ãã°ãã¯ããªã¢æçãªæ§çæ½ç主義ã¯ããã¶ãããã ã¸ã§ã¼ã¯ã¨ãã¦æ±ããããã¨ã§ãã¡è² ããããããã ã ããã®ä¸ç¨®ã®çã¾ãå¤ããã§ãããæ¿æ²»çãªæ£ããããåãã ã ã¢ã¼ãµã¼ã»ãã©ã¼ã¯å¾ã«æ¸ãã¦ããã ãããã¤ã¼ããæ¸ãéãããã¨èªä½ã¯å¬ããæã£ã¦ããã ã§ãæ¯ãè¿ã£ã¦ã¿ãã¨ãã°ãããååã«ããã°è¯ãã£ãã¨æããã¨ãæã ããã å®éãã»ãã¨ãã«ã°ãããæ代ã ã£ããã [17]ã
ãªã©ã³ã人ã®å人ã¯ãå¯å®¹ãªç¤¾ä¼ã®ä¾ã¨ãã¦ãªã©ã³ããåºãã¨ãããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ãããã 確ãã«ããã®å½ã¯æ¯è¼çå¿ãåºããã¨ã§é·ãç¥ããã¦ããã ä½ä¸ç´ã«ãããã£ã¦ãä½å°è«¸å½ã¯ãä»ã®å½ã§ã¯è¨ããªããããªãã¨ã è¨ãããã«åããå ´æã§ããããã®ãããã§ãã®å°åã¯å¦åã¨å·¥æ¥ã®ä¸å¿ã§ãã£ã (ãã®é¢ä¿ã¯ã人ã ãæ°ã¥ãã¦ããããããã£ã¨é·æéã«æ¸¡ã)ã ãã«ã«ãã¯ãã©ã³ã¹äººã§ããã¨è¨ãããããå¤ãã®æç´¢ããªã©ã³ãã§è¡ã£ãã
ããã§ãç§ã¯æãã®ã ããªã©ã³ã人ã¨ã¦ãæ¥å¸¸çæ´»ã§ã¯é¦ã¾ã§è¦åã¨è¦å¶ã«æµ¸ãã£ã¦ çãã¦ããããããªããã¨ããã®å°ã§ãã ãã£ããã¾ãããã¨ã¨ããã®ã¯ç¢ºãã«ããããããã ãããªã®ã«ãå£ã«ãããã¾ãããã¨ã¯ãªããªãã¦ãã¨ãããã ãããã
å¿ã®åºããéè¦ãããã¨è¨ããã¨ã«ã¯ä½ã®ä¿è¨¼ããªãã ã ããããå¿ãçããã¨ãèªèªãã人ãªãã¦ããã ãããã æã ã®ä»®èª¬ã«ç»å ´ãããéå¤ã®ãä¸åãªã嬢ããã ã£ã¦ãèªåã®å¿ã¯åºã㨠æã£ã¦ããã ãããå¿ãåºãæã¡ãªããã£ã¦æãããã¦è²ã£ããããããã 誰ã«èããã£ã¦ãåãããã«çããã ãããå¿ã¯åºããããã©ãã æ¬å½ã«æªããã¨ã¨ã®éã«ã¯ç·ãå¼ãã¦ãããããã¨ãã (ãæªããã¨ããè¨èã審å¤çã§ããã¨ãã¦ããã£ã¨ä¸ç«çã«èãããã ããã¬ãã£ããã¨ããç ´å£çãã¨ãããããªè¨èã使ã人ããããããããªãã)
æ°å¦ãåºæ¥ãªãæã人ã ã¯èªåã§ããããããããã¹ãã®çããééã£ã¦ããããã ã ã§ããå¿ã®åºãã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ãããããã¾ããªãã¦ãèªåã§ã¯ããããªããã ã ããããéã«èãããã¨ããå¤ãã æµè¡ã®æ¬è³ªã¯è¦ããªããªããã¨ã ã£ã¦ãã¨ãæãåºãã¦æ¬²ããã ããã§ãªãã¨æµè¡ã«ãªããªãããã ãæµè¡ã«ãã£ã¡ãã¨ã¨ãããã人ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯ã æµè¡ã¯æµè¡ã«ã¯æããªãããã ãããããããã¨ãæ£ãããã¨ã®ããã«æããã ãã ã è·é¢ãç½®ãã¦çºãã¦ã¿ã¦ã¯ããã¦ãæã ã¯äººã ãæ£ããã¨èãããã¨ã®æºããã è¦ããã¨ãã§ãããããæµè¡ã§ããã¨èå¥ã§ããã®ã ã
æéã¯ãã®ãããªè·é¢ããã ã§ä¸ãã¦ããããå®éãæ°ããæµè¡ã®å°æ¥ã«ãã£ã¦ã å¤ãæµè¡ã¯è¦ããã¨ã容æã«ãªãã対æ¯ãã¦ã¿ãã°ãã£ã¨ã°ããã¦è¦ãããããã æ¯ãåã®ä¸æ¹ã®ç«¯ããã¯ãä»æ¹ã®ç«¯ã¯ã¯ããé ãã«è¦ãããã®ã ã
ããããä»èªåãçãã¦ããæ代ã®æµè¡ãè¦æ¥µããã«ã¯ãæèçãªåªåãå¿ è¦ã ã è·é¢ãç½®ãã¦ãããæéã¨ãããã®ãç¡ã以ä¸ãèªåã§è·é¢ãã¤ããåºããªããã°ãªããªãã 群éã®ä¸é¨ã«ãªããããã«ããªãã¹ãããããé¢ããã¨ããã«ç«ã£ã¦ã çãä½ããã¦ãããçºãããã ãããã¦ãç¹ã«æå§ããã¦ããã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã«æ³¨æãæãã åä¾ãå¾æ¥å¡åãã®Webãã£ã«ã¿ã¯é常ããã«ããæ´åãææªãç ½ãè¨èª¬çã é®æãããä½ããã«ããæ´åã¨ã¿ãªããã¦ãããã ããã ããã¦ãä½ããã£ãããææªãç ½ãè¨èª¬ã¨ããããã ããã ãªããã¾ãã§ã1984å¹´ãã®ä¸çããæãåºãã¦ãããããªè¨èãããªããã
ãã®ãããªã¬ããã«ã¯ãæã大ãããå¤çãªæãããã ã ãã主張ãèå½ãªãã°ãããããã¬ããã«è²¼ãèªä½ã¯å®³ã«ãããªããªãã ãããã主張ãç°ç«¯æ±ãããå¿ è¦ãªã©ãªãã®ã ã ããã¦ä¸»å¼µãèå½ã§ãªãã®ãªãã°ãæå§ãããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãã å¾ã£ã¦ããã主張ãX-主義ã ã¨ãY-çã ã¨ããããã¦æ»æããã¦ããã¨ã (Xã¨Yã¯é©å½ãªå¤ã§ç½®æãã)ãããã1630å¹´ã§ãããã¨2030å¹´ã§ãããã¨ã ä½ãããããããªã£ã¦ãããã¨ã®ç¢ºããªå åã ã ãã®ãããªã¬ããã«è²¼ããèãããªãã°ããªããã¨åãã¦ã¿ãã¨ããã
ç¹ã«èªåãããããã¬ããã«ã使ã£ãæã ã è·é¢ãç½®ãã¦è¦ããã¨ã§å¦ã¶ã¹ããã®ã¯ã群éããã ãã§ã¯ãªãã èªåèªèº«ã®èãããè·é¢ãç½®ãã¦æ³¨ææ·±ãè¦ãå¿ è¦ãããã ã¨ããã§ããã¯å¥ã«æ¬æ°ãªã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã§ããªãã§ããªãã ããããããããåä¾ã¨å¤§äººã®ä¸»è¦ãªéãã ããã ã åä¾ãç²ãã¦ããããæã£ã¦ããæãåä¾èªèº«ã¯ã©ããã¦æã£ã¦ããã®ãããããªãã 大人ã¯ããããç¶æ³ããä¸æ©ä¸ãã£ã¦èªåãè¦ã¦ããæ°ã«ãããªãç²ãã¦ããã ããªãã ã㨠è¨ããã¨ãã§ãããå ¨ãåãããã«ãã¦ãéå¾³ã®æµè¡ã®å½±é¿ãèªèãã¦åé¿ãããã¨ã 人ãå¦ã¹ãªãã¨ãããã¨ã¯ããã¾ãã
ææ°ãªæèããããã®ãªãããã®ä¸æ©ãè¸ã¿åºããªããã°ãªããªãã ããã¯ç°¡åã§ã¯ãªããããã¯ç¤¾ä¼çãªæ £ç¿ã«æ²¿ãããã»ã¹ã§ã¯ãªãããããåãã ããã»ã¹ã ããã ãèªåèªèº«ã®æ©å«ãæªããã¨ã«å½±é¿ãããªãããã«ããã¨ããã¾ã§ã¯ã çãæãã¦ãããããããã社ä¼ã®æ©å«ãæªããã¨ã«å½±é¿ãããªãããã«ããã¨ããã¾ã§ ããã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã人ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ããªãã
æ°´ã®ä¸ã«ããæã«ãã©ããã£ããæ³¢ãè¦ããã¨ãã§ãã? 常ã«åãç¶ãããã¨ã ããããå¯ä¸ã®é²å¾¡ã ãå£ã«ã§ããªããã¨ã¯ä½ã ãããã¦ä½æ ã ã
ãã®ã¨ãã»ã¤ã®ä¸æ¸ããèªãã§ãããSarah Harlin, Trevor Blackwell, Jessica Livingston, Robert Morris, Eric Raymond, ããã¦Bob van der Zwaanã«æè¬ãã¾ãã ã¾ããJackie McDonoughãRyan Stanleyã¨Joel Raineyãã㯠ç°ç«¯ã«é¢ãã¦ç¤ºåãããã ãã¾ããã è¨ãã¾ã§ããªããã¨ã§ãããå½¼ãã¯ããã«è¡¨æãããæè¦ã¨ãããã¦ç¹ã« 表æãããªãã£ãæè¦ã«é¢ãã¦ãä½ã責ãè² ãã¹ããã®ã§ã¯ããã¾ããã