OFFSET
1,3
COMMENTS
LINKS
Chaim Goodman-Strauss and N. J. A. Sloane, A Coloring Book Approach to Finding Coordination Sequences, Acta Cryst. A75 (2019), 121-134, also on NJAS's home page. Also arXiv:1803.08530.
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration for rows 1 through 3, showing vertices of cylinder labeled with distance from base point 0 (c = n is the width (or circumference)). The cylinders are formed by identifying the black lines.
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration for row 4, showing vertices of cylinder labeled with distance from base point 0 (c = n is the width (or circumference)). The cylinder is formed by identifying the black lines. The trunks are colored blue, the branches red, and the twigs green.
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration for row 5, showing vertices of cylinder labeled with distance from base point 0 (c = n is the width (or circumference)). The cylinder is formed by identifying the black lines. The trunks are colored blue, the branches red, and the twigs green.
FORMULA
The g.f.s for the rows were found and proved using the "trunks and branches" method (see Goodman-Strauss and Sloane). In the illustrations for n=4 and n=5, the trunks are colored blue, the branches red, and the twigs green.
The g.f. G(c) for row c (c>=1) is
(1/(1-x))*(1 + 2*x + 3*x^2*(1-x^(c-2))/(1-x) + 2*x^c - x^(c+2)*(1-x^(c-1))/(1-x)).
The values of G(1) through G(8) are:
(1+x)/(1-x),
(1+x)*(x^3-x^2-x-1)/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^2+x+1)*(x^3-x^2-1)/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^3-x-1)*(x^2+1)^2/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1)*(x^5-x^4+x^3-x^2-1)/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^2+x+1)*(x^2-x+1)*(x^7-x^2-x-1)/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^6+x^5+x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1)*(x^7-x^6+x^5-x^4+x^3-x^2-1)/(x-1),
(1+x)*(x^7-x^5+x^3-x-1)*(x^4+1)*(x^2+1)^2/(x-1).
Note that row n is equal to 2*n once the 2*n-th term has been reached.
The g.f.s for the rows can also be calculated by regarding the 1-skeleton of the cylinder as the Cayley diagram for an appropriate group H, and computing the growth function for H (see the MAGMA code).
EXAMPLE
Array begins:
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, ...
1, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, ...
1, 3, 6, 8, 8, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 11, 10, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 14, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 10, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 20, 20, 19, 18, 17, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 23, 22, 21, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 26, 26, 25, ...
1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 29, ...
The initial antidiagonals are:
1
1,2
1,3,2
1,3,5,2
1,3,6,5,2
1,3,6,8,4,2
1,3,6,9,8,4,2
1,3,6,9,11,7,4,2
1,3,6,9,12,11,6,4,2
1,3,6,9,12,14,10,6,4,2
...
PROG
(Magma)
c := 4; \\ set c
R<x> := RationalFunctionField(Integers());
FG3<R, S, T> := FreeGroup(3);
Q3 := quo<FG3| R^2, S^2, T^2, R*S*T = T*S*R, (R*T)^c >;
H := AutomaticGroup(Q3);
f3 := GrowthFunction(H);
PSR := PowerSeriesRing(Integers():Precision := 60);
Coefficients(PSR!f3);
// 1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 11, 10, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, ... (row c)
f3; // g.f. for row c
// (x^8 + x^7 + x^6 - 2*x^4 - 3*x^3 - 3*x^2 - 2*x - 1)/(x - 1)
// = (1+x)*(x^3-x-1)*(x^2+1)^2/(x-1)
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 22 2019
STATUS
approved