Definition of Decision Return According to Experts
Every decision-making process always gets one final choice. At its output can be an action (action) or an opinion on choices. The Following Is An Understanding Of Returning Decisions According To Experts.
1. George R. Terry
According to George R. Terry stated that decision making is an alternative selection of certain behaviors (behavior) from two or more alternatives.
2. S.P. Siagian
According to S.P. Siagian states that decision making is a systematic approach to an alternative nature that is faced and takes an action which according to the calculation is the most appropriate action.
3. James A.F. Stoner
According to James A.F. Stoner Decision making is a process used to choose an action that is a way of solving problems.
4. (Kuswardani, 2006)
According to Kuswardani stated that decision making is an individual who is not satisfied with an existing situation or with the prospect of a future situation and who has the authority to take the initiative in taking steps to overcome a situation.
Types of Decision Makers
1. Auto Generated Decisions
In this one decision the decision was taken quickly and paid less attention, considering data, information, facts, and on the field of the decision.
2. Induced Decisions
And this induced decision is made based on scientific management or scientific management, so that the decision is logical, ideal, rational to implement and the risk is relatively small, the decision making process is slower.
The Purpose of Decision Making
In making a decision having a goal in making that decision can be divided into:
1. A single goal
The sole purpose of decision making is that it occurs when the decision produced only concerns one problem, which means that once decided, it has nothing to do with other problems.
2. Objectives that are dual
The purpose of multiple decision making is that it occurs if the decision produced involves more than one problem, which means that the decision taken is at the same time solving two (or more) problems that are contradictory or that are not contradictory.
Decision Making Function
Decision making as a continuation of the way the problem solving has functions include:
The beginning of all conscious and directed human activity, both individually and in groups, both institutional and organizational.
A futuristic one, meaning that it has to do with the future, the future, where the effect or effect lasts long enough.
Decision Making Techniques
1. Operation Research
is by using a scientific method (which consists of mathematical techniques) in the analysis and solving of a particular problem, the application of this technique is an inventory effort.
2. Linear Programming
is to use mathematical formulas, also called vector analysis.
3. Gaming War Games
is the theory commonly used in determining strategy.
4. Probability
is with a theory of possibilities that can be applied to the calculation of the rationality of things that are not normal, in regard to a decision that is considered and taken into account.
5. Ranking and statistical weighting
Namely by:
Placing various factors that will influence a final decision
weigh a factor that can be compared and included in each alternative.
In the case of choosing a must take a decision called decision making.
Service Elements and Product Quality
Service Elements and Product Quality
Definition of quality
Service quality
In general, a high level of service will result in high satisfaction and repeat purchases more often. The said quality contains many definitions and meanings, different people will interpret them differently, but from some definitions can be found to have some similarities, although only the way of delivery is usually found in the following elements:
Because quality management involves all activities of all people, all parts, all functions in the organization, it is the responsibility of quality management of all people involved, all parts, all functions of all levels of management, but it must be controlled by top management (top management) , and implementation must involve all members of the organization.
Service Elements
Quality includes effort or superiority meeting customer expectations.
Quality includes products, services, people, processes and the environment
Quality is a condition that is always changing.
Service Quality According to Experts
Tjiptono (2007), So that the definition of service quality can be interpreted as an effort to meet the needs and desires of consumers and delivery accuracy in balancing consumer expectations.
According to Kotler (2002: 83), the definition of service every action or activity that can be offered by one party to another party, which is basically intangible and does not result in any ownership. Production may or may not be related to physical products.
Product quality
Product Quality (product quality) is the ability of a product to carry out its functions including, durability, reliability, ease of operation and improve accuracy, as well as other valuable attributes. To improve product quality the company can implement the "Total Quality Management (TQM)" program. In addition to reducing product damage, the main objective is to improve the quality of total customer value.
This definition emphasizes customer focus. None of the definitions of quality experts is perfect. But from the definitions there are some similarities, namely the existence of the following elements
Product Elements
Quality is intended to meet or exceed customer expectations.
Quality includes products, services, human processes and the environment.
Quality is a dynamic condition, which is always changing (moving target).
Product Quality According to Experts
Goetsch and Davis (1994), Defining quality that is broader in scope, that is quality is a dynamic condition associated with products, services, people, processes and the environment that meets or exceeds expectations. Service quality is one of the important things that must be considered by company managers.
(Lovelock, 1988), Defining In an effort to improve the quality of the company must pay attention and increase the commitment and awareness and ability of employees and staff, especially for those who deal directly with customers. Although quality systems and techniques are correct, good and true quality should not be realized.
Definition of Decision Making and Its Purpose
Understanding Decision Making - Kinds, Objectives, Functions, Techniques, Stages, Elements, Factors, Methods, Experts: Decisions are the result of resolving the problems it faces explicitly.
Definition of Decision Making
Decision making can be considered as an outcome or an output from a mental or cognitive process that leads to the selection of a course of action among the available alternatives.
Definition of quality
Service quality
In general, a high level of service will result in high satisfaction and repeat purchases more often. The said quality contains many definitions and meanings, different people will interpret them differently, but from some definitions can be found to have some similarities, although only the way of delivery is usually found in the following elements:
Because quality management involves all activities of all people, all parts, all functions in the organization, it is the responsibility of quality management of all people involved, all parts, all functions of all levels of management, but it must be controlled by top management (top management) , and implementation must involve all members of the organization.
Service Elements
Quality includes effort or superiority meeting customer expectations.
Quality includes products, services, people, processes and the environment
Quality is a condition that is always changing.
Service Quality According to Experts
Tjiptono (2007), So that the definition of service quality can be interpreted as an effort to meet the needs and desires of consumers and delivery accuracy in balancing consumer expectations.
According to Kotler (2002: 83), the definition of service every action or activity that can be offered by one party to another party, which is basically intangible and does not result in any ownership. Production may or may not be related to physical products.
Product quality
Product Quality (product quality) is the ability of a product to carry out its functions including, durability, reliability, ease of operation and improve accuracy, as well as other valuable attributes. To improve product quality the company can implement the "Total Quality Management (TQM)" program. In addition to reducing product damage, the main objective is to improve the quality of total customer value.
This definition emphasizes customer focus. None of the definitions of quality experts is perfect. But from the definitions there are some similarities, namely the existence of the following elements
Product Elements
Quality is intended to meet or exceed customer expectations.
Quality includes products, services, human processes and the environment.
Quality is a dynamic condition, which is always changing (moving target).
Product Quality According to Experts
Goetsch and Davis (1994), Defining quality that is broader in scope, that is quality is a dynamic condition associated with products, services, people, processes and the environment that meets or exceeds expectations. Service quality is one of the important things that must be considered by company managers.
(Lovelock, 1988), Defining In an effort to improve the quality of the company must pay attention and increase the commitment and awareness and ability of employees and staff, especially for those who deal directly with customers. Although quality systems and techniques are correct, good and true quality should not be realized.
Definition of Decision Making and Its Purpose
Understanding Decision Making - Kinds, Objectives, Functions, Techniques, Stages, Elements, Factors, Methods, Experts: Decisions are the result of resolving the problems it faces explicitly.
Definition of Decision Making
Decision making can be considered as an outcome or an output from a mental or cognitive process that leads to the selection of a course of action among the available alternatives.
Definition of Quality - Services and Elements According to Experts
Definition of Quality - Services and Elements According to Experts
Quality Is: Understanding According to Experts and Its Elements - In everyday life we often hear people talk about quality issues, for example about the quality of most foreign-made products that are better than domestic-made products.
What exactly is quality? this question has many answers, because the meaning will be different for each person and depends on the context. Quality itself has many criteria that change continuously. Different people will judge with different criteria.
People will find it difficult to define quality quickly. Nevertheless the quality can be specified. For example, Chandra had just watched a film in the Empire 21 cinema. He would easily mention what aspects he valued in determining the quality of the cinema services he had just visited.
For example these aspects consist of:
Timeliness of delivery
Scope or layout
Comfortable / soft seat
Price
Choice of films shown
Sound system
The example above illustrates one aspect of quality, namely the aspect of results. The question "does the product or service meet or even exceed customer expectations?" Is an important aspect of quality. The concept of quality itself is often regarded as a relative measure of the merit of a product or service consisting of design quality and conformity quality.
Design quality is a function of product specifications, while conformance quality is a measure of how far a product meets the requirements or quality specifications that have been set.
Definition of Quality According to Experts
According to ISO-8402 (Loh, 2001: 35), Quality is the totality of facilities and characteristics of products or services that meet the needs, express or implied.
Tjiptono (2004: 11), Defines quality as suitability for use (fitness for use). Another definition that emphasizes the orientation of meeting customer expectations.
Kadir (2001: 19), states that quality is an elusive goal (an elusive goal), because the expectations of consumers will always change. Every new standard is found, then consumers will demand more to get another new standard that is newer and better. In this view, quality is a process and not an end result (improving the quality of continuity).
Crosby (1979), defines quality as conformity to requirements. He approaches the transformation of quality culture.
Kotler (1997), defines quality as the overall characteristics and characteristics of products or services that support the ability to satisfy needs.
Taguchi (1987), quality is a loss to society, which means that if there is a deviation from the target, this is a function of reduced quality. On the other hand, the reduced quality will incur costs. Quality Management
Discuss in the context of organizational quality management, quality management can be said to be a series of activities such as quality planning, organizing quality, coordinating quality, controlling and evaluating quality carried out by each management function in the organization to improve performance in terms of quality of work and employment.
Improving performance here is not just in one particular activity or parts of it, but at every level of operations or processes and in every functional area of work of the organization.
Quality Is: Understanding According to Experts and Its Elements - In everyday life we often hear people talk about quality issues, for example about the quality of most foreign-made products that are better than domestic-made products.
What exactly is quality? this question has many answers, because the meaning will be different for each person and depends on the context. Quality itself has many criteria that change continuously. Different people will judge with different criteria.
People will find it difficult to define quality quickly. Nevertheless the quality can be specified. For example, Chandra had just watched a film in the Empire 21 cinema. He would easily mention what aspects he valued in determining the quality of the cinema services he had just visited.
For example these aspects consist of:
Timeliness of delivery
Scope or layout
Comfortable / soft seat
Price
Choice of films shown
Sound system
The example above illustrates one aspect of quality, namely the aspect of results. The question "does the product or service meet or even exceed customer expectations?" Is an important aspect of quality. The concept of quality itself is often regarded as a relative measure of the merit of a product or service consisting of design quality and conformity quality.
Design quality is a function of product specifications, while conformance quality is a measure of how far a product meets the requirements or quality specifications that have been set.
Definition of Quality According to Experts
According to ISO-8402 (Loh, 2001: 35), Quality is the totality of facilities and characteristics of products or services that meet the needs, express or implied.
Tjiptono (2004: 11), Defines quality as suitability for use (fitness for use). Another definition that emphasizes the orientation of meeting customer expectations.
Kadir (2001: 19), states that quality is an elusive goal (an elusive goal), because the expectations of consumers will always change. Every new standard is found, then consumers will demand more to get another new standard that is newer and better. In this view, quality is a process and not an end result (improving the quality of continuity).
Crosby (1979), defines quality as conformity to requirements. He approaches the transformation of quality culture.
Kotler (1997), defines quality as the overall characteristics and characteristics of products or services that support the ability to satisfy needs.
Taguchi (1987), quality is a loss to society, which means that if there is a deviation from the target, this is a function of reduced quality. On the other hand, the reduced quality will incur costs. Quality Management
Discuss in the context of organizational quality management, quality management can be said to be a series of activities such as quality planning, organizing quality, coordinating quality, controlling and evaluating quality carried out by each management function in the organization to improve performance in terms of quality of work and employment.
Improving performance here is not just in one particular activity or parts of it, but at every level of operations or processes and in every functional area of work of the organization.
Types of Ecological Pyramid
Types of Ecological Pyramid Types
Ecological Pyramid
Ecological pyramid is a pyramid diagram that can illustrate the relationship between trophic level with trophic level, quantitatively in an ecosystem. In this pyramid, organisms that occupy the lower trophic level are relatively numerous in number. The higher the trophic level, the smaller the number of individuals. The trophic level consists of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers.
Producers always occupy the first or lowest trophic level. Whereas herbivores or primary consumers occupy the second trophic level, secondary consumers occupy the third trophic level, tertiary consumers occupy the fourth trophic level or the top of the pyramid.
Mustard leaves are also eaten by rats, rats are eaten by eagles. As a result, in an ecosystem there is not only one food chain but many forms of the food chain. Food chains which are interconnected from one another are called food webs.
Types of Ecological Pyramid Types
Energy Pyramid
Energy pyramid is a pyramid that describes the loss of energy at the time of food energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In the energy pyramid it is not only the total amount of energy that the organism uses at each trophic level of the food chain but also concerns the role of various organisms in energy transfer. In energy use, the higher the trophic level, the more efficient the use. However, the heat released in the energy transfer process becomes greater. The loss of heat in the process of respiration is also increasing from organisms with lower trophic levels to organisms with higher trophic levels.
As for productivity, getting to the top of the trophic level is getting smaller, so that the stored energy is getting less. Energy in the energy pyramid is expressed in calories per unit area per unit time.
Biomass Pyramid
The biomass pyramid is a pyramid that illustrates the reduction in energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In the biomass pyramid each trophic level shows the dry weight of all organisms at the trophic level expressed in grams / m2. Generally the shape of the biomass pyramid will shrink towards the peak, because the energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. But the biomass pyramid can be inverted.
For example in the open ocean the producers are microscopic phytoplankton, while consumers are microscopic creatures to large creatures such as blue whales where the biomass of blue whales exceeds the producers. The peak of the biomass pyramid has the lowest biomass which means that the number of individuals is small, and generally the carnivorous individual at the top of the pyramid is large.
Pyramid of Amount
Namely a pyramid that describes the number of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Number pyramid generally shaped upward.
The number of pyramid organisms from the lowest trophic level to the peak is the same as other pyramids, namely producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. This means that the number of plants in the first trophic level is more than animals (primary consumers) in the second trophic level, the number of secondary consumer organisms is less than the primary consumer, and the number of tertiary consumer organisms is less than secondary consumer organisms.
Anatomy of the human body is the study of the structure of the human body. In scientific language, this science is also called anthropotomy. Anatomy of the human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organ systems consist of various types of organs that have special structures and functions. These organs have their respective functions but are interdependent with each other both directly and indirectly. The following is the organ system that makes up the human body.
The digestive system is a collection of several organs that work to receive food, process food into energy, absorb nutrients from food into the bloodstream, and dispose of leftover food that cannot be digested by the body.
The digestive system consists of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
In addition to the main organs above, in the digestive system there are also complementary organs in the human body that work to help digest food. These organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Ecological Pyramid
Ecological pyramid is a pyramid diagram that can illustrate the relationship between trophic level with trophic level, quantitatively in an ecosystem. In this pyramid, organisms that occupy the lower trophic level are relatively numerous in number. The higher the trophic level, the smaller the number of individuals. The trophic level consists of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers.
Producers always occupy the first or lowest trophic level. Whereas herbivores or primary consumers occupy the second trophic level, secondary consumers occupy the third trophic level, tertiary consumers occupy the fourth trophic level or the top of the pyramid.
Mustard leaves are also eaten by rats, rats are eaten by eagles. As a result, in an ecosystem there is not only one food chain but many forms of the food chain. Food chains which are interconnected from one another are called food webs.
Types of Ecological Pyramid Types
Energy Pyramid
Energy pyramid is a pyramid that describes the loss of energy at the time of food energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In the energy pyramid it is not only the total amount of energy that the organism uses at each trophic level of the food chain but also concerns the role of various organisms in energy transfer. In energy use, the higher the trophic level, the more efficient the use. However, the heat released in the energy transfer process becomes greater. The loss of heat in the process of respiration is also increasing from organisms with lower trophic levels to organisms with higher trophic levels.
As for productivity, getting to the top of the trophic level is getting smaller, so that the stored energy is getting less. Energy in the energy pyramid is expressed in calories per unit area per unit time.
Biomass Pyramid
The biomass pyramid is a pyramid that illustrates the reduction in energy transfer at each trophic level in an ecosystem. In the biomass pyramid each trophic level shows the dry weight of all organisms at the trophic level expressed in grams / m2. Generally the shape of the biomass pyramid will shrink towards the peak, because the energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. But the biomass pyramid can be inverted.
For example in the open ocean the producers are microscopic phytoplankton, while consumers are microscopic creatures to large creatures such as blue whales where the biomass of blue whales exceeds the producers. The peak of the biomass pyramid has the lowest biomass which means that the number of individuals is small, and generally the carnivorous individual at the top of the pyramid is large.
Pyramid of Amount
Namely a pyramid that describes the number of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Number pyramid generally shaped upward.
The number of pyramid organisms from the lowest trophic level to the peak is the same as other pyramids, namely producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. This means that the number of plants in the first trophic level is more than animals (primary consumers) in the second trophic level, the number of secondary consumer organisms is less than the primary consumer, and the number of tertiary consumer organisms is less than secondary consumer organisms.
Anatomy of the human body is the study of the structure of the human body. In scientific language, this science is also called anthropotomy. Anatomy of the human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organ systems consist of various types of organs that have special structures and functions. These organs have their respective functions but are interdependent with each other both directly and indirectly. The following is the organ system that makes up the human body.
The digestive system is a collection of several organs that work to receive food, process food into energy, absorb nutrients from food into the bloodstream, and dispose of leftover food that cannot be digested by the body.
The digestive system consists of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
In addition to the main organs above, in the digestive system there are also complementary organs in the human body that work to help digest food. These organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Detritus Food Chain
Detritus Food Chain
This food chain does not start from a plant, but starts from a detritivor. Detritivor is a heterotrophic organism that gets energy by eating the remains of living things.
Examples of detritus food chain cycles are: leaf flakes (garbage) ==> earthworms ==> chicken ==> humans.
Detritus is a fragment (broken) of organisms (animals and plants) that die and the remains of organisms such as animal waste, leaves, deciduous branches which are decomposed by decomposers (decomposers). Then which includes detritus-eating organisms are called detritivors, for example worms, termites, worms and so on.
Food webs
In an ecosystem generally not only consists of one food chain, but many food chains. Green plants are not only eaten by one organism, but can be eaten by a variety of primary consumers. For example: shoe flowers are eaten by caterpillars, caterpillars also eat mustard leaves. Mustard leaves are also eaten by grasshoppers, grasshoppers eaten by frogs and sparrows, sparrows also eat caterpillars, sparrows are eaten by eagles.
Food-chain-grazing
Other Examples: In the picture above, it is known that grass that is autotrophic acts as a producer, then eaten by grasshoppers, then grasshoppers are eaten by lizards and finally lizards are eaten by eagles.
In figure (c), grass as producers is eaten by grasshoppers as the first consumer, grasshoppers are eaten by frogs as second consumers, frogs are eaten by snakes as third consumers, and snakes are eaten by eagles as fourth consumers. Furthermore, if the eagle dies, the carcass will be eaten by other organisms and broken down by decomposing bacteria.
Food-detritus chain
The flow of the detritus food chain can be seen in the following figure: Figure 2. Example of the detritus food chain.
In the picture above, it is known that detritus can be in the form of destruction of animal or plant tissue. In figure (a), detritus in the form of the rest of animal tissue is eaten by caterpillars and then rats, snakes and birds. But in the end, all these organisms can become detritus as well. Whereas in picture (b), detritus in the form of broken down plants is eaten by woodlice which is then eaten by birds.
Parasite food chain
Parasites are a term for organisms that live by harming other organisms (host). Characteristic of this type of food chain is that there are small organisms that prey on large organisms.
Consider the following parasitic food chain example. buffalo (blood) -> fleas ==> starlings ==> eagle
Saprofit food chain
The characteristics of the saprophytic chain begin with the decomposition of the dead bodies of living things by saprophytic organisms. Examples of saprophytic organisms are bacteria, fungi, and lichens. Saprofit is a term for organisms that are able to break down the remains of organisms that have died.
Saprophyte organisms are different from detritifors. Saprofit decomposes organic matter left over dead bodies into inorganic materials (minerals) that are absorbed again by plants. Pay attention to the following sample food chain saprofit. Weathered wood -> fungus -> chicken -> fox
This food chain does not start from a plant, but starts from a detritivor. Detritivor is a heterotrophic organism that gets energy by eating the remains of living things.
Examples of detritus food chain cycles are: leaf flakes (garbage) ==> earthworms ==> chicken ==> humans.
Detritus is a fragment (broken) of organisms (animals and plants) that die and the remains of organisms such as animal waste, leaves, deciduous branches which are decomposed by decomposers (decomposers). Then which includes detritus-eating organisms are called detritivors, for example worms, termites, worms and so on.
Food webs
In an ecosystem generally not only consists of one food chain, but many food chains. Green plants are not only eaten by one organism, but can be eaten by a variety of primary consumers. For example: shoe flowers are eaten by caterpillars, caterpillars also eat mustard leaves. Mustard leaves are also eaten by grasshoppers, grasshoppers eaten by frogs and sparrows, sparrows also eat caterpillars, sparrows are eaten by eagles.
Food-chain-grazing
Other Examples: In the picture above, it is known that grass that is autotrophic acts as a producer, then eaten by grasshoppers, then grasshoppers are eaten by lizards and finally lizards are eaten by eagles.
In figure (c), grass as producers is eaten by grasshoppers as the first consumer, grasshoppers are eaten by frogs as second consumers, frogs are eaten by snakes as third consumers, and snakes are eaten by eagles as fourth consumers. Furthermore, if the eagle dies, the carcass will be eaten by other organisms and broken down by decomposing bacteria.
Food-detritus chain
The flow of the detritus food chain can be seen in the following figure: Figure 2. Example of the detritus food chain.
In the picture above, it is known that detritus can be in the form of destruction of animal or plant tissue. In figure (a), detritus in the form of the rest of animal tissue is eaten by caterpillars and then rats, snakes and birds. But in the end, all these organisms can become detritus as well. Whereas in picture (b), detritus in the form of broken down plants is eaten by woodlice which is then eaten by birds.
Parasite food chain
Parasites are a term for organisms that live by harming other organisms (host). Characteristic of this type of food chain is that there are small organisms that prey on large organisms.
Consider the following parasitic food chain example. buffalo (blood) -> fleas ==> starlings ==> eagle
Saprofit food chain
The characteristics of the saprophytic chain begin with the decomposition of the dead bodies of living things by saprophytic organisms. Examples of saprophytic organisms are bacteria, fungi, and lichens. Saprofit is a term for organisms that are able to break down the remains of organisms that have died.
Saprophyte organisms are different from detritifors. Saprofit decomposes organic matter left over dead bodies into inorganic materials (minerals) that are absorbed again by plants. Pay attention to the following sample food chain saprofit. Weathered wood -> fungus -> chicken -> fox
Understanding Food Chain
Understanding Food Chain
Food chain
The food chain is the process of eating and being eaten - in a series of organisms - in a specific order. Every living thing needs energy to live. living things get energy from a food they eat, and all living things get energy from food. On occasion I will review the food chain in full. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Understanding Food Chain
The food chain is an eating and eating event between fellow living beings in certain sequences. In a food chain there are living things that have a role as producers, consumers, and as decomposers (decomposers). In the event of the food chain there is a process of eating and being eaten in a certain order. And each level of the food chain in an ecosystem is also called the trophic level.
At the first trophic level that is an organism that can produce or make its own food substance that is green plants can also be called a producer. Then the organism that ranks second in the tropics level is primary consumers (first-level consumers), these consumers are generally occupied by herbivorous animals (plant eaters).
Furthermore, organisms that occupy the order of the third tropical level are also called secondary consumers (Second-level Consumers), generally occupied by carnivorous animals (meat-eating animals) and so on. And organisms that occupy the highest or the last tropical level are also called peak consumers, usually occupied by omnivorous animals.
Food chain in the fields
One form of mutual relations between living things is the "Food Chain". The food chain is the process of eating and being eaten - in a series of organisms - in a specific order. Each group of organisms is involved in the process of eating or being eaten.
This process occurs in a chain. Some groups of organisms prey on other groups of organisms. And these predatory organisms also fall prey to other groups of organisms. Consider the following food chain example.
Plants as autotrophic organisms produce food in the form of flower nectar. Butterflies as plant eaters consume honey flowers. Frogs catch butterflies to eat. Snakes hunt frogs to eat and eagles eat snakes.
The food chain picture above is one example of a food chain that occurs in a rice field community. You can look for examples of food chains in other ecosystems.
The food chain becomes an entry point for the flow of energy for living things. The energy comes from the sun which is converted by autotrophic organisms (food makers) such as plants into chemical energy (in stems, fruits, leaves, etc.). Meanwhile heterotrophic organisms (unable to make their own food) obtain energy by eating autotrophic organisms.
Types of Food Chains
based on the starting organism, the food chain turns out to be divided into several types. Grass chain, detritus chain, parasitic chain, and saprofit chain. Following are the differences of each type.
Grazing food chain
This food chain is the most frequently encountered and recognized. This food chain starts from plants as producers at the first trophic level. An example of this one food chain cycle is: grass ==> grasshopper ==> bird ==> snake.
Food chain
The food chain is the process of eating and being eaten - in a series of organisms - in a specific order. Every living thing needs energy to live. living things get energy from a food they eat, and all living things get energy from food. On occasion I will review the food chain in full. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Understanding Food Chain
The food chain is an eating and eating event between fellow living beings in certain sequences. In a food chain there are living things that have a role as producers, consumers, and as decomposers (decomposers). In the event of the food chain there is a process of eating and being eaten in a certain order. And each level of the food chain in an ecosystem is also called the trophic level.
At the first trophic level that is an organism that can produce or make its own food substance that is green plants can also be called a producer. Then the organism that ranks second in the tropics level is primary consumers (first-level consumers), these consumers are generally occupied by herbivorous animals (plant eaters).
Furthermore, organisms that occupy the order of the third tropical level are also called secondary consumers (Second-level Consumers), generally occupied by carnivorous animals (meat-eating animals) and so on. And organisms that occupy the highest or the last tropical level are also called peak consumers, usually occupied by omnivorous animals.
Food chain in the fields
One form of mutual relations between living things is the "Food Chain". The food chain is the process of eating and being eaten - in a series of organisms - in a specific order. Each group of organisms is involved in the process of eating or being eaten.
This process occurs in a chain. Some groups of organisms prey on other groups of organisms. And these predatory organisms also fall prey to other groups of organisms. Consider the following food chain example.
Plants as autotrophic organisms produce food in the form of flower nectar. Butterflies as plant eaters consume honey flowers. Frogs catch butterflies to eat. Snakes hunt frogs to eat and eagles eat snakes.
The food chain picture above is one example of a food chain that occurs in a rice field community. You can look for examples of food chains in other ecosystems.
The food chain becomes an entry point for the flow of energy for living things. The energy comes from the sun which is converted by autotrophic organisms (food makers) such as plants into chemical energy (in stems, fruits, leaves, etc.). Meanwhile heterotrophic organisms (unable to make their own food) obtain energy by eating autotrophic organisms.
Types of Food Chains
based on the starting organism, the food chain turns out to be divided into several types. Grass chain, detritus chain, parasitic chain, and saprofit chain. Following are the differences of each type.
Grazing food chain
This food chain is the most frequently encountered and recognized. This food chain starts from plants as producers at the first trophic level. An example of this one food chain cycle is: grass ==> grasshopper ==> bird ==> snake.
Viruses That In The Form Are RNA
Viruses That In The Form Are RNA
Viruses that are essentially RNA, in the host cell will undergo replication to form new RNA-RNA. RNA also undergoes translation to form proteins for viral envelope. In the host cell, RNA and viral proteins construct themselves into new viruses.
mRNA also translates to form destructive enzymes that destroy cell membranes. Thus the host cell lysis (destroyed) and viruses - the virus comes out and is ready to infect new inning cells.
RETROVIRUS (Virus with RNA Core That Can Become a Mold to Form DNA Copies)
Unlike the two types of viruses above the retrovirus into cells with endocytosis, endocytosis is the entry of molecules into the cell by: the cell forms a bulge then the molecules in the swallow enter the cell. So by means of endocytosis, both the nucleus and capsid retroviruses enter the host cell.
In the host cell, RNA, retroviruses can make DNA copies (cDNA). This can happen because retroviruses have a reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is an enzyme that can make DNA copies of RNA. This ability is not possessed by organisms, and is only possessed by viruses.
This copy DNA is then integrated into the host DNA (in general animal cells) DNA then undergoes transcription to form RNA, both RNA which will become the core RNA of the virus, and mRNA that carries codons which will be translated into proteins and reverse transcriptase enzymes.
Furthermore the viral core RNAs, reverse transcriptase enzymes, and viral proteins self-construct to form new viruses. Retroviruses do not produce destructive enzymes, so new viruses are formed in the host cell out of the cell without destroying the cell membrane, ie with exocytosis, exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis
Examples of retroviruses are HIV,
the virus that causes AIDS. HIV has an RNA nucleus, and in human cells the reverse transcriptase enzyme will make DNA copies of the HIV RNA.
As already mentioned that the way of reproduction of viruses varies. The following are 2 examples of virus reproduction. Namely reproduction in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) and animal viruses.
Bacteriofage reproduction
Bacteriophage reproduction can occur through two cycles. Namely the lytic and lysogenic cycles, in the lytic cycle the attachment, penetration, replication and synthesis stages and maturation take place quickly. Virus particles can be infected cells by breaking the cells so that the host cell dies (lysis).
In the lysogenic cycle, DNA / RNA of the virus is inserted into the host cell's romosome. Chromosomes that are inserted DNA / RNA viruses will make a replication, this happens continuously during cell division so that the genetic material of the virus will be passed on to the cells of the host cells, so in the lysogenic cycle, the virus infection enters latency, meaning that the host cell does not break (dead).
Animal Virus Reproduction
One type of animal virus is a virus that has a virus cover, at the attachment stage, the virus cover is attached and fuses (joins) with the host cell membrane.
At the stage of penetration of viral DNA and capsid separately, then at the stage of replication and synthesis DNA replication occurs Virus, capsid and virus cover. At the stage of maturation new virus particles are formed, at this stage also the virus cover is formed on new virus particles. At the release stage, new viruses come out of the host cell and are ready to infect other cells.
Viruses that are essentially RNA, in the host cell will undergo replication to form new RNA-RNA. RNA also undergoes translation to form proteins for viral envelope. In the host cell, RNA and viral proteins construct themselves into new viruses.
mRNA also translates to form destructive enzymes that destroy cell membranes. Thus the host cell lysis (destroyed) and viruses - the virus comes out and is ready to infect new inning cells.
RETROVIRUS (Virus with RNA Core That Can Become a Mold to Form DNA Copies)
Unlike the two types of viruses above the retrovirus into cells with endocytosis, endocytosis is the entry of molecules into the cell by: the cell forms a bulge then the molecules in the swallow enter the cell. So by means of endocytosis, both the nucleus and capsid retroviruses enter the host cell.
In the host cell, RNA, retroviruses can make DNA copies (cDNA). This can happen because retroviruses have a reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is an enzyme that can make DNA copies of RNA. This ability is not possessed by organisms, and is only possessed by viruses.
This copy DNA is then integrated into the host DNA (in general animal cells) DNA then undergoes transcription to form RNA, both RNA which will become the core RNA of the virus, and mRNA that carries codons which will be translated into proteins and reverse transcriptase enzymes.
Furthermore the viral core RNAs, reverse transcriptase enzymes, and viral proteins self-construct to form new viruses. Retroviruses do not produce destructive enzymes, so new viruses are formed in the host cell out of the cell without destroying the cell membrane, ie with exocytosis, exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis
Examples of retroviruses are HIV,
the virus that causes AIDS. HIV has an RNA nucleus, and in human cells the reverse transcriptase enzyme will make DNA copies of the HIV RNA.
As already mentioned that the way of reproduction of viruses varies. The following are 2 examples of virus reproduction. Namely reproduction in bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) and animal viruses.
Bacteriofage reproduction
Bacteriophage reproduction can occur through two cycles. Namely the lytic and lysogenic cycles, in the lytic cycle the attachment, penetration, replication and synthesis stages and maturation take place quickly. Virus particles can be infected cells by breaking the cells so that the host cell dies (lysis).
In the lysogenic cycle, DNA / RNA of the virus is inserted into the host cell's romosome. Chromosomes that are inserted DNA / RNA viruses will make a replication, this happens continuously during cell division so that the genetic material of the virus will be passed on to the cells of the host cells, so in the lysogenic cycle, the virus infection enters latency, meaning that the host cell does not break (dead).
Animal Virus Reproduction
One type of animal virus is a virus that has a virus cover, at the attachment stage, the virus cover is attached and fuses (joins) with the host cell membrane.
At the stage of penetration of viral DNA and capsid separately, then at the stage of replication and synthesis DNA replication occurs Virus, capsid and virus cover. At the stage of maturation new virus particles are formed, at this stage also the virus cover is formed on new virus particles. At the release stage, new viruses come out of the host cell and are ready to infect other cells.
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