Routing helps Craft smartly handle requests to your site. When a request comes in to Craft, it checks to determine where to route the request.

The checks detailed below explain how this process works. This information can helpful to you when troubleshooting template loading, plugin action URLs, dynamic routes, and unexpected 404 errors.

Here is how Craft handles each request:

0. Should Craft handle this request in the first place?

   It’s important to keep in mind that Craft doesn’t actually get involved for every request that touches your server – only requests that go to your index.php file.

   The .htaccess file that comes with Craft will redirect all requests that don’t match a directory or file on your web server over to index.php behind the scenes. But if you point your browser directly at a file that does exist (such as an image, CSS, or JavaScript file), your web server will serve that file directly without loading Craft.

1. Is it an action request?

   Action requests either have a URL that begins with actions/ (or whatever your config:actionTrigger config setting is set to), or an action parameter in the POST request or the query string.

   Craft routes action requests to a controller action that perform actions. Craft has system Controller actions for core actions, but plugins may also have Controllers that define their own custom actions.

   The request doesn’t necessarily end after a controller call. The controller may allow it to keep going.

2. Is it an element request?

   If the URI matches an element’s URI, Craft lets the element decide how to route the request. For example, if an entry’s URI is requested, then the entry will route the request to the template specified in its section’s settings, with an entry variable predefined, set to the requested entry.

   ::: tip Modules and plugins can override element routes using the EVENT_SET_ROUTE event. :::

3. Does the URI match a route or URI rule?

   If the URI matches any dynamic routes or URI rules, the template or controller action specified by it will get loaded.

4. Does the URI match a template?

   Craft will check if the URI is a valid template path. If it is, Craft will return the matched template.

   ::: tip If any of the URI segments begin with an underscore (e.g. blog/_archive/index), Craft will skip this step. :::

5. 404

   If none of the above checks are successful, Craft will throw a NotFoundHttpException. If Dev Mode is enabled, an error report for the exception will be shown. Otherwise, a 404 error will be returned.

   ::: tip You can customize your site’s 404 page by placing a 404.twig template at the root of your templates/ directory. You can test this page even if Dev Mode is enabled by going to http://my-project.test/404. :::

In some cases you want a URL to load a template, but you don’t want the URI to match the template path.

A good example of this is a yearly archive page, where you want the year to be one of the segments in the URL (e.g. blog/archive/2018). It would be silly to create a new template for every year. Instead, you should set up a new route.

To create a new Route, go to Settings → Routes and click the “New Route” button. A modal window will appear where you can define the route settings.

The modal has the following settings:

• What should the URI look like?
• Which template should get loaded?

The first setting can contain “tokens”, which represent a range of possible matches, rather than a specific string. (The year token, for example, represents four consecutive digits.) When you click on a token, Craft inserts it into the URI setting wherever the cursor is.

If you want to match URIs that look like blog/archive/2018, you type blog/archive/ into the URI field, and then click on the year token.

::: tip Route URIs should not begin with a slash (/). :::

After defining your URI pattern and entering a template path, click the “Save” button. The modal will close, revealing your new route on the page.

When you point your browser to http://my-project.test/blog/archive/2018, it will match your new route, and Craft will load the specified template.

The value of the year token will also be available to the template as a variable called year.

The following tokens are available to the URI setting:

• * – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
• day – Day of a month (1-31 or 01-31)
• month – Numeric representation of a month (1-12 or 01-12)
• number – Any positive integer
• page – Any positive integer
• uid – A v4 compatible UUID (universally unique ID)
• slug – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
• tag – Any string of characters, except for a forward slash (/)
• year – Four consecutive digits

In addition to routes, you can define URL rules in config/routes.php.

return [
    // Route blog/archive/YYYY to a controller action
    'blog/archive/<year:\d{4}>' => 'controller/action/path',

    // Route blog/archive/YYYY to a template
    'blog/archive/<year:\d{4}>' => ['template' => 'blog/_archive'],
];

If your Craft installation has multiple sites, you can create site-specific URL rules by placing them in a sub-array, and set the key to the site’s handle.

return [
    'siteHandle' => [
        'blog/archive/<year:\d{4}>' => 'controller/action/path',
    ],
];

Craft also supports special tokens that you can use within the regular expression portion of your named parameters:

• {handle} – matches a field handle, volume handle, etc.
• {slug} – matches an entry slug, category slug, etc.
• {uid} – matches a v4 UUID.

return [
    'blog/<entrySlug:{slug}>' => 'controller/action/path',
];

URL rules that route to a template (['template' => '<TemplatePath>']) will pass any matched named parameters to the template as variables.

For example, with this URL rule:

'blog/archive/<year:\d{4}>' => ['template' => 'blog/_archive'],

If you access http://my-project.test/blog/archive/2018, your blog/_archive.twig template will get loaded a year variable set to 2018.

<h1>Blog Entries from {{ year }}</h1>