軽い
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
軽 |
かる Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
輕い (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese,[1] in turn from Proto-Japonic *karu. In Old Japanese, seldom used outside of proper nouns, where in the Kojiki it is spelled as 加流 and in the Man'yōshū it is spelled as 軽,[1][2] suggesting that this word was already used in Old Japanese with the meaning "light, lightweight". This might be weakly strengthened by a kana annotation of 軽 as karu(ku) in the Nihon Shoki.[1]
It is generally believed that karu(si) was the older form; this is also supported by Ryukyuan cognates (see Proto-Ryukyuan *karu). In the Heian period and Kamakura period, the variant かろし (karoshi) → かろい (karoi) has started to be in use, while 軽し (karushi) → 軽い (karui) has still seldom usage.
Later, both karosi and karusi began to be used in parallel. Then, in Early Modern Japanese, karui slowly began to replace karoi.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「軽い」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Continuative (連用形) | 軽く | かるく | [kàrúkú] |
Terminal (終止形) | 軽い | かるい かるい |
[kàrúí] [kàrúꜜì] |
Attributive (連体形) | 軽い | かるい | [kàrúí] |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 軽くない | かるくない | [kàrúkúnáꜜì] |
Informal past | 軽かった | かるかった | [kàrúꜜkàttà] |
Informal negative past | 軽くなかった | かるくなかった | [kàrúkúnáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 軽いです | かるいです | [kàrúꜜìdèsù] |
Conjunctive | 軽くて | かるくて | [kàrúꜜkùtè] |
Conditional | 軽ければ | かるければ | [kàrúꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
[edit]軽い • (karui) -i (adverbial 軽く (karuku))
- light, lightweight
- 軽い荷物
- karui nimotsu
- light baggage
- 軽い荷物
- slight, light, mild
- easy
- 軽い仕事
- karui shigoto
- an easy job
- 軽い仕事
- talkative
Inflection
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 軽かろ | かるかろ | karukaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 軽く | かるく | karuku |
Terminal (終止形) | 軽い | かるい | karui |
Attributive (連体形) | 軽い | かるい | karui |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 軽けれ | かるけれ | karukere |
Imperative (命令形) | 軽かれ | かるかれ | karukare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 軽くない | かるくない | karuku nai |
Informal past | 軽かった | かるかった | karukatta |
Informal negative past | 軽くなかった | かるくなかった | karuku nakatta |
Formal | 軽いです | かるいです | karui desu |
Formal negative | 軽くないです | かるくないです | karuku nai desu |
Formal past | 軽かったです | かるかったです | karukatta desu |
Formal negative past | 軽くなかったです | かるくなかったです | karuku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 軽くて | かるくて | karukute |
Conditional | 軽ければ | かるければ | karukereba |
Provisional | 軽かったら | かるかったら | karukattara |
Volitional | 軽かろう | かるかろう | karukarō |
Adverbial | 軽く | かるく | karuku |
Degree | 軽さ | かるさ | karusa |
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “light”): 重い (omoi)
Derived terms
[edit]- フッ軽 (fukkaru)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 234
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “かる・い 【軽】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- Japanese terms spelled with 軽 read as かる
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese い-i adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples