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Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–02

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John Goode Jr.
1902 Presiding officer

The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–02 was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to write the fundamental law of Virginia.

Background and composition

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In May 1900, the increasing public dismay over the electoral fraud and corruption of the Democratic machine under U.S. Senator Thomas S. Martin led to a narrow victory over the entrenched "court house crowd" in a referendum to call a constitutional convention.[1]

Reformers seeking to expand the influence of the "better sort" of voters gained a majority by appealing to the electorate to overthrow the 1868 Underwood Constitution, that the Richmond Dispatch characterized as "that miserable apology to organic law which was forced upon Virginians by carpetbaggers, scalawags and Negroes supported by Federal bayonets".[2]

The tone was set by the Progressive editor of the Lynchburg News, Carter Glass, who would later hold a U.S. Senate seat for 26 years, believed that the purpose of the convention was "the elimination of every Negro who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the strength of the white electorate."[3] Progressives also had a deep distrust of the influence railroads had over state legislatures, and Convention delegate A. Caperton Braxton of Staunton, while agreeing that "negroes should be excluded from the right to hold office in this state", was also concerned that the state regulate railroads, that the Convention had to decide whether "the people or the railroads would control the government of the Commonwealth."[4]

Meeting and debate

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The Convention met from June 12, 1901 - June 26, 1902, at Richmond in the Capitol Building and elected John Goode, Jr. its presiding officer. Progressives sought to reform corrupt political practices of the Martin political machine and to regulate railroads and big corporations. Martin delegates agreed to restrict suffrage of African-Americans and illiterate whites, and a State Corporation Commission was established, but the Martin machine persisted in controlling Virginia politics until his death. The Convention's president, John Goode of Bedford City, had been a secessionist voting in Richmond's 1861 Secession Convention. He opened the Convention in 1901 explaining that voting was not a natural right, it was a "social right an must necessarily be regulated by society…", though any regulation could not violate the Constitution of the United States. While there was "no prejudice, no animosity against the members of the colored race", the wisest of Virginia's leaders had counseled against universal negro suffrage as "a crime against civilization and Christianity."[5]

Walter Allen Watson of Nottoway County, was the sitting Commonwealth's Attorney and a member of the Martin machine's Democratic State Committee; he would later serve at a Virginia Circuit Court Judge. Watson held that the purpose of the Convention movement in Virginia as endorsed in popular referendum was "the elimination of the negro from the politics of this state." The majority of the Convention quickly followed his lead by adopting a two-stage restriction of the electorate. First, for one year, property qualifications were reinstated, this time allowing any male citizen paying one dollar in property tax to vote, along with any Civil War veteran, or the son of a veteran, blue or grey, white or black. The second step was imposition of a poll tax to be paid for three consecutive years annually prior to voting.[6]

More controversial was the proposal for an "understanding" clause requiring each applicant to demonstrate an understanding of the Constitution to a county registrar. Alfred P. Thom, a railroad lawyer from Norfolk, explained "I would not expect an impartial administration of the clause." There would be no "friendship by the white man to the suffrage of the black man", but on the other hand, Thom did not expect a rigid examination for a white man, "this clause will not exclude any worthy white citizen of this Commonwealth from the suffrage…he will find a friendly examiner."[7] Robert William Blair of Southwest Wythe County objected to the provisions proposed by Carter Glass which were the same methods used to bring disenfranchisement other Southern states. The understanding clause would give too much power to the "caprice and corruption of a dishonest election officer." In western Virginia, hundreds would be unable to meet the new requirements, without enough property, unable to pay the poll tax for three consecutive years, or who would fail the registrar's examination on Constitutional understanding.[8]

Outcomes

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Capitol at Richmond VA, where Convention of 1902 met

The Convention imposed a system of poll taxes along with literacy and understanding requirements to vote that had the effect of restricting the electorate. The outcome was almost immediate disenfranchising of blacks and half the previous number of whites voting.[9] The Convention instituted a State Corporation Commission to regulate railroads, and it was upheld in the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.[10] But it had no independence from the Martin political machine because the Governor appointed all three commissioners. Two years later the father of the State Corporation Commission became a corporate attorney for the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad.[11]

Chart of delegates

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The delegates to the Virginia Convention of June 12, 1901 to June 26, 1902 were elected the fourth Thursday in May, 1901. (One hundred members, from House of Delegates districts.)[12]

Sortable table
Delegate District Proclamation
Otway S. Allen Richmond City against
George K. Anderson Alleghany, Bath, Highland against
W. A. Anderson Rockbridge against
Rufus A. Ayers Buchanan, Dickensen, Wise for
John S. Barbour Culpeper for
Joseph L. Barham Southampton for
Manly H. Barnes New Kent, Charles City, James City, Warwick,
York, Williamsburg, Newport News
against
Thomas H. Barnes Nansemond for
Robert W. Blair Wythe against
William H. Boaz Albemarle, Charlottesville for
D. W. Bolen Carroll against
Wood Bouldin Halifax for
Allen Caperton Braxton Augusta, Staunton for
Joseph A. Bristow Essex and Middlesex against
David Tucker Brooke Norfolk City against
John Thompson Brown Bedford for
William E. Cameron Petersburg City against
Clarence J. Campbell Amherst for
Preston W. Campbell Washington for
Hill Carter Hanover for
Hunter B. Chapman Shenandoah against
William L. Cobb Caroline for
H. F. Crismond Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg against
John Warwick Daniel Campbell against
B. A. Davis Franklin against
Wayland F. Dunaway Lancaster, Richmond County for
George N. Earman Rockingham against
David Q. Eggleston Charlotte for
Branch J. Epes Dinwiddie against
Henry Fairfax Loudoun for
Albert Fletcher Loudoun, Fauquier for
Henry D. Flood Campbell, Appomattox against
G. Taylor Garnett Gloucester, Mathews for
James W. Gilmore Rockbridge against
Albert P. Gillespie Tazewell against
Carter Glass Lynchburg not recorded
John Goode Bedford for
Bennett T. Gordon Nelson for
James Waddell Gordon Richmond City for
R. Lindsey Gordon Louisa for
Berryman Green Pittsylvania, Danville for
Roger Gregory King William, Hanover for
T. L. Gwyn Grayson against
Alexander Hamilton Petersburg against
Beverley A. Hancock Chesterfield, Powhatan, Manchester against
L. A. Hardy Lunenburg for
Thomas W. Harrison Frederick, Winchester against
Goodrich Hatton Portsmouth for
James M. Hooker Patrick against
E. W. Hubard Buckingham, Cumberland not recorded
Eppa Hunton Jr. Fauquier for
J. Henry Ingram Chesterfield, Manchester, Powhatan for
Clagget B. Jones King and Queen for
George W. Jones Pittsylvania, Danville for
George B. Keezell Rockingham against
Gilmer S. Kendall Northampton, Accommac for
John W. Lawson Isle of Wight for
Alanson T. Lincoln Smyth, Bland against
James H. Lindsay Albemarle, Charlottesville for
E. H. Lovell Greene, Madison for
James W. Marshall Craig, Roanoke, Roanoke City against
Richard McIlwaine Prince Edward for
Charles V. Meredith Richmond for
Charles E. Miller Pittsylvania, Danville for
Thomas Jefferson Moncure Stafford, King George against
Robert Walton Moore Fairfax against
Thomas Lee Moore Fairfax against
James Mundy Botetourt for
Virginius Newton Richmond resigned
Daniel C. O'Flaherty Clarke, Warren against
J.W. Orr Lee for
R. S. Parks Page, Rappahannock for
Abraham L. Pedigo Henry against
William B. Pettit Fluvanna, Goochland against
Nathan Phillips Floyd against
John Garland Pollard Richmond for
William Nathaniel Portlock Norfolk against
Julian Minor Quarles Augusta, Staunton for
James B. Richmond Scott for
Timothy Rives Prince George, Surry against
William Gordon Robertson Roanoke City, Roanoke County, Craig against
Francis Lee Smith Alexandria City, Alexandria County against
Joseph Stebbins Halifax for
Henry Carter Stuart Russell for
John C. Summers Washington against
George Patrick Tarry Mecklenburg for
Alfred P. Thom Norfolk against
James B. T. Thornton Prince William for
Robert Turnbull Brunswick for
Gordon L. Vincent Greensville not recorded
Samuel P. Waddill Henrico against
Cyrus Harding Walker Northumberland, Westmoreland for
A. C. Walter Orange for
Walter A. Watson Nottoway, Amelia against
Nathaniel B. Wescott Accomac for
J. M. Willis Elizabeth City, Accomac for
George Douglas Wise Richmond against
Eugene Withers Danville, Pittsylania for
Jonathan Woodhouse Princess Anne for
J. C. Wysor Pulaski, Giles against
W. T. Yancey Rappahannock for

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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  • Dabney, Virginius (1989). Virginia: the New Dominion, a history from 1607 to the present. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813910154.
  • Dinan, John (2014). The Virginia State Constitution: a reference guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199355747.
  • Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia, 1607-2007. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2769-5.
  • Wallenstein, Peter (2007). Cradle of America: a history of Virginia. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1994-8.
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