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China Railway

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For other uses, see China Railway (disambiguation).
This article is about the company. For railway system and network in China, see Rail transport in China.

China State Railway
Group Company, Ltd.
China Railway
Native name
中国国家铁路集团有限公司
FormerlyChina Railway Corporation (2013–2019)
Company typeState-owned limited company
IndustryRail transport
PredecessorMinistry of Railways
Founded
  • 19 January 1950 (as ministry)
  • 14 March 2013 (as company)
Headquarters
Haidian District, Beijing
,
China
Area served
China
Key people
Liu Zhenfang (Chairman)
Guo Zhuxue (General Manager)
ServicesPassenger rail
Freight rail
RevenueIncrease CN¥1.245 trillion[nb 1] (2023)
Increase CN¥27.465 billion[nb 2] (2023)
Increase CN¥3.304 billion (2023)
Total assetsIncrease CN¥9.351 trillion (2023)
Total equityIncrease CN¥3.223 trillion (2023)
OwnerMinistry of Finance
Number of employees
2 million approx. (2013)
DivisionsRailway operations
Subsidiaries16 bureaux
5 companies
Website
Footnotes / references
source[1]
China State Railway Group Co., Ltd.
Simplified Chinese中国国家铁路集团有限公司
Traditional Chinese中國國家鐵路集團有限公司
Literal meaningChina State Railway Group Limited Company
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Guójiā Tiělù Jítuán Yǒuxiàngōngsī
Wade–GilesChung-kuo Kuo-chia Tʻieh-lu Chi-tʻuan Yu-hsien-kung-ssŭ
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese国铁集团
Traditional Chinese國鐵集團
Literal meaningState Railway Group
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuó Tiě Jítuán
Wade–GilesKuo Tʻieh Chi-tʻuan

China State Railway Group Co., Ltd., doing business as China Railway (CR), is the national passenger and freight railroad corporation of the People's Republic of China.[2]

China Railway operates passenger and freight transport throughout China with 18 regional subsidiaries.[3] By September 2022, the total assets of China Railway Group are CNY 9.06 trillion (USD 1.24 trillion).[4] China has the highest railway usage in the world.[5]

History

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China Railway Corporation was established in 2013 to be responsible for railroad construction, operation, and maintenance.[6]: 209 

Under the Chinese Corporate Law, China Railway Corporation was reorganized into China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. on 18 June 2019. This meant the Ministry of Finance would act as an investor on behalf of the state and the company would be led by a board and managed by board-chosen executives.[7][8]

By the end of 2019, China Railway employed 2 million people and operated 139,900 km of railroads, of which 35,388 are high-speed railroads.[6]: 209–211 

Passenger services

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China Railway operates two main types of passenger rail services. Tickets for both types of trains are sold offline at ticket offices, and online at China Railway's official online booking website, 12306.cn, and its associated mobile app, Railway 12306 (with both a Chinese interface and an English interface for use by foreigners). As of May 2025, 12306.cn (and its app) is the only official online platform authorized to sell China Railway tickets.[9]

China Railway High-speed (CRH)

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Main articles: China Railway High-speed and High-speed rail in China

China Railway High-speed (CRH) is a high-speed rail service operated by China Railway.

The introduction of CRH series was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup, implemented on April 18, 2007.[10] By the end of 2020, China Railway High-speed provided service to all provinces in China, and operated just under 38,000 km (24,000 mi) passenger tracks in length, accounting for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks in commercial service.[11][12][13] China has revealed plans to extend the HSR to 70,000 km by year 2035.[13] It is the world's most extensively used railway service, with 2.29 billion bullet train trips delivered in 2019[14] and 2.16 billion trips in 2020,[15] bringing the total cumulative number of trips to 13 billion as of 2020.[16][17]

Over 1000 sets of rolling stock are operated under the CRH brand including Hexie CRH1/2A/5 that are designed to have a maximum speed of 250 km/h (160 mph), and CRH2C/3 have a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph). The indigenous designed CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h (258.9 mph) with commercial operation speed of 350 km/h. The fastest train set, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph). In 2017, the China Standardized EMU brand including CR400AF/BF and CR200J joined China Railway High-speed and are designated as Fuxing together with letters CR (China Railway).[18][19] With a gradual plan, the CR brand is going to replace the current CRH brand in service.[20] China’s CRH380A Hexie developed by CSR Corporation Limited. it is designed to operate comfortably at a speed of 350 km/h (217 mph) and a maximum speed of 380 km/h (236 mph),it is also the fastest train in the world. During testing it also reached 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph).[21]

Depending on their speed, there are 3 categories of high speed trains, G, D and C (G and some C being the fastest at 350 km/h, D having a speed of 250 km/h and C having a speed of 200 km/h).[22]

China Railway Classic Rail

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Main article: Classic rail in China

The China Railway Classic Rail network (Chinese: 普速铁路; pinyin: Pǔ sù tiělù), also known as conventional rail, forms the backbone of China Railway's railway system alongside the high-speed rail (HSR) network. These traditional railway lines operate at speeds below 160 km/h (99 mph) and serve a dual role in transporting both passengers and freight. Unlike the high-speed CRH (China Railway High-speed) services, which primarily use dedicated electrified tracks, Classic Rail consists of older lines that may be single or double-tracked, with varying degrees of electrification.

Historically, all Classic Rail trains were olive-green, leading to the nickname "green train" (Chinese: 绿皮火车; pinyin: Lǜ pí huǒche) to be used by laypeople. Since 2014, most Classic Rail trains that had other colours (white, red, blue) have been repainted olive-green. Classic Rail trains are also sometimes referred to as "slow trains" in English.[23][24]

Classic Rail trains have significantly lower ticket prices compared to CRH trains and are a popular choice with travellers on a budget.[24]

[edit]
Logos of China Railway
China Railway symbol (used for all services, including Classic Rail)
China Railway High-speed logo (used on Hexie trains)
Fuxing train logo
Former company logo

The China Railway logo was designed by Chen Yuchang (Chinese: 陈玉昶) (1912–1969), officially adopted on 22 January 1950. The whole logo represents the front of a locomotive. The upper part of the logo represents the Chinese character 人 (people), while the lower part represents the transversal surface of a rail. The logo means that China's railway belongs to the people.[25][26][27] The lower part represents the character 工 (labour), means that China's railway belongs to the working class.

The "CR" logo is used on the Fuxing (train) along with the China Railway logo.[28]

The "CRH" logo is used on the Hexie (train).

Companies

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CR service regions

There are 21 primary subsidiary companies under China Railway. As of 2008, approximately two million people work in China Railway.

Business Company Provinces of operation Regions of operation
Passenger China Railway Harbin Group Company
(CR Harbin) 		Northeastern Inner Mongolia (Hulunbuir and part of Xingan League), Heilongjiang Northeast China
China Railway Shenyang Group Company
(CR Shenyang) 		Liaoning (except Bohai Strait ferry), Jilin, Southeastern Inner Mongolia (Chifeng, Tongliao and part of Xingan League), southern Heilongjiang, northeastern Hebei
China Railway Beijing Group Company
(CR Beijing) 		Beijing, Hebei (most parts), Tianjin, western Shandong, northern Henan, eastern Shanxi, with all the exception of Daqin Railway North China
China Railway Hohhot Group Company
(CR Hohhot) 		Inner Mongolia (most parts)
China Railway Taiyuan Group Company
(CR Taiyuan) 		Shanxi, also operates Daqin Railway through sub-company
China Railway Jinan Group Company
(CR Jinan) 		Shandong (includes Bohai Strait ferry) East China
China Railway Shanghai Group Company
(CR Shanghai) 		Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui (most parts)
China Railway Nanchang Group Company
(CR Nanchang) 		Jiangxi, Fujian
China Railway Guangzhou Group Company
(CR Guangzhou) 		Hainan, most parts of Guangdong and Hunan South China
China Railway Nanning Group Company
(CR Nanning) 		Guangxi, western Guangdong
China Railway Wuhan Group Company
(CR Wuhan) 		Hubei, southern Henan, a little part of Anhui Central China
China Railway Zhengzhou Group Company
(CR Zhengzhou) 		Henan (middle and northern parts), southern Shanxi
China Railway Chengdu Group Company
(CR Chengdu) 		Sichuan (most parts), Chongqing, Guizhou (most parts), a little part of Yunnan Southwest China
China Railway Kunming Group Company
(CR Kunming) 		Yunnan (most parts), a little part of Sichuan and Guizhou
China Railway Qingzang Group Company
(CR Qingzang) 		Tibet
Qinghai Northwest China
China Railway Lanzhou Group Company
(CR Lanzhou) 		Gansu (most parts), Ningxia, a little part of Inner Mongolia
China Railway Ürümqi Group Company
(CR Ürümqi) 		Xinjiang, a little part of Gansu
China Railway Xi'an Group Company
(CR Xi'an) 		Shaanxi (most parts), northeast Sichuan
Freight China Railway Special Cargo Service Company
(CRSCS) 		Nationwide
China Railway Express Company
(CRE)
China Railway Container Transport Company
(CRCT)

Second tier subsidiaries

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Parent Subsidiary Operational line
CR Guangzhou Guangshen Railway Company Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway
Guangmeishan Railway Company Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou railway
Sanmao Company Sanshui–Maoming railway
Shichang Railway Company Shimen–Changsha railway
Yuehai Railway Company Guangdong–Hainan railway
CR Kunming Shuibai Railway Company Liupanshui–Baiguo railway
CR Nanchang Wuyishan Railway Company Hengfeng–Nanping railway
Quanzhou Railway Company Zhangping–Longyan–Kanshi railway
Longyan Railway Company Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway
Xiamen Haicang Railway Company Haicang branch railway
CR Shanghai Xiaoyong Railway Company Xiaoshan–Ningbo railway
Hejiu Railway Company Hefei–Jiujiang railway
Xinchang Railway Company Xinyi–Changxing railway
Jinwen Railway Company Jinhua–Wenzhou railway
Ningqi Railway Company Nanjing–Qidong railway
Ninghe Railway Company Hefei–Nanjing passenger railway
Hewu Railway Company Hefei–Wuhan railway
CR Taiyuan Daqin Railway Company Datong–Qinhuangdao railway
CR Wuhan Huhanrong Railway Hubei Company Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway (Hubei section)
Luofu Railway Company Luohe–Fuyang railway
CR Xi'an Xiyan Railway Company Xi'an–Yan'an railway
CR Zhengzhou Anli Branch Line Company Anyang–Lizhen railway
Tanghe Branch Line Company Tangyin–Hebi railway

Corporate affairs

[edit]
[edit]

The key trends for the China Railway are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):

2021 2022 2023
Revenue (RMB t) 1.13 1.13 1.25
Operating income (RMB b) −34.8 −54.4 27.47
Net income (RMB b) −49.9 −69.6 3.30
Total assets (RMB t) 8.92 9.20 9.53
Total equity (RMB t) 3.00 3.09 3.22
References [29] [30] [31]

International operations

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International trains

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China Railway operates passenger trains from China to Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Vietnam and Laos. Also operates freight (cargo) trains to these countries.

There are 11 international passenger train services:

Services to Europe (New Silk Route)

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See also: Eurasian Land Bridge

As of 2017 China Railway ran goods services to 15 European cities, including routes to Madrid and Hamburg and the experimental East Wind service to London to test demand.[32] The Chinese government refers to the two-week 12,000 km (7,500 mi) route, starting at Yiwu and with trains to London traversing Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, Belgium and France, as the Belt and Road Initiative.[33] Containers must be transferred several times, as different, incompatible, rail gauges are used in different regions, and the same rolling stock cannot be used throughout.

Africa

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China has been investing in and helping to rebuild railways in Africa.[34][35] Below is an incomplete list of rail projects.

Name Location Constructed Company Cost Comments & Ref
High Plateau line, Algeria Relizane, Saida, Tiaret, Tissemsilt, Boughezoul to M'Sila, Algeria 2009–2013 China Railway Group & China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation US$2.8bn [36]
Benguela Railway Lobito to Luau, Angola 2006–2014 China Railway Construction Corporation Limited US$1.83bn Railway was rebuilt following civil war
Chad Railway Ngaoundéré, Cameroon to Nyala, Sudan via Moundou, N'Djamena and Abéché in Chad 2012–ongoing China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation US$5.6bn Construction over three phases
Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to Djibouti City, Djibouti 2011–2016 China Railway Group & China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation US$4bn Electric
Mombasa-Nairobi Railway Mombasa to Nairobi, Kenya (extended to Naivasha, Kenya in 2016 2014–2017 China Communications Construction US$3.6bn [37]
Kenya–Uganda border Naivasha, Kisumu to Malaba, Kenya 2016–ongoing China Road and Bridge Corporation (subsidiary of China Communications Construction) US$5.42bn [38]
Mali–Guinea Railway Bamako, Mali to Conakry, Guinea 2016–ongoing China Railway Construction Corporation Limited US$8bn [39]
Mali–Senegal Railway Bamako, Mali to Dakar, Senegal 2016–ongoing China Railway Construction Corporation Limited US$2.7bn [40]
Nigeria Coastal Railway Lagos to Calabar, Nigeria 2014–ongoing China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation US$11.1bn [41]
Lagos–Kano Railway Lagos to Kano, Nigeria 2011–ongoing, Abuja to Kajuna completed in 2016 China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation US$8.3bn [42]
Sudan Railway Khartoum to Port Sudan, Sudan 2007–2012, 2014 opened China Railway Engineering Corporation US$1.5bn [43][37]
TAZARA Railway Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia 1970–1975 Railway Engineering Corps (now CRCC), Ministry of Railways (now CCECC) US$500m Currently in need of reinvestment
Uganda Railway Malaba, Kampala, Kasese, Uganda to Rwanda and South Sudan 2015–ongoing China Harbour Engineering (subsidiary of China Communications Construction) US$8bn [44][45][46]

List of directors general

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China Railway Corporation

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China State Railway Group

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Chairman

[edit]

General Manager

[edit]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Including revenue from "Railway Construction Fund"
  2. ^ EBIT, including revenue from "Railway Construction Fund" but excluding contribution to "Water Conservancy Construction Fund"

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 中国铁路总公司2015年年度报告 [China Railway Corporation 2015 Annual Report] (in Chinese). archive of Shangjai Clearing House. 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  2. ^ "China Railway". www.china-railway.com.cn. 4 April 2020. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  3. ^ "中国的18个铁路局集团公司（下篇）_腾讯新闻". Tencent News. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  4. ^ Tang, Jun (1 November 2022). "国铁集团前三季度亏损947亿元，京沪高铁已扭亏为盈 – 环球旅讯". TravelDaily.cn. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  5. ^ "20 Countries With The Highest Railway Passenger Traffic in The World". Yahoo Finance. 11 April 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-09902-8.
  7. ^ "China renames, restructures railway corporation in reform push". Reuters. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  8. ^ 樊, 曦 (18 June 2019). "中国国家铁路集团有限公司在京挂牌成立". Xinhuanet (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019.
  9. ^ "很重要！购买火车票请认准12306". The Paper. Retrieved 8 May 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ 国产高铁列车中华之星夭折记:部长更迭改变命运 (in Simplified Chinese). people.com.cn. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  11. ^ "China's high-speed rail lines top 37,900 km at end of 2020 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  12. ^ Chen, Frank (24 August 2020). "China sets railway building spree in high-speed motion". Asia Times. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  13. ^ a b "China plans to expand railway network to 200,000 km before 2035". Reuters. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  14. ^ "China's railways report 3.57B passenger trips in 2019 - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Railways set service goals for new year". www.ecns.cn. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  16. ^ Ma Yujia (马玉佳). "New high-speed trains on drawing board- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  17. ^ chinanews. 2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网. www.chinanews.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  18. ^ 中国标准动车组命名"复兴号". Xinhua News Agency. 25 June 2017.
  19. ^ Lu Bingyang (路炳阳) (25 June 2017). 中国标动明日京沪高铁首发 命名复兴号. Caixin Companies. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  20. ^ 大陸高鐵新紀元 「復興號」將取代「和諧號」. 鉅亨網. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  21. ^ Rizvi, Ainy (4 May 2024). "Top 10 Fastest Train in the World in 2024 | Speeding into the Future". Y20 India. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  22. ^ "How to choose between train types". www.travelchinaguide.com Also see China Highlights. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  23. ^ Tone, Sixth (21 August 2020). "Life on the Slow Train: Views of a Vanishing China". #SixthTone. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  24. ^ a b "Cash-strapped Chinese take the slow train home for Lunar New Year". Radio Free Asia. 22 January 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  25. ^ "中国铁路标志的设计者——陈玉昶 60年前的标志还是这么简洁、漂亮！_刘逸设计_新浪博客". Blog.sina.com.cn. 13 March 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  26. ^ "Rologo 标志共和国 | 专注于Logo的网站_Logo设计_Logo欣赏 » 中国铁路标志的设计者——陈玉昶". Rologo.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  27. ^ 路徽的来历.
  28. ^ 天津站的复兴号CR400AF标准动车组.
  29. ^ "China Railway Annual Report 2021" (PDF). China Railway. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  30. ^ "China Railway Annual Report 2022" (PDF). China Railway. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  31. ^ "China Railway Annual Report 2023" (PDF). China Railway. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  32. ^ Tracy McVeigh (14 January 2017). "Silk Road route back in business as China train rolls into London". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  33. ^ "Travelling from China to London - BBC News". BBC. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ O'Dowd, Emily. "Special report: How five major African rail projects are supported by China". Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  35. ^ Kacungira, Nancy (8 June 2017). "Is Kenya's new railway good value for money?". BBC News. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  36. ^ "The Report: Algeria 2010 page 165". Oxford Publishing Group. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  37. ^ a b "Chinese Funded Railways". CNN. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  38. ^ "Government Signs Commercial Contract for the Nairobi to Malaba SGR Section with CCCC". Kenya Railways. Retrieved 18 January 2017.[permanent dead link]
  39. ^ "Mali signs $11bn agreements with China for new rail projects". Railway Technology. 16 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  40. ^ "China to build major new African railway from Mali to the coast". Global Construction Review. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  41. ^ "CCECC sign $11.117 billion Lagos-Calabar Rail Contract line". The Guardian. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  42. ^ "Abuja-Kaduna Rail line". Railway Technology. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  43. ^ "Construction of railway from Khartoum to Port Sudan". Aiddata. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  44. ^ Lumu, David; Balagadde, Samuel (30 August 2014). "Chinese Firm CHEC Given US$8 Billion Railway Deal". New Vision (Kampala). Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  45. ^ Jin, Haixing (31 March 2015). "China's Xi Finds Eight Good Reasons to Host Uganda's President". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  46. ^ "Museveni Signs Deal With Chinese Company To Construct Kasese Railway Line". Daily Monitor (Kampala). 30 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
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