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Hafsa Sultan

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(Redirected from Ayşe Hafsa Sultan)
Not to be confused with Hafsa Hatun or Ayşe Hatun (consort of Selim I).
For other uses, see Ayşe Sultan.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Ayşe Hafsa, the title is Sultan, and there is no family name.
Hafsa Sultan
Imaginary portrait
Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534
PredecessorGülbahar Hatun (as Valide Hatun)
SuccessorNurbanu Sultan
Bornc. 1478/1479
Died19 March 1534(1534-03-19) (aged 55–56)
Eski Saray, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Constantinople
ConsortSelim I
IssueBeyhan Sultan
Suleiman I
Names
English: Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان
HouseOttoman
ReligionSunni Islam (converted)

Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان, lit. 'life' and 'young lioness'; 1478/1479 - 19 March 1534), was a concubine of Selim I and the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. She was the first Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and, during the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 until her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential women in the Ottoman Empire.

Origins

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The traditional view holding that Hafsa Sultan was the daughter of Meñli I Giray (1445–1515), the khan of the Crimean Tatars for much of the period between 1466 and 1515, resting on seventeenth century western authors accounts, has been challenged in favor of a Christian slave origin based on Ottoman documentary evidence.[1][2] Few historians still follow the traditional view, one being Brian Glyn Williams.[3]

Reşat Kasaba mentions the marriage between Selim I and Hafsa Sultan as the "last marriage between an Ottoman sultan and a member of a neighboring Muslim royal family".[4] Esin Atıl, however, states that whilst some historians state that she was the daughter of Giray, others have mentioned that the Crimean princess named "Ayse" was another one of Selim I's wives and that "Hafsa" may have been of slave origin.[5] Ilya Zaytsev claims that "Ayşe (daughter of Mengli-Giray I)" first married Şehzade Mehmed, the governor of Kefe, and that she later married his brother Selim I; consequently, her marriage into the Ottoman dynasty was one of two noted instances of wedlock between the Girays and the Ottomans (the other being the marriage of Selim I's daughter, maybe Gevherhan Sultan, to Saadet-Giray, but also this marriage'' is not proved).[6] The Ottomanist Alan Fisher, Leslie Peirce, and Feridun Emecen all see Hafsa as having been of slave origin and not the daughter of the Crimean Khan.[7]

Early life

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Hafsa was born around 1478/1479.[8][9][10] She became one of the many concubines of Selim, when he was a prince and the governor of Trabzon from 1487.[11] With him, she had at least one daughter, Beyhan Sultan and finally her only son, Suleiman I.[12][13]

According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. Hafsa joined Suleiman during his early princely assignments, initially in Kefe in 1509,[14] and later in Manisa [15] in 1513.[16] She was supervisor and manager of the inner household and of Suleiman's personal life.[17] Within his court in Kefe, she was granted a monthly stipend of 1,000 aspers, compared to Suleiman's 600 aspers.[18] In 1513, as the mother of the heir apparent , Hafsa received a stipend of 150 aspers a day.[19] In Manisa, where she became the eldest member of the household, she received a further raise, being granted a monthly stipend of 200 aspers a day.[17] This stipend totalling 6,000 aspers a month surpassed that of anyone else on the princely payroll and was triple that of the prince himself.[20]

In his provinces, Hafsa was Suleiman's closest companion and kept him constant company.[21] According to Guillaume Postel, she, purportedly saved Suleiman from potential execution by his father. She allegedly instructed him to disavow any interest in succeeding his father as the sultan. Several years before Selim's death, he is said to have tested his sons' loyalty by expressing a desire to retire from the sultanate and asking which of them sought to rule the empire. Postel conveyed that those who responded with boldness met a fatal fate. Suleiman, guided by his mother's understanding of Selim, declined the opportunity, asserting that he was his father's slave, not his son. He expressed that even after Selim's death, assuming such responsibility would cause him great distress.[22]

Valide Sultan

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Bust of Hafsa Sultan in Manisa
The külliye built on the orders of Hafsa Sultan in Manisa. It is part of the adjoining Sultan Mosque

After Suleiman's accession to the throne in 1520, Hafsa came to reside in the Old Palace in Istanbul.[23] Following his ascent, and likely with his approval, Hafsa, began signing her letters as "the sultan's mother" (valide-i sultan). Although not an official title, it became widely recognized. Hafsa, possibly the first sultanic mother to consistently use this appellation, served as a crucial source of support for various individuals during these years, particularly women associated with the dynasty. Examples include aiding the daughters of Prince Âlemşah after their mother's death and assisting a female member of Khayr Beg's harem. In her letters to Suleiman, Hafsa demonstrated both business-like and affectionate tones, addressing him as "the light of my eye, the joy of my heart."[24]

During the early years of Suleiman's reign, Hafsa emerged as a dominant female influence in his life, as evidenced by her son's granting of the title "Valide Sultan" (Mother Sultan) to her, making her the first person in Ottoman history to bear the title of sultana despite not having royal blood. Although her letters carried formal chancery formulas, they revealed an intimate undertone. Expressing a deep yearning for her son's company and showcasing concern for his safety during campaigns, Hafsa's letters unveiled the profound bond between mother and son. In a rare handwritten letter, she shared a light-hearted anecdote about a household servant and lamented a missed opportunity to see Suleiman. Ending the letter with a gift of black-eyed peas, she conveyed her love, stating that even a treasure wouldn't be enough of a gift for him.[25] She also attempted to prevent the execution of Ferhad Pasha, who was married to her daughter Beyhan.[26][27]

Suleiman had a deep affection for his mother, which is highlighted in Bragadin's 1526 report, describing her as a "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom [the sultan] bears great reverence and love." Following the Ottoman triumph at the battle of Mohács in 1526, Suleiman took special care to personally inform his mother of the victory through a letter, emphasizing the close bond and reverence he had for her.[28]

Shortly after Suleiman's ascension to the throne, Hafsa initiated the construction of an extensive mosque complex in Manisa,[29] surpassing any built by previous concubines.[30] Its construction probably started during Suleiman's governorship in Manisa, and was completed in 1522–23.[26] This complex included a mosque, a religious college, a dervish hostel, a primary school, and a soup kitchen, employing a staff of 117. Suleiman later expanded it to include a hospital and a bath in his mother's name. Known as "Sultaniye," this imperial mosque featured two minarets, an honor typically reserved for the sultan. Financed through properties acquired with support from Suleiman's father, Selim, and later Suleiman himself, the mosque complex was endowed with income generated from these assets.[30]

Hafsa's groundwork for the project included a significant collective purchase in 1518, involving 56 ordinary shops, 11 shops with roofed fronts, and 111 booths in the Urla market near Izmir. This acquisition, totaling 116 transactions and valued at 66,690 aspers, laid the foundation for the mosque complex's financial support. Beyond construction, Hafsa actively promoted settlement in the mosque's vicinity, offering lots for rent or sale. Those constructing residences on these lots received tax exemptions from the sultan as an encouragement.[31]

She had a kira named Strongilah. She provided assistance to the women in the harem and developed a strong bond with Hafsa.[32]

Death

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The entrance to the türbe of Hafsa Sultan

Hafsa died on 19 March 1534,[33][34] and was buried in the vicinity of her husband’s tomb in Yavuz Selim Mosque, Constantinople.[33][20] Construction of a separate mausoleum for her was ordered, and readers were hired to recite the Quran continuously at her grave.[33] Her funeral was marked by significant public demonstrations of mourning.[28] In the depiction of her funeral, royal chancellor and historian Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi paid tribute to her with an extensive series of commendations, likening her to revered Muslim women. He compared her to Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad, as well as to Fatima and Aisha, highlighting her asceticism, righteous thoughts, and her active involvement in charitable foundations and virtuous deeds.[35]

Issue

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Together with Selim, Hafsa had at least one daughter before having her only son:

  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559). Married to Ferhad Pasha by her brother,[36] she had at least two children.[37][38]
  • Suleiman I (6 November 1494 - 6 September 1566). 10th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.[39]

Earlier, it was popularly believed that Selim's daughter, Hatice Sultan was married to the Grand Vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, however Ebru Turan's essay, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha", debunked this long-held tradition and besides, revealed other crucial and relevant facts:

"The registers detailing the disbursements made from the imperial treasury name Mihrişah and Hafsa as Iskender Pasha’s daughters, and Fatma as his granddaughter...As Mihrişah Hatun was married to Yakup Aga, Iskender Pasha’s other daughter, Hafsa — Ibrahim’s mother-in-law, to whom he never failed to send greetings in his letters — was married to the governor of Nigbolu (Nikopol), Mustafa Bey...Lastly, Zen’s letter states that Ibrahim Pasha’s sister-in-law, Fatma, whose name is mentioned in Ibrahim’s letters in abbreviated form, Fati, was married to a Çavuş Başi at the court."

In Peirce's book, "The Imperial Harem" which was published in 1993, she had upheld the later debunked tradition of Ibrahim Pasha's marriage to Hatice Sultan and therefore, in the available letters associated with Ibrahim Pasha,[40] the mention of 'Hafsa' was interpreted as Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother and that of 'Fatma' as Fatma Sultan, daughter of Selim I. Consequently, it was derived that Fatma Sultan and Hatice Sultan were full-sisters and thus siblings of Suleiman, however, the above-mentioned quote discredited the maternity of Hatice Sultan and Fatma Sultan being ascribed to Hafsa Sultan. Furthermore, no evidence exists that even references, let alone attributes the motherhood of Hafize Hafsa Sultan or any other daughters of Selim I to Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother.

Thus, apart from Beyhan Sultan, in the absence of any chronicles, harem records, documents or endowment deeds, maternity of any other daughter of Selim I can't be authentically ascribed to Hafsa Sultan, one of the consorts of Selim I, who had many concubines.[41]

Even Beyhan's maternity can only be reliably assumed because of the chronicled interaction by an ambassador according to which Hafsa had interceded on Beyhan's behalf for saving her husband from her son's ire (a role which she could undertake nonetheless as the custodian of the harem being the Sultan's mother), the ambassador had also reported Hafsa's grief upon the execution of Beyhan's husband and then Beyhan's chiding of the Sultan, presumably her full-brother who was then younger than her and the former's alleged estrangement from the Sultan in the aftermath of her husband's execution.[42]

[edit]
  • In the 2003 TV miniseries Hürrem Sultan, Hafsa Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Deniz Türkali.[43]
  • In the 2011 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl, Hafsa Sultan is played by Turkish actress Nebahat Çehre.[44]

References

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  1. ^ Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Suleyman I". In İnalcık, Halil; Kafadar, Cemal (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and his time. Isis Press. That she was a Tatar, a daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, was a story apparently begun by Jovius, repeated by other western sources, and taken up by Merriman in his biography of Suleyman
  2. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam vol. IX (1997), s.v. Suleyman p. 833
  3. ^ Glyn Williams, Brian (2001), The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation, BRILL, p. 56, ISBN 0295801492, Ottoman princes, such as the future Ottoman Sultans Selim I (who married Mengli Giray Khan's daughter, Hafsa Hatun...
  4. ^ Kasaba, Resat (2011), A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees, University of Washington Press, p. 44, ISBN 978-0295801490, The last marriage between an Ottoman sultan and a member of a neighboring Muslim royal family was the one between Selim I and Hafsa Sultan, the daughter of the Crimean ruler Mengli Giray Khan.
  5. ^ Atıl, Esin (1987), The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, National Gallery of Art, p. 27, ISBN 0810918552, Some historians state that she was the daughter of Mengili Giray Han, the ruler of the Crimean Tatars. Others mention that Ayse, another wife of Selim I, was the Crimean princess and give as Hafsa's father a man named Abdulmumin or Abdulhay, and unknown person - suggesting that she was of slave origin.
  6. ^ Zaytsev, Ilya (2006), "The Structure of the Giray Dynasty (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans", Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July 2005, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 341, ISBN 3447054166, Only two instances concerning the Ottomans are noted. Ayshe (daughter of Mengli-Giray I) was married to şehzade and governor of Kefe Mehmed, and to his brother Selim I later on (917/1511). Sultan Selim's daughter was married to Saadet-Giray.
  7. ^
    • Alan Fisher (1993). "The Life and Family of Süleymân I". In İnalcık, Halil; Cemal Kafadar (eds.). Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and His Time. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 9. ISBN 975-428-052-5.
    • Emecen, Feridun (2010). "Süleyman I". İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 38. İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 62–74. Information indicating that she was the daughter of the Crimean Khan or was related to the family of Dulkadıroğlu is incorrect.
    • Peirce 1993, p. 40
  8. ^ Peirce, Leslie; The Imperial Harem, Pg 63: "According to Bragadin’s report of 1526, Hafsa was “a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom [the sultan] bears great reverence and love.”
  9. ^ Türe, D.F.; Türe, F. (2011). Women's Memory: The Problem of Sources. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4438-3265-6.
  10. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 35.
  11. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 36.
  12. ^ Bostan, M. Hanefi (2019-05-01). "Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Şehzâdelik Dönemi (1487-1512)". Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (in Turkish): 1–86.
  13. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 34, 124.
  14. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 68.
  15. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 61.
  16. ^ Singer, A. (2002). Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-5351-3.
  17. ^ a b Şahin 2023, p. 84.
  18. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 72.
  19. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 129.
  20. ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 52.
  21. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 84, 88.
  22. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 230.
  23. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 108.
  24. ^ Şahin 2023, p. 123.
  25. ^ Şahin 2023, pp. 123–124.
  26. ^ a b Şahin 2023, p. 124.
  27. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 79.
  28. ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 63.
  29. ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 199, 200.
  30. ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 199.
  31. ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 199–200.
  32. ^ Rozen, M. (2010). A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453-1566. Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Brill. p. 204. ISBN 978-90-04-18589-0.
  33. ^ a b c Şahin 2023, p. 218.
  34. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 62.
  35. ^ Peirce 1993, p. 187.
  36. ^ Turan, Ebru; THE MARRIAGE OF IBRAHIM PASHA (CA. 1495–1536): (footnote): "Ferhad Pasha married Beyhan Sultan after the Belgrade campaign; SANUDO, vol. 33, cols. 37, 43–44
  37. ^ Turan, Ebru (2009). The marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536) – The rise of Sultan Süleyman's favourite to the grand vizierate and the politics of the elites in the early sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire. pp. 14, 25.
  38. ^ Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). pp. 1464, 1465, 1469.
  39. ^ Usta, Veysel (2019-03-21). "Şehzade Süleyman'ın (Kanuni) Travzon'da Doğduğu Ev Meselesi". Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi. 13 (26). Karadeniz Incelemeleri Dergisi: 397–414. doi:10.18220/kid.562304. ISSN 2146-4642.
  40. ^ M. Çağatay Uluçay: Osmanlı Sultanlarına Aşk Mektupları
  41. ^ KAYA ŞAHİN; Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman; Pg 36
  42. ^ KAYA ŞAHİN; Peerless among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman, Pg 124
  43. ^ "Hürrem Sultan (TV Series 2003)". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  44. ^ "The Magnificent Century (2011–2014)". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-02-04.

Sources

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  • Peirce, L.P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  • Şahin, K. (2023). Peerless Among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Süleyman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-753163-1.
[edit]
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Ottoman royalty
Preceded by Valide Sultan
30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534 		Succeeded by
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