Advaxis
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| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| OTCQX: ADXS | |
| Industry | Biotechnology Healthcare |
| Predecessor | Great Expectations, Inc. |
| Founded | March 1, 2002, in the United States |
| Headquarters | , United States |
Key people | |
| Products | Immunotherapies for cancer |
| Website | www |
Advaxis Immunotherapies Inc. was an American company devoted to the discovery, development, and commercialization of immunotherapies based on a technology platform that uses engineered Listeria monocytogenes (aka Lm).[1]: 1 The company merged with Ayala Pharmaceuticals, and the merged company began operating under the name Ayala Pharmaceuticals in January 2023.[2]
The Lm-based platform on which the company's products are based involves the use of attenuated Lm, which secrete antigen/adjuvant fusion proteins and stimulate a patient's immune system (specifically their T cells) to mount an immune response to the secreted antigen; if the antigen is specifically found on cancerous cells, then the result aims to be an effective immune response targeting and eliminating the cancer.[1]: 1 Treatments developed using this paradigm are referred to as Lm-LLO immunotherapies.[1]: 1
Today, the company has over fifteen distinct constructs in various stages of development, directly developed by the company and through strategic collaborations with centers such as the National Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK, the Wistar Institute, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Department of Homeland Security, among others.
The company also has a veterinary medicine program that is evaluating an Lm-LLO-based immunotherapy in a Phase 1 study in canine osteosarcoma. Source: www.advaxis.com [better source needed]
Corporate history and governance
[edit]Beginnings
[edit]Advaxis was a Delaware corporation when it was acquired by a shell corporation (in the official SEC sense)[3] in November 2004.[1]: 1 The acquiring company was Great Expectations, which was incorporated in Colorado in June 1987.[1]: 1 The only operating company owned by Great Expectations was Advaxis, and in 2004, a month after the acquisition, it changed its name to Advaxis, and 18 months after that it reincorporated as a Delaware corporation.[1]: 1 The official 'date of inception' for the company is 1 March 2002.[1]: 1
Partnerships
[edit]In 2014, Advaxis entered a co-development and commercialization agreement with India's Biocon for the ADXS-HPV therapeutic in the Indian market, addressing HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer.[1]: 2 ,[4]
Advaxis Technology
[edit]Advaxis immunotherapies are based on a novel platform technology using live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) that are bioengineered to secrete an antigen/adjuvant fusion protein. The vectors infect the key elements of the immune system, and the secreted antigen/adjuvant fusion protein redirects the powerful immune response all human beings inherit to Lm against the cancer itself. The adjuvant also reduces the cancer's defense against this immune attack by 80%.[5]
- The company's novel platform technology is based on over twenty years of preclinical research by Yvonne Paterson, Professor of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, and Fellow of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science.
Clinical Development Program
[edit]ADXS-HPV is in Phase 2 trials for HPV-associated diseases (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical cancer, and HPV-associated head and neck cancer).
In 2009, Advaxis published the results of the first Phase 1 trial with the first Lm-LLO-based immunotherapy, ADXS-HPV in Vaccine (19 June 2009 / Volume 27, Issue 30). This study assessed side effects associated with increasing doses of ADXS-HPV in patients with metastatic, refractory, recurrent cervical cancer. Vaccine (19 June 2009 / Volume 27, Issue 30)
- This study demonstrated for the first time that a live-attenuated Lm-LLO-based immunotherapy could be administered to human subjects.
- ADXS-HPV was well tolerated, and a maximum tolerated dose was established.
- 4/13 evaluable patients experienced increased survival and tumor shrinkage that merited further investigation.
Veterinary Medicine Program
[edit]- Advaxis signed a CRADA (Cooperative Research And Development Agreement) with the Department of Homeland Security. The DHS will initially conduct a pilot “proof-of-concept” study in cattle investigating the safety of proprietary/patented Advaxis immunotherapies.[6][7]
- Advaxis has begun a Phase 1 study with the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine to evaluate an Lm-LLO-based immunotherapy in a Phase 1 study in canine osteosarcoma.[8][9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h "ADVAXIS, INC.", Investor Relations, Form 10-K, Advaxis, 2013, COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 000-28489, archived from the original on 2016-01-15, retrieved 16 March 2014
- ^ "Advaxis, Ayala Pharmaceuticals Complete Merger". PharmTech. 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
- ^ "Rule 12b-2 -- Definitions". Securities Lawyer's Deskbook. University of Cincinnati College of Law. Shell Company. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ "Biocon, Advaxis Ink Deal for HPV-Associated Cancer Compound". News:Discovery & Development. Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News (paper). Vol. 34, no. 4. 15 February 2014. p. 14.
- ^ "Advaxis Expects No Delay in Filing IND for ADXS-PSA" (Press release). Advaxis. 11 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Advaxis and Department of Homeland Security in Cooperative Research and Development Agreement". 2010-06-30.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Advaxis and Department of Homeland Security Agree to Cooperative Research and Development Agreement" (PDF) (Press release). Advaxis. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014.
- ^ "Advaxis and U of P School of Veterinary Medicine Sign Contract". StreetInsider. 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Advaxis Signs Veterinary Study Contract with the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine" (PDF) (Press release). Advaxis. 17 August 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2014.