South Australian Railways 520 class

South Australian Railways 520 Class
521 Thomas Playford when new in February 1944
Type and origin Power type Steam Designer Frank Hugh Harrison Builder Islington Railway Workshops Serial number 81-92 Build date 1943-1947 Total produced 12
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-8-4  • UIC 2′D2′h2 Gauge 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Leading dia. 2 ft 9 in (0.838 m) Driver dia. 5 ft 6 in (1.676 m) Trailing dia. 3 ft 0 in (0.914 m) 3 ft 6 in (1.067 m) Length 87 ft 4.5 in (26.63 m) Height 13 ft 8+5⁄8 in (4,183.0 mm) Axle load 15 long tons 16 cwt or 35,400 lb or 17.7 short tons or 16.1 t Adhesive weight 62 long tons 10 cwt or 140,000 lb or 70.0 short tons or 63.5 t Loco weight 111 long tons 8 cwt or 249,500 lb or 124.8 short tons or 113.2 t Total weight 200 long tons 13 cwt or 449,500 lb or 224.7 short tons or 203.9 t Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 9 long tons 15 cwt or 21,800 lb or 10.9 short tons or 9.9 t Water cap. 9,100 imp gal (10,900 US gal; 41,000 L) Firebox: ​  • Grate area 45 sq ft (4.2 m2) Boiler pressure 215 psi (1,482 kPa) Heating surface: ​  • Firebox 291 sq ft (27.0 m2)  • Tubes 2,163 sq ft (200.9 m2) Superheater: ​  • Heating area 651 sq ft (60.5 m2) Cylinders 2 Cylinder size 20.5 in × 28 in (521 mm × 711 mm) Valve gear Walschaerts Valve type Piston
Performance figures Maximum speed (112 km/h) 70 mph Power output 2,600 hp (1,940 kW) at 70 mph (113 km/h) Tractive effort as previously built 32,600 lbf (145 kN) Factor of adh. 4.3
Career Operators South Australian Railways Class 520 Number in class 12 Numbers 520-531 First run 10 November 1943 Withdrawn 1961-1971 Preserved 520 and 523 Scrapped 1961-1971 Disposition 2 preserved, 10 scrapped

The South Australian Railways 520 class, also known as "The Whispering Giants", is a class of streamliner 4-8-4 'Northern' type steam locomotive operated by the former South Australian Railways. The 520 class is one of the fastest Australian-built steam locomotives, with engine 520 holding a verified speed record of over 78mph on the Port Pirie line on the 10th of November, 1943.

History

During the war years in the early 1940s, the South Australian Railways (SAR) had a desperate need for additional tractive power on increasingly growing troop and supply trains and with the combined need for quick acceleration and high speed running on the flat and generally straight mainlines to the north of Adelaide to Port Pirie, as well as power "under the belt" for the long 19-mile (31 km), 1-in-45 (2.2%) graded slog up the Adelaide Hills to Melbourne, a new locomotive design was required by the SAR. With this in mind, the 520 class was commissioned, combining the better features of the earlier 500 and 620 class locomotives.

The SAR 520 class was notably featured in the 2016 film Thomas & Friends: The Great Race, as an engine known as "Shane". Shane returned in the twenty-second series of Thomas & Friends, voiced by Australian media personality, Shane Jacobson. The 520 class was the only Australian locomotive to appear in the franchise.

Design

The class used the 4-8-4 configuration of the modified 500B class, but was also designed for work on branch lines with light 60 lb/yd (29.8 kg/m) rail with a reduced tender load. The considerable weight of the locomotive was spread over eight axles, four driving and four in the leading and trailing trucks, yielding the necessary light axle loading for operation over the aforementioned territory. The 520s used this to the fullest, their normal mainline stamping grounds being on fast track express services on the Pirie line, namely the East-West Express, but also serving upon many of the Tailem Bend mixed and radiating branchline trains. The only lines that they were restricted from running on were those laid with very light 40 or 50 lb/yd (19.8 or 24.8 kg/m) rail.

The 520 class is arguably the most striking and unique out of all australian steam locomotives. The class features extravagant streamlining, in the style of the Pennsylvania Railroad's T1 in the United States. The original streamlining was more closely based on the T1, and class members 520-522 were fitted with such. Members 523-531 were built with a narrower front profile, attributed to by the "crown" of grill around the chimney front. The earlier streamlined model had a lower front, resulting in a squat chimney profile extended from an otherwise graceful streamlined casing. During their service life, some of the class lost the cowling around their front buffer beam, a move which simplified maintenance.

The 520 class locomotives were noted for their impressive displays of power and speed. They featured specially balanced driving wheels that while only 66 inches (1,676 mm) in diameter, were designed for 70-mile-per-hour (113 km/h) operation, and were also the first locomotives in Australia to feature Timken roller bearings on all axles. Classleader 520 attained a speed of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) between Red Hill and Port Pirie when it entered service on 10 November 1943. Surviving test records show the locomotive was capable of developing an indicated horsepower output of 2,600 horsepower (1,940 kW) at 70 mph while hauling a 510-tonne (500-long-ton) load.

A total of 12 locomotives were built at Islington Railway Workshops between 1943 and 1947. They were progressively replaced in service from the early 1960s by diesel locomotives, and in particular the 830 class, as repairs, namely to boilers, were required. The 520s were the first class in South Australia, and possibly Australia, to facilitate the use of completely welded boiler assemblies, an idea adopted by their designer Frank Hugh Harrison after a trip to the United States of America.

The long boiler tubes of the 520 class required the blower to be on while in yards, sidings and stations, and while drifting, to prevent blowback or entry of smoke into the almost entirely closed cab. On these occasions, the locomotives emitted a quiet "whispering" sound.

Although its under-16-ton axle load allowed the 520 class to work on all but the lightest broad-gauge lines of the SAR, its premier duty was high-speed haulage of passenger trains on the generally flat route between Adelaide and Port Pirie

Preservation

Two have been preserved:

• 520 at SteamRanger, was operational until 1998, when necessary repairs to the boiler, namely the removal of oil burning equipment, and a rusted tender frame, sidelined the engine. As of 2024 it is being restored to operational condition.
• 523 at the National Railway Museum in Port Adelaide, had been used extensively as a tour engine, failing on its final farewell Australian Railway Historical Society trip at Balhannah in the late 1960s.

Class list

No.	Name	Entered service	Revenue mileage	Status as of 2021
520	Sir Malcolm Barclay‑Harvey	10 November 1943	Not available	(Condemned Aug 1969, reinstated May 1970. Acquired by SteamRanger 1988.) Under restoration to operational condition.
521	Thomas Playford	17 February 1944	611,913 mi (984,779 km)	Scrapped March 1970
522	Malcolm McIntosh	19 April 1944	595,538 mi (958,426 km)	Scrapped September 1970
523	Essington Lewis	1 August 1944	511,955 mi (823,912 km)	Static display at National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide
524	Sir Mellis Napier	24 November 1944	554,566 mi (892,487 km)	Scrapped August 1969
525	Sir Willoughby Norrie	22 February 1945	463,335 mi (745,665 km)	Scrapped August 1961
526	Duchess of Gloucester	28 June 1945	508,170 mi (817,820 km)	Hauled many excursion trains before being scrapped about 1971
527	C. B. Anderson	20 December 1946	411,516 mi (662,271 km)	Scrapped April 1963
528	—	9 June 1947	404,114 mi (650,358 km)	Scrapped June 1963
529	—	22 August 1947	412,605 mi (664,023 km)	Scrapped January 1964
530	—	1 November 1947	386,323 mi (621,727 km)	Scrapped September 1963
531	—	19 December 1947	380,145 mi (611,784 km)	Scrapped August 1963

Further reading

• Colquhoun, Douglas; Stewien, Ronald; Thomas, Adrian (1969). 500: the 4-8-2 and 4-8-4 locomotives of the South Australian Railways. Adelaide: Australian Railway Historical Society (SA Division) Inc. ISBN 0909970122.
• McNicol, Steve (1996). S.A.R. Locomotives. Railmac Publications, SA.
• Chris Drymalik. "Comrails 520 class". Retrieved 16 April 2008.

External links

Media related to South Australian Railways 520 class locomotives at Wikimedia Commons