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Mortadella (Italian: [mortaˈdɛlla])^[1] is a large salume (Italian: [saˈluːme]) made of finely hashed or ground cured pork, which incorporates at least 15% small cubes of pork fat (principally the hard fat from the neck of the pig). It is traditionally flavoured with peppercorns, but modern versions can also contain pistachios or, less commonly, myrtle berries. The sausage is then cooked.

The best-known version of mortadella is Mortadella Bologna PGI, but other varieties are found across Italy, including some made of other meats.

Etymology

The origin of the name mortadella is debated. One theory derives the name from the Latin word mortarium ('mortar'), traditionally used in pounding the meat to produce the sausage.^[2]^[3] This theory, proposed by Giancarlo Susini, professor of ancient history in the University of Bologna, relies on two funerary steles kept in the Archaeological Museum of Bologna, believed to pertain to the same monument, one showing a herd of piglets and the other a mortar and pestle.^[4]

Another theory, introduced by Ovidio Montalbani in the 17th century, derives the name from a Roman sausage flavoured with myrtle berries that Romans called farcimen myrtatum or farcimen murtatum (myrtle sausage).^[5]^[3]^[2] Myrtle was in fact a popular spice before pepper became available to European markets.^[5]

History

Traditionally, the pork filling was ground to a paste using a large mortar (mortaio, Italian: [morˈtaːjo]) and pestle.

Mortadella originated in Bologna, the capital of Emilia-Romagna. Anna Del Conte (The Gastronomy of Italy 2001) found a sausage mentioned in a document of the official body of meat preservers in Bologna dated 1376 that may be mortadella.

Varieties

In Italy

Mortadella Bologna has protected geographical indication (PGI) status under European Union law and is the best known worldwide. The zone of production is extensive; as well as Emilia-Romagna and the neighbouring regions of Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto, Marche and Tuscany, it includes Lazio and Trentino.
- The American sausage called "bologna" is named after the mortadella Bologna.
Mortadella di Prato, produced in Tuscany (Prato), is also defined by an PGI. It is flavoured with pounded garlic and coloured with alchermes.
Mortadella di Campotosto, high in the Apennines of northern Lazio, is lightly smoked.
Mortadella di cavallo is made from horse meat in Albano Laziale, Lazio.^[6]

Elsewhere

Ibero-American cultures

Mortadella is very popular in Spain and Portugal, where a variety with pepper and olives is widely consumed, especially in sandwiches. In eastern Spain, the standard mortadella is often referred to as mortadela italiana (lit. 'Italian mortadella').

Mortadella is also very popular in Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela, thanks to the Italian immigrants who settled in these countries in the early 20th century. In these countries, it is spelled mortadela, and its recipe is quite similar to the traditional Italian, with additional peppercorns. In Peru is known as jamonada.

In Brazil, São Paulo has a very popular mortadela sandwich sold in the Municipal Market.

In Puerto Rico, "smoked mortadella" is sometimes confused with commercial salami or with cooked salami because cafeterias, panaderías, colmados and restaurants buy the bulk of whole smoked mortadella. While salami may contain pork, beef, veal and small pieces of fat uniformly distributed within the sausage, mortadella has the traditional larger chunks not so uniformly distributed. Its diameter is much larger than that of hard salami and more closely resembles salame cotto (lit. 'cooked salami') in size, hence the confusion of some people. It is smaller in diameter than the traditional mortadella Bologna because the smoking process causes some shrinkage. It is best served at room temperature to bring out its rich flavour.

Central, Southern and Eastern Europe

In Romania, a similar cold cut is also known as parizer. In Hungary, a similar product is called mortadella and a plain variety called pariser, parizer or párizsi. The term parizer is also often used in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia,^[7] while parizier is used in other territories of the Balkans. It mainly differs from mortadella and similar salami in that garlic is used instead of myrtle and it does not contain pieces of fat, pistachios or olives.^[7] The classic Italian mortadella is widely sold in supermarkets along the entire Adriatic coast.

In Greece, where there is a smaller version in addition to the regular one, that variety is called parizaki or mortadelaki, and in Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and North Macedonia, the product known as mortadela is widely eaten.

In Poland, mortadela slices are sometimes dipped in batter, fried and served with potatoes and salads as a quicker (and cheaper) alternative to traditional pork cutlets.^[8]

Middle East and North Africa

In several countries, such as Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Israel, halal or kosher mortadella is sold, which is made from chicken, beef or turkey. The Siniora brand, a Palestinian brand established in Jerusalem in 1920, is the first in the region, a mortadella with sliced olives, pistachios or peppercorn.^[9] Lebanese Al-Taghziah is a famous brand that is sold around the world.^[10] The most popular brands in the GCC are Americana Group and Halwani Brothers. It is also popular in Iran, albeit usually made with beef or lamb, and called commonly kaalbas, from Russian kolbasa.

Pork mortadella is sold in Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and the UAE.^{[citation needed]}

Canada and United States

A similar commercial sausage product that omits the cubes of pork fat, called "Bologna", is popular in Canada and the United States. A variety that includes olives and pimentos is called olive loaf.

Mortadella was banned from import into the United States from 1967 to 2000 due to an outbreak of African swine fever in Italy.^[11] This ban was a pivotal part of the plot of the 1971 film La mortadella starring Sophia Loren. The title for the United States release was Lady Liberty.

The ban in the United States was lifted due to a veterinary equivalency agreement that allowed countries to export products that had been shown to be disease-free as part of an overall agreement that would allow products deemed safe in the United States to be exported to the European Union.^[12]

Russia and former Soviet Union

In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called doktorskaya kolbasa (Russian: Докторская колбаса, lit. 'doctor's sausage'). However, this product is usually made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons) and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with bits of fat are called lubitelskaya and stolichnaya. Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, doktorskaya kolbasa contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.

The name "doctor's sausage" was coined in the Soviet Union in the 1930s to refer to sausages and meat products recommended by doctors to help with undernourishment and stomach problems. During the Soviet era, it was commonly advertised as being nutritious (due to its low-fat content) and remains popular throughout former Soviet states to the present day.^[13]

Southeast Asia

Chả lụa or Vietnamese mortadella is sometimes used as an accompaniment to the Vietnamese dish bánh cuốn.^[14]

References

^ "Mortadella - Define Mortadella at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
^ ^a ^b Hazan, Marcella (2012). The Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking. Pan Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 9780752228044.
^ ^a ^b Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 533. ISBN 9780191040726.
^ Roversi, Giancarlo (2013). La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito (in Italian). Bologna: Consorzio mortadella Bologna.
^ ^a ^b Roversi, Giancarlo (2013). La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito (in Italian). Bologna: Consorzio mortadella Bologna.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "home > lista dei prodotti > scheda: Mortadella di cavallo". arsial.it. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Parizer ili pariška salama nema veze s Parizom". 5 May 2016.
^ "What Poles Ate When There Was Nothing to Eat". Culture.pl. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ "Farmer Jack — a Siniora Sons Inc. Company". farmerjack.ps. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^ "Al-Taghziah". Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Stanley, Alessandra (13 February 2000). "The Return of Mortadella". The New York Times.
^ Stanley, Alessandra (10 February 2000). "Bologna Journal; Coming to a Deli Near You: A Long-Taboo Sausage". The New York Times.
^ "Russian Kitchen – Why the Soviets' favorite bologna was called "doctor's sausage"?". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 3 November 2018.
^ "Stall 1006 – Banh Cuon – noodlepie". typepad.com.

External links

Consorzio Mortadella Bologna
Istituto Valorizzazione Salumi Italiani (IVSI): Mortadella
Carlo Cantoni and Patrizia Cattaneo, "La mortadella: aspetti attuali tecnici della sua produzione" (in Italian)
"Sausage Peddlers, Vagabonds, and Bandits: Part 1": types of Italian sausage, by Clifford A. Wright

[1] "Mortadella - Define Mortadella at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.

[Hazan-2] Hazan, Marcella (2012). The Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking. Pan Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 9780752228044.

[Oxford-3] Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 533. ISBN 9780191040726.

[Roversi1-4] Roversi, Giancarlo (2013). La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito (in Italian). Bologna: Consorzio mortadella Bologna.

[Roversi2-5] Roversi, Giancarlo (2013). La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito (in Italian). Bologna: Consorzio mortadella Bologna.^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] "home > lista dei prodotti > scheda: Mortadella di cavallo". arsial.it. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

[volim-meso.hr-7] "Parizer ili pariška salama nema veze s Parizom". 5 May 2016.

[8] "What Poles Ate When There Was Nothing to Eat". Culture.pl. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[9] "Farmer Jack — a Siniora Sons Inc. Company". farmerjack.ps. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

[10] "Al-Taghziah". Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.

[11] Stanley, Alessandra (13 February 2000). "The Return of Mortadella". The New York Times.

[12] Stanley, Alessandra (10 February 2000). "Bologna Journal; Coming to a Deli Near You: A Long-Taboo Sausage". The New York Times.

[13] "Russian Kitchen – Why the Soviets' favorite bologna was called "doctor's sausage"?". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 3 November 2018.

[14] "Stall 1006 – Banh Cuon – noodlepie". typepad.com.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Large Italian (pork) sausage}}
-{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
-[[File:Marjolaine 2016 20.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|PGI]] from [[Italy]]]]
+[[File:Marjolaine 2016 20.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected geographical indication (PGI)|PGI]] from Italy]]
 [[File:Mortadella tagliata.jpg|thumb| Mortadella with [[pistachio]]s from Italy]]
-'''Mortadella''' ({{IPA-it|mortaˈdɛlla|lang}}) is a large [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] [[sausage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mortadella|title=Mortadella - Define Mortadella at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> or [[Lunch meat|luncheon meat]] ({{lang|it|[[salumi|salume]]}}, {{IPA-it|saˈluːme|lang}}) made of finely hashed or ground cured pork, which incorporates at least 15% small cubes of pork fat (principally the hard fat from the neck of the pig). It is traditionally flavoured with [[black pepper]] grains, but modern versions can also contain [[pistachio]]s or, less commonly, [[Myrtus communis|myrtle]] berries. The sausage is then cooked.
+'''Mortadella''' ({{IPA|it|mortaˈdɛlla|lang}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mortadella|title=Mortadella - Define Mortadella at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> is a large {{lang|it|[[Salumi|salume]]}} ({{IPA|it|saˈluːme|lang}}) made of finely hashed or ground cured pork, which incorporates at least 15% small cubes of pork fat (principally the hard fat from the neck of the pig). It is traditionally flavoured with [[peppercorn]]s, but modern versions can also contain [[pistachio]]s or, less commonly, [[Myrtus communis|myrtle]] berries. The sausage is then cooked.
-The best-known version of mortadella is {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|PGI]], but other varieties are found across Italy, including some made of other meats.
+The best-known version of mortadella is {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected geographical indication (PGI)|PGI]], but other varieties are found across Italy, including some made of other meats.
 ==Etymology==
-The origin of the name {{lang|it|mortadella}} is debated. One theory derives the name from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|mortarium}} ([[Mortar and pestle|mortar]]), traditionally used in pounding the meat to produce the sausage.<ref name=Hazan>{{cite book |last= Hazan|first= Marcella |date= 2012|title= The Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IciBQN-0VS4C&pg=PP17|publisher= Pan Macmillan|page= 17|isbn= 9780752228044}}</ref><ref name=Oxford>{{cite book |last= Davidson|first= Alan |date= 2014|title= The Oxford Companion to Food|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA533|location= Oxford|publisher= OUP Oxford|page= 533|isbn= 9780191040726}}</ref> This theory, proposed by Giancarlo Susini, professor of ancient history in the [[University of Bologna]], relies on two funerary [[stele]]s kept in the [[The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna|Archaeological Museum of Bologna]], believed to pertain to the same monument, one showing a herd of piglets and the other a mortar and pestle.<ref name=Roversi1>{{cite book|url= https://mortadellabologna.com/blog/etruschi-galli-bol-o-romani-chi-e-stato-l-inventore/|title= La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito|last= Roversi|first= Giancarlo|date= 2013|location= Bologna|publisher= Consorzio mortadella Bologna|language=IT}}</ref>
+The origin of the name {{lang|it|mortadella}} is debated. One theory derives the name from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|mortarium}} ('[[Mortar and pestle|mortar]]'), traditionally used in pounding the meat to produce the sausage.<ref name=Hazan>{{cite book |last= Hazan|first= Marcella |date= 2012|title= The Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IciBQN-0VS4C&pg=PP17|publisher= Pan Macmillan|page= 17|isbn= 9780752228044}}</ref><ref name=Oxford>{{cite book |last= Davidson|first= Alan |date= 2014|title= The Oxford Companion to Food|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA533|location= Oxford|publisher= OUP Oxford|page= 533|isbn= 9780191040726}}</ref> This theory, proposed by Giancarlo Susini, professor of ancient history in the [[University of Bologna]], relies on two funerary [[stele]]s kept in the [[The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna|Archaeological Museum of Bologna]], believed to pertain to the same monument, one showing a herd of piglets and the other a mortar and pestle.<ref name=Roversi1>{{cite book|url= https://mortadellabologna.com/blog/etruschi-galli-bol-o-romani-chi-e-stato-l-inventore/|title= La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito|last= Roversi|first= Giancarlo|date= 2013|location= Bologna|publisher= Consorzio mortadella Bologna|language=IT}}</ref>
 Another theory, introduced by [[Ovidio Montalbani]] in the 17th century, derives the name from a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] sausage flavoured with [[Myrtus communis|myrtle]] berries that Romans called {{lang|la|farcimen myrtatum}} or {{lang|la|farcimen murtatum}} (myrtle sausage).<ref name=Roversi2>{{cite book|url= https://mortadellabologna.com/blog/mirto-o-mortella-al-posto-del-pepe-troppo-pregato-e-costo/|title= La Mortadella Bologna IGP. Storia di un mito|last= Roversi|first= Giancarlo|date= 2013|location= Bologna|publisher= Consorzio mortadella Bologna|language= IT}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Oxford/><ref name=Hazan/> Myrtle was in fact a popular spice before [[Black pepper|pepper]] became available to European markets.<ref name=Roversi2/>
 ==History==
-[[File:Dichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle Bologna 1661.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Dichiaratione del Bando delle Mortadelle}} ("Declaration of the Band of the Mortadellas"), [[Bologna]], 1661]]
+[[File:Dichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle Bologna 1661.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|Dichiaratione del Bando delle Mortadelle}} (''Declaration of the Band of the Mortadellas''), [[Bologna]], 1661]]
-Traditionally, the pork filling was ground to a paste using a large [[Mortar and pestle|mortar]] ({{lang|it|mortaio}}, {{IPA-it|morˈtaːjo|lang}}) and pestle.
+Traditionally, the pork filling was ground to a paste using a large [[Mortar and pestle|mortar]] ({{lang|it|mortaio}}, {{IPA|it|morˈtaːjo|lang}}) and pestle.
 Mortadella originated in [[Bologna]], the capital of [[Emilia-Romagna]]. [[Anna Del Conte]] (''The Gastronomy of Italy'' 2001) found a sausage mentioned in a document of the official body of meat preservers in Bologna dated 1376 that may be mortadella.
@@ Line 24: / Line 23: @@
 ===In Italy===
-* {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} has [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|protected geographical indication]] (PGI) status under [[European Union law]] and is the best known worldwide. The zone of production is extensive; as well as [[Emilia-Romagna]] and the neighbouring regions of [[Piedmont]], [[Lombardy]], [[Veneto]], [[Marche]], and [[Tuscany]], it includes [[Lazio]] and [[Trentino]].
+* {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} has [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected geographical indication (PGI)|protected geographical indication]] (PGI) status under [[European Union law]] and is the best known worldwide. The zone of production is extensive; as well as [[Emilia-Romagna]] and the neighbouring regions of [[Piedmont]], [[Lombardy]], [[Veneto]], [[Marche]] and [[Tuscany]], it includes [[Lazio]] and [[Trentino]].
-** The American sausage called "[[Bologna sausage|Bologna]]" is named after the {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}}.
+** The American sausage called "[[Bologna sausage|bologna]]" is named after the {{lang|it|mortadella Bologna}}.
 * {{lang|it|Mortadella di Prato}}, produced in [[Tuscany]] ([[Prato]]), is also defined by an PGI. It is flavoured with pounded garlic and coloured with [[alchermes]].
 * {{lang|it|[[Mortadella di Campotosto]]}}, high in the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]] of northern Lazio, is lightly smoked.
-* {{lang|it|Mortadella di cavallo}} is made from [[horse meat]] in [[Albano Laziale]] in Lazio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-20 |title=home > lista dei prodotti > scheda: Mortadella di cavallo |url=https://www.arsial.it/portalearsial/prd_tipici/scheda_prodotto.asp?tip=0&id=103&bio=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003110/https://www.arsial.it/portalearsial/prd_tipici/scheda_prodotto.asp?tip=0&id=103&bio=0 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=arsial.it}}</ref>
+* {{lang|it|Mortadella di cavallo}} is made from [[horse meat]] in [[Albano Laziale]], Lazio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-20 |title=home > lista dei prodotti > scheda: Mortadella di cavallo |url=https://www.arsial.it/portalearsial/prd_tipici/scheda_prodotto.asp?tip=0&id=103&bio=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003110/https://www.arsial.it/portalearsial/prd_tipici/scheda_prodotto.asp?tip=0&id=103&bio=0 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=arsial.it}}</ref>
 ===Elsewhere===
@@ Line 35: / Line 34: @@
 {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
 [[File:Mortadela com azeitonas.jpg|thumb|Mortadella with olives from Portugal]]
-Mortadella is very popular in Spain and Portugal, where a variety with [[black pepper|pepper]] and [[olive]]s is widely consumed, especially in sandwiches. In eastern Spain, the standard mortadella is often referred to as {{lang|es-ES|mortadela italiana}} ({{literally|Italian mortadella}}) to differentiate it from a local variant named {{lang|es-ES|catalana}}.
+Mortadella is very popular in Spain and Portugal, where a variety with [[black pepper|pepper]] and [[olive]]s is widely consumed, especially in sandwiches. In eastern Spain, the standard mortadella is often referred to as {{lang|es-ES|mortadela italiana}} ({{literally|Italian mortadella}}).
-Mortadella is also very popular in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, thanks to the Italian immigrants who settled in these countries in the early 20th century. In these countries, it is spelt {{lang|es-005|mortadela}}, and its recipe is quite similar to the traditional Italian, with additional pepper grains. In Peru is known as {{lang|es-PE|jamonada}}.
+Mortadella is also very popular in Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela, thanks to the Italian immigrants who settled in these countries in the early 20th century. In these countries, it is spelled {{lang|es-005|mortadela}}, and its recipe is quite similar to the traditional Italian, with additional peppercorns. In Peru is known as {{lang|es-PE|jamonada}}.
 In Brazil, [[São Paulo]] has a very popular [[Mortadella sandwich|mortadela sandwich]] sold in the [[Municipal Market of São Paulo|Municipal Market]].
-In Puerto Rico, "smoked mortadella" is sometimes confused with commercial salami or with cooked salami because cafeterias, {{lang|es-PR|panaderias}}, {{lang|es-PR|colmados}}, and restaurants buy the bulk of whole smoked mortadella. While salami may contain pork, beef, veal, and small pieces of fat uniformly distributed within the sausage, mortadella has the traditional larger chunks not so uniformly distributed. Its diameter is much larger than that of hard salami and more closely resembles {{lang|it|salame cotto}} (cooked) in size, hence the confusion of some people. It is smaller in diameter than the traditional {{lang|it|Mortadella Bologna}} because the smoking process causes some shrinkage. It is best served at room temperature to bring out its rich flavour.
+In Puerto Rico, "smoked mortadella" is sometimes confused with commercial salami or with cooked salami because cafeterias, {{lang|es-PR|panaderías}}, {{lang|es-PR|colmados}} and restaurants buy the bulk of whole smoked mortadella. While salami may contain pork, beef, veal and small pieces of fat uniformly distributed within the sausage, mortadella has the traditional larger chunks not so uniformly distributed. Its diameter is much larger than that of hard salami and more closely resembles {{lang|it|salame cotto}} ({{literally|cooked salami}}) in size, hence the confusion of some people. It is smaller in diameter than the traditional {{lang|it|mortadella Bologna}} because the smoking process causes some shrinkage. It is best served at room temperature to bring out its rich flavour.
-====Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe====
+====Central, Southern and Eastern Europe====
-In Romania, a similar cold cut is also known as {{lang|ro-RO|parizer}}. In Hungary, a similar product is called {{lang|hu-HU|mortadella}} and a plain variety called {{lang|hu-HU|pariser}}, {{lang|hu-HU|parizer}} or {{lang|hu-HU|párizsi}}. The term {{lang|bs|parizer}} is also often used in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia,<ref name="volim-meso.hr">{{cite web | url=https://www.volim-meso.hr/parizer-pariska-salama-nema-veze-s-parizom/ | title=Parizer ili pariška salama nema veze s Parizom | date=5 May 2016 }}</ref> while {{lang|und-039|parizier}} is used in other territories of the Balkans. It mainly differs from mortadella and similar salami in that garlic is used instead of myrtle, and it does not contain pieces of fat, pistachios or olives.<ref name="volim-meso.hr"/> The classic Italian {{lang|it|mortadella}} is widely sold in supermarkets along the entire Adriatic coast.
+In Romania, a similar cold cut is also known as {{lang|ro-RO|parizer}}. In Hungary, a similar product is called {{lang|hu-HU|mortadella}} and a plain variety called {{lang|hu-HU|pariser}}, {{lang|hu-HU|parizer}} or {{lang|hu-HU|párizsi}}. The term {{lang|bs|parizer}} is also often used in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia,<ref name="volim-meso.hr">{{cite web | url=https://www.volim-meso.hr/parizer-pariska-salama-nema-veze-s-parizom/ | title=Parizer ili pariška salama nema veze s Parizom | date=5 May 2016 }}</ref> while {{lang|und-039|parizier}} is used in other territories of the Balkans. It mainly differs from mortadella and similar salami in that garlic is used instead of myrtle and it does not contain pieces of fat, pistachios or olives.<ref name="volim-meso.hr"/> The classic Italian {{lang|it|mortadella}} is widely sold in supermarkets along the entire Adriatic coast.
 In Greece, where there is a smaller version in addition to the regular one, that variety is called {{transliteration|el|parizaki}} or {{transliteration|el|mortadelaki}}, and in Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and North Macedonia, the product known as {{lang|sla|mortadela}} is widely eaten.
-In Poland, {{lang|pl-PL|mortadela}} slices are sometimes dipped in batter, fried, and served with potatoes and salads as a quicker (and cheaper) alternative to traditional [[pork cutlet]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Poles Ate When There Was Nothing to Eat|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/what-poles-ate-when-there-was-nothing-to-eat|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Culture.pl|language=en}}</ref>
+In Poland, {{lang|pl-PL|mortadela}} slices are sometimes dipped in batter, fried and served with potatoes and salads as a quicker (and cheaper) alternative to traditional [[pork cutlet]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Poles Ate When There Was Nothing to Eat|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/what-poles-ate-when-there-was-nothing-to-eat|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Culture.pl|language=en}}</ref>
 ====Middle East and North Africa====
-In several countries, such as Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Israel, [[halal]] or [[Kashrut|kosher]] mortadella is sold, which is made from chicken, beef, or turkey. The Siniora brand, a Palestinian brand established in Jerusalem in 1920, is the first in the region, a mortadella with sliced olives, pistachios, or pepper.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Farmer Jack — a Siniora Sons Inc. Company|url = http://farmerjack.ps/en/|website = farmerjack.ps|access-date = 11 February 2016|archive-date = 31 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160331170201/http://farmerjack.ps/en/|url-status = dead}}</ref> Lebanese {{transliteration|apc|Al-Taghziah}} is a famous brand that is sold around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-Taghziah|url=http://altaghziah.com/newweb/|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625142731/http://altaghziah.com/newweb/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most popular brands in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] are [[Americana Group]] and Halwani Brothers. It is also popular in Iran, albeit usually made with beef or lamb, and called commonly {{transliteration|fa|kaalbas}}, from Russian {{transliteration|ru|kolbasa}}.
+In several countries, such as Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Israel, [[halal]] or [[Kashrut|kosher]] mortadella is sold, which is made from chicken, beef or turkey. The Siniora brand, a Palestinian brand established in Jerusalem in 1920, is the first in the region, a mortadella with sliced olives, pistachios or peppercorn.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Farmer Jack — a Siniora Sons Inc. Company|url = http://farmerjack.ps/en/|website = farmerjack.ps|access-date = 11 February 2016|archive-date = 31 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160331170201/http://farmerjack.ps/en/|url-status = dead}}</ref> Lebanese {{transliteration|apc|Al-Taghziah}} is a famous brand that is sold around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Al-Taghziah|url=http://altaghziah.com/newweb/|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625142731/http://altaghziah.com/newweb/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most popular brands in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] are [[Americana Group]] and Halwani Brothers. It is also popular in Iran, albeit usually made with beef or lamb, and called commonly {{transliteration|fa|kaalbas}}, from Russian {{transliteration|ru|kolbasa}}.
-Pork mortadella is sold in Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and the UAE.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
+Pork mortadella is sold in Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and the UAE.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
 ====Canada and United States====
 A similar commercial sausage product that omits the cubes of pork fat, called "[[Bologna sausage|Bologna]]", is popular in Canada and the United States. A variety that includes olives and pimentos is called [[olive loaf]].
-Mortadella was banned from import into the United States from 1967 to 2000 due to an outbreak of African swine fever in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/13/weekinreview/february-6-12-the-return-of-mortadella.html|title=The Return of Mortadella|date=13 February 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref> This ban was a pivotal part of the plot of the 1971 film {{lang|it|[[Lady Liberty (film)|La mortadella]]}} starring [[Sophia Loren]]. The title for the United States release was {{lang|en-US|italics=yes|[[Lady Liberty (film)|Lady Liberty]]}}.
+Mortadella was banned from import into the United States from 1967 to 2000 due to an outbreak of African swine fever in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stanley|first=Alessandra|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/13/weekinreview/february-6-12-the-return-of-mortadella.html|title=The Return of Mortadella|date=13 February 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref> This ban was a pivotal part of the plot of the 1971 film {{lang|it|[[Lady Liberty (film)|La mortadella]]}} starring [[Sophia Loren]]. The title for the United States release was {{lang|en-US|italics=yes|[[Lady Liberty (film)|Lady Liberty]]}}.
-The ban in the United States was lifted due to a [[veterinary equivalency]] agreement that allowed countries to export products that had been shown to be disease-free as part of an overall agreement that would allow products deemed safe in the United States to be exported to the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/world/bologna-journal-coming-to-a-deli-near-you-a-long-taboo-sausage.html|title=Bologna Journal; Coming to a Deli Near You: A Long-Taboo Sausage|date=10 February 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
+The ban in the United States was lifted due to a [[veterinary equivalency]] agreement that allowed countries to export products that had been shown to be disease-free as part of an overall agreement that would allow products deemed safe in the United States to be exported to the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stanley|first=Alessandra|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/world/bologna-journal-coming-to-a-deli-near-you-a-long-taboo-sausage.html|title=Bologna Journal; Coming to a Deli Near You: A Long-Taboo Sausage|date=10 February 2000|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
 ====Russia and former Soviet Union====
-In Russia, Ukraine, and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called {{transliteration|ru|[[Doctor's sausage|doktorskaya kolbasa]]}} ({{lang-ru|link=no|Докторская колбаса}}; {{literally|doctor's sausage}}). However, this product is usually made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for [[Halal|religious]] [[Kashrut|reasons]]) and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with bits of fat are called {{transliteration|ru|lubitelskaya}} and {{transliteration|ru|stolichnaya}}. Instead, it is flavoured with just [[cardamom]], sometimes [[coriander]] and [[nutmeg]], and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, {{transliteration|ru|doktorskaya kolbasa}} contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.
+In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called {{transliteration|ru|[[Doctor's sausage|doktorskaya kolbasa]]}} ({{lang-ru|link=no|Докторская колбаса}}, {{literally|doctor's sausage}}). However, this product is usually made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for [[Halal|religious]] [[Kashrut|reasons]]) and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with bits of fat are called {{transliteration|ru|lubitelskaya}} and {{transliteration|ru|stolichnaya}}. Instead, it is flavoured with just [[cardamom]], sometimes [[coriander]] and [[nutmeg]], and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, {{transliteration|ru|doktorskaya kolbasa}} contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.
-The name "doctor's sausage" was coined in the Soviet Union in the 1930s to refer to sausages and meat products recommended by doctors to help with undernourishment and stomach problems. During the Soviet era, it was commonly advertised as being nutritious (due to its low-fat content) and remained popular throughout former Soviet states to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/329437-doctors-sausage-soviet-russian-kitchen|title=Russian Kitchen – Why the Soviets' favorite bologna was called "doctor's sausage"?|work=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
+The name "doctor's sausage" was coined in the Soviet Union in the 1930s to refer to sausages and meat products recommended by doctors to help with undernourishment and stomach problems. During the Soviet era, it was commonly advertised as being nutritious (due to its low-fat content) and remains popular throughout former Soviet states to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/329437-doctors-sausage-soviet-russian-kitchen|title=Russian Kitchen – Why the Soviets' favorite bologna was called "doctor's sausage"?|work=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
 ====Southeast Asia====
@@ Line 85: / Line 84: @@
 * [https://www.salumi-italiani.it/en/salumi/cooked-deli-meats-en/mortadella/ Istituto Valorizzazione Salumi Italiani (IVSI)]: Mortadella
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050325132243/http://www.pubit.it/sunti/psi0102a.html Carlo Cantoni and Patrizia Cattaneo, "La mortadella: aspetti attuali tecnici della sua produzione"] {{in lang|it}}
-* [http://www.cliffordawright.com/history/sausage.html "Sausage Peddlers, Vagabonds, and Bandits: Part 1"]: types of Italian sausage, by [[Clifford A. Wright]]
+* [http://www.cliffordawright.com/history/sausage.html "Sausage Peddlers, Vagabonds, and Bandits: Part 1"]: types of Italian sausage, by Clifford A. Wright
 {{Sausage}}