Xenoracism is a form of prejudice that resembles racism but is exhibited by members of a racial group towards other members of it, or it is exhibited towards members of an otherwise mostly indistinguishable racial group which may have no phenotypical differences but is perceived as being alien, foreign, other, or culturally inferior.[1][2][3]
Origins and evolution
editThe term has been coined by race and racism scholar Ambalavaner Sivanandan and expanded on by other scholars like Liz Fekete.[1][4] Sivanandan defined it in his 2001 article Poverty is a New Black as "xenophobia that bears all marks of the old racism, except that it is not colour coded. It is racism in substance, though xeno in form."[1][5][6] Fekete expanded the term to describe Islamophobia in Europe, suggesting that the same phenomenon affects communities that have settled in Europe for decades and have been previously more integrated, but whose members are now seen as foreigners, though scholars are still discussing whether this term should indeed apply to wider context.[1][4]
Usage
editThe term xenoracism has been used to describe racism experienced by white Eastern European economic migrants in Western Europe at the turn of the 21st century, following the fall of communism and EU enlargement.[1][2][7][4] Among others, this term has been used to describe the discriminatory treatment of Poles in the United Kingdom[5][7] as well as Romanichal in the United Kingdom[8] or West Africans in Italy.[9] The term has also been used to describe older phenomena, such as the discrimination against Irish people in the United Kingdom.[10] Additionally, it has been suggested that this term is similar to and overlaps with historical and modern anti-semitism and Islamophobia.[1][11]
Other groups commonly affected, in addition to immigrants, are refugees, asylum seekers, and other displaced people,[3][12] though some scholars think that racism against such groups may merit a different term.[4]
The concept has also been used in the analysis of the racism in the United States.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f John S. McCoy (14 June 2018). Protecting Multiculturalism: Muslims, Security, and Integration in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-0-7735-5417-7.
- ^ a b Mary Dickins (1 February 2014). A - Z of Inclusion in Early Childhood. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-335-24679-3.
- ^ a b Masocha, Shepard; Simpson, Murray K. (February 2011). "Xenoracism: Towards a Critical Understanding of the Construction of Asylum Seekers and its Implications for Social Work Practice". Practice. 23 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1080/09503153.2010.536211. ISSN 0950-3153. S2CID 72281852.
- ^ a b c d Mike Cole (18 November 2011). Education, Equality and Human Rights: Issues of gender, 'race', sexuality, disability and social class. Routledge. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-1-136-58098-7.
- ^ a b Raymond Taras (30 June 2012). Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-7486-5489-5.
- ^ Sivanandan, A. (2001-10-01). "Poverty is the New Black". Race & Class. 43 (2): 1–5. doi:10.1177/0306396801432001. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 143101370.
- ^ a b Rzepnikowska, Alina (2019-01-02). "Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1451308. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 150325026.
- ^ Searle, Chris (2017-07-01). "Xeno-racism and the scourge of Roma school exclusion". Race & Class. 59 (1): 73–83. doi:10.1177/0306396817701671. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 149129552.
- ^ Kuijpers, Lisa (2016-08-26). "The Outsiders. West African migrants and xeno-racism in northern Italy".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Vic George; Robert M. Page (19 November 2004). Global Social Problems. Polity. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7456-2951-3.
- ^ Barbara Franz (13 August 2015). Immigrant Youth, Hip Hop, and Online Games: Alternative Approaches to the Inclusion of Working-Class and Second Generation Migrant Teens. Lexington Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4985-0093-7.
- ^ Fekete, Liz (2001-10-01). "The Emergence of Xeno-Racism". Race & Class. 43 (2): 23–40. doi:10.1177/0306396801432003. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 144936793.
- ^ Lee, Kyoo (2014). "Xenoracism and Double Whiteness: How Ben Franklin, 'True-blue English/First American,' Still Confuses Us". Critical Philosophy of Race. 2 (1): 46–67. doi:10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0046. ISSN 2165-8684. JSTOR 10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0046.