A hong (Chinese: 行; pinyin: háng; Jyutping: hong4-2) was a type of Chinese merchant establishment and its associated type of building.[1] Hongs arose in Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton) as intermediaries between Western and Chinese merchants during the 18–19th century, under the Canton System.
Canton (Guangzhou)
editThe name "hong" (Chinese: 行; pinyin: háng; Jyutping: hong4; lit. 'profession', ' also row') originally referred to the row of factories built outside of the city walls of Canton, near the Pearl River.[2] The Thirteen Factories were used during the Canton System period to host foreign traders and the products purchased, under the aegis of the cohong. The hong (or Factories) were usually owned by hong merchants such as Pan Zhencheng (Poankeequa 1).[3]
The Cantonese hongs changed location several times after fires,[4] and became less important after the First Opium War (1839–1842), as Canton lost its monopoly of foreign trade and Hong Kong was ceded to the British as a colony.
Hong Kong
editIn Hong Kong, the name hong is used to designate major business houses. One of the earliest foreign hongs established in Hong Kong was Jardine Matheson & Co., who bought Lot No. 1 at the first Hong Kong land sale in 1841.[5] In 1843, the same firm established a mainland China headquarters on the Bund in Shanghai, just south of the British Consulate. The building was known as "the Ewo Hong", or "Ewo House", based on the Cantonese pronunciation of the company's Chinese name (怡和行, Cantonese: ji4 wo4 hong2, now 怡和洋行).[6] Jardines took the name from the earlier Ewo hong run by Howqua near Whampoa, Canton.[7]
The term is most often used in reference to colonial Hong Kong companies.
Prior to the establishment of banking institutions other than small foreign bank branches, the three firms that financed most of Hong Kong's economic activities were Jardine's, Dent's, and Russell's.[8] Most of these firms became multinational corporations with management consisting of mostly European expatriates.[9]
By the time of the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, many of the hongs had diversified their holdings and shifted their headquarters offshore away from Hong Kong to avoid potential takeover by the Chinese Communist Party.[9]
Conglomerates of colonial Hong Kong
editNote: Below are lists of companies that had a predominant effect on Hong Kong's economy at a particular era. Their noteworthiness is debatable. The official names of the era are used.
1843
edit- 12 large British firms[8]
- Six Indian Parsee companies – including D.M. Rustomjee
- One American company – Augustine Heard and Company
1844
edit1850s
edit- Russell & Co – US company founded by Samuel Russell in Canton in 1824 for the opium trade; acquired J & T H Perkins of Boston in 1830, established Hong Kong office 1850
- Wheelock Marden 1857
1860s
edit- Gilman and Bowman – established by Richard James Gilman as a tea trader in 1840; taken over by Duncan Paterson of Australia 1917 and turned into a privately held company; bought by Inchcape Group in 1969[10]
1870s
edit- Butterfield and Swire[8]
- Adamson Bell and Company; transformed into Dodwell, Carlill & Co. in 1891 by George Benjamin Dodwell; changed name to Dodwell & Co. in 1899; bought by Inchcape Group in 1972
1880s
edit1890s
editSee also
edit- Chaebol, South Korea
- Cohong
- Economy of Hong Kong
- English Chartered Trading Companies, England/Britain -including fur trading company Hudson's Bay Company
- Four big families of Hong Kong
- Hang Seng Index
- Jiao (commercial guild)
- Keiretsu, Japan
- Nam Pak Hong
- Old China Trade
- Sogo shosha, Japan
- Ten Great Merchant Guilds
- The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
- Zaibatsu, Japan
References
edit- ^ Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System l MIT Visualizing Cultures - Merchants West and East, by Peter Perdue https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/rise_fall_canton_01/cw_essay03.html
- ^ Couling, Samuel M A (1907). Encyclopaedia Sinica. p. 235.
- ^ Van Dyke 范岱克, Paul. (2017). The Hume Scroll of 1772 and the Faces behind the Canton Factories.
- ^ Conner, Patrick. 2009. The hongs of Canton: western merchants in south China 1700-1900, as seen in Chinese export paintings. London: English Art Books.
- ^ "Jardine Matheson – Official history". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ Tales of Old Shanghai. "Earnshaw.com Archived 20 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine." The Hongs. Retrieved on 29 March 2007.
- ^ Cheong, W.E. (1997). The Hong merchants of Canton: Chinese merchants in Sino-Western trade. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0361-6. p.122 Online version at Google books
- ^ a b c d "Hong Kong Hongs with Long Histories and British Connections" (PDF). Hong Kong University. 1990. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ a b Genzberger, Christine A. [1994] (1994) Hong Kong Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Hong Kong. ISBN 0-9631864-7-7
- ^ Dan Waters, "Hong Kong Hongs with Long Histories and British Connections", Paper presented at the 12th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia, at Hong Kong University (June 1991): 230–231; http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/8deeba7475f950a5f3938fc24f687bbe.pdf