Tabasaran (also written Tabassaran) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch. It is spoken by the Tabasaran people in the southern part of the Russian Republic of Dagestan. There are two main dialects: North (Khanag) and South Tabasaran. It has a literary language based on the Southern dialect, one of the official languages of Dagestan.
| Tabasaran | |
|---|---|
| табасаран чIал tabasaran ç̇al ихь чIал | |
| Native to | North Caucasus |
| Region | Southern Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Tabasarans |
Native speakers | 126,900 (2010 census)[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tab |
| Glottolog | taba1259 |
| ELP | Tabasaran |
 Tabasaran | |
 Tabasaran is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Tabasaran is an ergative language. The verb system is relatively simple; verbs agree with the subject in number, person and (in North Tabasaran) class. North Tabasaran has two noun classes (that is, grammatical gender), whereas Southern Tabasaran lacks noun classes / gender.
Geographical distribution
editIt is spoken in the basin of Upper Rubas-nir and Upper Chirakh-nir.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Post-alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | plain | labial | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ɡ | ɢ | ||
| voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | k | q | ʔ | ||
| fortis | pː | tː | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | kː | qː | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | ʜ | |||
| fortis | fː | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | xː | |||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ɣ | ʢ | ɦ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
The post-alveolar sibilants may be whistled.
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | i | y | u |
| Mid | ɛ | ||
| Open | æ | ɑ | |
Vowel sounds of Tabasaran are [i, y, ɛ, æ, ɑ, u].
Writing system
editTabasaran has been written using Cyrillic since 1938 (from 1928 to 1938 the Latin alphabet was used as a base for the Tabasaran writing system).
| Letter | IPA |
|---|---|
| А а | /ɑ/ |
| Аь аь | /æ/ |
| Б б | /b/ |
| В в | /v/ |
| Г г | /ɡ/ |
| Гг гг | /ɣ/ |
| Гъ гъ | /ʕ/ |
| Гь гь | /h/ |
| Д д | /d/ |
| Е е | /ɛ/, /jɛ/ |
| Ё ё | /jo/ |
| Ж ж | /ʒ/, /dʒ/ |
| Жв жв | /ʒʷ/ |
| З з | /z/, /dz/ |
| И и | /i/ |
| Й й | /j/ |
| К к | /kʰ/ |
| Кк кк | /kː/ |
| Къ къ | /qːʰ/ |
| Кь кь | /qʼ/ |
| Кӏ кӏ | /kʼ/ |
| Л л | /l/ |
| М м | /m/ |
| Н н | /n/ |
| О о | /o/ |
| П п | /pʰ/ |
| ПП пп | /pː/ |
| Пӏ пӏ | /pʼ/ |
| Р р | /r/ |
| С с | /s/ |
| Т т | /tʰ/ |
| Тт тт | /tː/ |
| Тӏ тӏ | /tʼ/ |
| У у | /u/ |
| Уь уь | /y/ |
| Ф ф | /f/ |
| Х х | /ɦ/ |
| Хъ хъ | /qʰ/ |
| Хь хь | /x/ |
| Ц ц | /tsʰ/ |
| Цц цц | /tsːʰ/ |
| Цӏ цӏ | /tsʼ/ |
| Ч ч | /tʃʰ/ |
| Чв чв | /tʃʷʰ/ |
| Чч чч | /tʃːʰ/ |
| Чӏ чӏ | /tʃʼ/ |
| Ш ш | /ʃ/ |
| Шв шв | /ʃʷ/ |
| Щ щ | /ɕ/ |
| Ъ ъ | /ʔ/ |
| Ы ы | /ɨ/ |
| Ь ь | |
| Э э | /ɛ/ |
| Ю ю | /y/, /ju/ |
| Я я | /æ/, /jɑ/ |
Note: The letters indicated in orange are encountered only in loanwords from Russian.
Grammar
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
It is highly probable that Tabasaran is an active language of the fluid-S type.
Cases
editTabasaran was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as having the largest case system in the world, with 48. Hjelmslev (1935) claimed that Tabasaran had the 'empirical maximum' number of cases, with 52 (though 2 occur only on adjectives). However, such claims are based on a sloppy analysis of 'case', and other languages such as Tsez would have even larger counts under such definitions. Comrie & Polinsky (1998) analyze the system as having 14 case morphemes (counting the absolutive with no suffix) in southern dialects (including the standard language) and 15 in northern dialects.[3][4] These include 4 core/argument cases (absolutive, ergative, genitive -n and dative -z). The absolutive is the citation form. The ergative, which may be irregular but typically ends in -i, functions as the stem for all other cases. There are also 7 or 8 locative case suffixes: -ʔ 'in', -xy 'at', -h 'near / in front' (neutralized with 'at' in the south), -ʔin 'on' (horizontal), -k 'on' (vertical), -kk 'under', -q 'behind' and -ghy 'among'. The locative cases may take an additional suffix, allative -na or ablative -an, for 21 or 24 combinations. All of these, as well as the dative, can take a further suffix -di to mark the location as less specific, for 47 (southern) to 53 (northern) combinations of case suffixes.
Samples
editUwu aldakurawu. "Уву алдакураву." — "You are falling."
Uzuz uwu kkunduzuz. "Узуз уву ккундузуз." — "I love you."
Uwu fudžuwa? "Уву фужува?" — "Who are you?"
Fici wuna? "Фици вуна?" — "How are you?"
Zakur ʕürza. "Закур гъюрза." — "I'll come tomorrow."
Uzu kana qheza. "Узу кана хъэза." — "I'll be back."
References
edit- ^ Tabasaran at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
- ^ Comrie, B. & Polinsky, M. (1998). "The great Daghestanian case hoax". Case, Typology and Grammar (pdf). doi:10.1075/tsl.38. ISBN 9789027298614.
- ^ Blake, Barry J. (2001-09-20). Case (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164894.007. ISBN 978-0-521-80761-6.
- Chanmagomedov, B.G.-K. & K.T. Šalbuzov, Tabasaransko-russkij slovarʼ, Moskva: Ilim, 2001, ISBN 5-02-022620-3 [Includes outline of Tabasaran grammar (Grammatičeskij očerk tabasaranskogo jazyka) by K.K. Kurbanov (p. 395-476)]
- Alekseev, Mixail E. and Sabrina X. Shixalieva. 2003. Tabasaranskij Jazyk. Moskva: Nauka.
External links
edit
- Tabasaran dictionary online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)
- Entry in the Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
- Sample text
- Description at Languages of the World Archived 2019-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Entry at the Rosetta Project
- Tabasaran basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Tabasaran DoReCo corpus compiled by Natalia Bogomolova, Dmitry Ganenkov and Nils Norman Schiborr. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.