Wikipedia

Jacobite Syrian Christian Church

Not to be confused with the British political movement, Jacobitism.

The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church,[9][10][11][12] the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church,[13] the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church[14][15] or the Syriac Orthodox Church in India,[16][17] is an autonomous Maphrianate of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch based in Kerala, India and a part of the Oriental Orthodox Communion. It is administered by the Malankara Metropolitan, Gregorios Joseph, under the spiritual authority of the Catholicos of India, which has been vacant since the passing away of Baselios Thomas I, and, the Patriarch of Antioch, Ignatius Aphrem II the supreme hierarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church.[13]

Syriac Orthodox Church Under the Holy See of Antioch and All East
Jacobite Syrian Church
AbbreviationJSC
ClassificationOriental Orthodox
OrientationSyriac
Malankara
ScripturePeshitta
Vishudhagrandham (Malayalam Translation)
TheologyOriental Orthodox Theology
PolityEpiscopal polity
PatriarchIgnatius Aphrem II
Catholicosvacant
Malankara MetropolitanGregorios Joseph
ChurchSyriac Orthodox Church of Antioch[1]
RegionIndia and Nasarani Malayali Diaspora
LanguageMalayalam, English, Hindi, Syriac, Tamil, Kannada
LiturgyWest Syriac Rite
Divine Liturgy of Saint James
HeadquartersPatriarch Ignatius Zaka I Iwas Centre (Patriarchal Centre)
Puthencruz Kochi India
FounderSaint Thomas the Apostle
Origin52 AD by tradition[2][3]
1665[4][5]
Branched fromSaint Thomas Christians
Malankara Church[1]
SeparationsMalabar Independent Syrian Church (c. 1772), Church of South India (1836), Mar Thoma Syrian Church (1889), Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (1912,[6] 1975), and Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (1930)[7]
Members480,0000 in Kerala[8]
Official News PortalJ.S.C.

According to tradition, it was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle.[18] It is currently the only church in Malankara that maintains the hierarchy and succession of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The church employs the West Syriac Rite's Liturgy of Saint James.[19][20][21]

Name

In the aftermath of the Council of Chalcedon, Emperor Justinian I who supported the Chalcedonians, exiled Patriarch Severus of Antioch to Egypt, for refusing to accept the council, and professing Miaphysitism. The Syriac Orthodox Church is the church of Antioch that continued to accept Severus as patriarch until his death in 538 AD. During this turbulent time for the church, Jacob Baradaeus was consecrated as bishop with the support of Empress Theodora and he led and revived the church.[22] The term "Jacobite" was originally used as a derogatory word for Miaphysites from the church of Antioch, but were later embraced by the church.

Headquarters

Puthencruz is the headquarters of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church in India. It is registered as a society under the Societies Act of the Government of India. Its headquarters are named after Ignatius Zakka I. The property was bought and built under the leadership of Baselios Thomas I after the church faced difficulties in continuing its operations in Muvattupuzha after Baselios Paulose II's death.

History

Main articles: Saint Thomas Christians, Saint Thomas Christian Churches, and Malankara Church
 
History and evolution of the Malankara church.

According to Indian Christian tradition, the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala were evangelized by Thomas the Apostle, who reached Malankara in 52 CE.[18] The dominant view[7] is that the entirety of the Saint Thomas Christian community gradually gravitated towards the Persian Church of the East headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, and became part of its archdiocese of Rev Ardashir, by 420 CE,[23][24][25] which lasted till the arrival of Portuguese colonists in the 16th century.[26] The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church however maintains that Saint Thomas Christians always acknowledged the ecclesiastical pre-eminence of the Patriarch of Antioch over the "East", which covers Persia and India, based on the canons of the ecumenical councils of Nicaea and Constantinople.[7] The Jacobite church further argues that the Persian bishops who governed Saint Thomas Christians, recognized the supremacy of the Patriarch of Antioch before 500 CE. However, it acknowledges the perpetual connections with the Church of the East from the 14th to 16th centuries.[7]

In the 16th century, the overtures of the Portuguese Padroado to bring the Saint Thomas Christians into the Latin Church of the Catholic Church led to the first of several rifts in the community due to Portuguese colonialists, and the establishment of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. Since then, further splits have occurred, and the Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into several factions.

Saint Thomas Christians were administratively under the single native dynastic leadership of an archdeacon (a native ecclesiastical head with spiritual and temporal powers, deriving from the Greek term arkhidiākonos) and were in communion with the church in the Middle East from at least 496 AD.[27] The indigenous Church of Malabar/Malankara followed the faith and traditions handed over by the apostle St. Thomas. In the 16th century, the Portuguese Jesuits deliberately attempted to annex the native Christians to the Catholic Church, and in 1599 they succeeded through the Synod of Diamper. Resentment against these forceful measures caused the majority of the community under Archdeacon Thomas to swear an oath never to submit to the Portuguese, known as the Coonan Cross Oath, in 1653.

Meanwhile, the Dutch East India Company defeated the Portuguese and gained supremacy over the spice trade in Malabar in 1663. The Malankara church used this opportunity to escape from Catholic persecution with the company's help. At the church's request, the Dutch brought Gregorius Abdul Jaleel of Jerusalem, a bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church, aboard their trading vessel in 1665. The Malankara Church consolidated under Archdeacon Thoma welcomed Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, who regularized the canonical ordination of Thoma as a bishop. The Malankara Church gradually adopted West Syriac liturgy and practices.

As part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the church uses the West Syriac liturgy and is part of the Oriental Orthodox Communion. It has dioceses in most parts of India as well as in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Western Europe, the Persian Gulf, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2003 it was estimated that the church had 1,000,000 (including Knanaya) members globally.[28]

Beliefs and practices

 
Celebration of Holy Qurobo at St. Mary's Cathedral, Kundara

Liturgy

See also: Liturgy of Saint James, Malankara Rite, and West Syriac Rite
 
Traditional baptismal font with indigenous sculptural elements at Akaparamb Mor Sapor Mor Prod Church.
 
Nasrani Cross with the traditional food of Saint Thomas Christians

The liturgical service is called Holy Qurbono in the Syriac language. The Liturgy of Saint James is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of Gospel reading, Bible readings, prayers, and songs. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of chants and melodies. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo.[29] Liturgy is done every Sunday and on feast days, traditionally done every Sunday, Wednesday and Friday (which only some churches follow nowadays).[30]

Holy Bible

Main article: Peshitta

The official Bible of the church is the Peshitta or its Malayalam translation, Vishudhagrandham(വിശുദ്ധ ഗ്രന്ഥം).[31]

Prayers

There are 7 hours of prayers in the Syriac Orthodox Church, in accordance with Psalms 119:164. The Hours are: Vespers (Ramsho - 6pm), Compline (Sootoro - 9pm), Midnight (Lilyo - 12am), Matins (Saphro-6am), Third Hour (Tloth sho' - 9am), Sixth Hour (Sheth sho - 12pm), and Ninth Hour (tsha' sho - 3pm).[32]

The Jacobite Syrian Christians pray from the Shehimo during canonical hours in accordance with Psalm 119. In 1910, Reverend Konattu Mathen Malpan translated the prayer book of the Syrian orthodox church into Malayalam, known as Pampakuda Namaskaram, with permission from Ignatius Abded Aloho II.[33][34] It is the common prayer book of Syrian Orthodox Christians in India.

Prayers are done facing the East, and churches are normally built facing the East, in accordance with Matthew 24:27.

Theology

Main articles: Trinitarianism and Miaphysitism

The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, as a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, rejects the Council of Chalcedon along with the rest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.[35] The church believes in the faith as proclaimed by the three Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus. The church confesses Trinitarianism, that God, who is One in Essence, subsists in Three Hypostasis, the Father Son and Holy Spirit. The Father is Unbegotten, the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, the Holy Spirit eternally proceeds from the Father. The Trinity is One Godhead, having One Will, One Word, and One Lordship.[36]

The church believes in the Incarnation of God the Son, who is Jesus Christ, of the Virgin Mary, who was cleansed by the Holy Spirit of all natural impurity, filling her with His Grace. The Church confesses that Christ has One Incarnate Nature, that is Fully Human and Fully Man (miaphysitism). This union is natural, free of all separateness, intermixture, confusion mingling, change, and transformation. The Church maintains that at the time of Christs death, His Body separated from His Soul, and His Divinity did not depart from either.[37]

The Malankara Church has accepted miaphysitism since early on, per pictorial evidence in St. Mary's Knanaya Church of Kottayam, Piravom Church, and Mulanthuruthy Church dating to the first millennium.[38]

In punishment by the cross (was) the suffering on this one; He who is true Christ and God above, and Guide ever Pure

— Inscription of St. Mary's Knanaya Church, Kottayam[39]

Apostolic succession

 
Thomas of Cana and the Knanaya depart for India

The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church of India established by Saint Thomas the Apostle believes in apostolic succession within the hierarchy of the Syriac Orthodox Church, within the Oriental Orthodox Communion.

It is under the Holy See of Antioch, established by Saint Peter, which was confirmed as a patriarchate in the Council of Nicaea, along with the Holy See of Alexandria, and the Holy See of Rome. All bishops of the East must be in communion with the Patriarch of Antioch. A bishop in the East who is not in communion with the Holy See of Antioch is considered invalid by the church.

The highest rank in the ecclesiastical hierarchy is the Patriarch of Antioch, head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, who became the first among equals of the Diocese of the East as stated by the Council of Nicaea (Canon 6). The second among equals is the Maphrian, known nowadays as the Catholicos of India, and is the head of the Jacobite Syrian Church in India, and first among the Syriac Orthodox bishops in India. There are also archbishops, and bishops.

Three ranks of hierarchy

There are three ranks of priesthood in the Syriac Orthodox Church:

Intercession of saints

The church believes in the intercessions of the St. Mary and all the Saints. The church holds the place of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God as affirmed by the Council of Ephesus, with the title of Theotokos(Θεοτόκος) in Greek, Yoldath Aloho(ܝܠܕܬ ܐܠܗܐ) in Syriac, or Daiva Mathavu (ദൈവമാതാവ്) in Malayalam. The church also considers St. Thomas the Apostle as its patron saint, the Apostle of India (ܫܠܝܚܐ ܕܗܢܕܘܐ Shleehe d'Hendo). Its most venerated relics include the Holy Girdle of the Theotokos and the relics of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[41] The church of India also venerates other saints, local saints, church fathers, martyrs, aligned with the practices of the entire Syriac Orthodox Church.

Contemporary disputes

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

The JSC and MOSC regularly engage in disputes over the position of the Patriarch of Antioch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, and his authority over the Malankara Church. The conflict with MOSC started in 1912, when the Malankara Metropolitan Dionysius Vattesseril was suspended by the Patriarch of Antioch, Ignatius Abded Aloho II. This caused Vattesseril to go to the deposed Patriarch, Ignatius Abded Mshiho II, to get an autocephalous Catholicate established in Malankara. After years of conflict the church reunited in 1955, under the Patriarchate of Antioch, with an autonomous Maphrianate, leading to the subsequent enthronement of Baselios Augen I as Catholicos of the East. However, in 1974, the Catholicate sought to remove the Patriarch from his authority over Malankara, leading to Augen I being suspended by the Syriac Orthodox Synod of 1975 from his position, and the enthronement of Baselios Paulose II as Catholicos of the East, causing a second split into the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church (who supported the Synod) and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (who rejected the Synod).[42]

The MOSC proclaims the general agreement of territorial jurisdictions integral to the Orthodox churches around the world and alleges that the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate illegally interferes in the temporal matters of the Malankara Church. The JSC lost many of its prominent churches to the Malankara Orthodox after the Supreme Court of India's verdict, despite having absolute majority in many of those churches.[43] After the long struggle for talks on churches that were dismissed by Malankara Orthodox, the Jacobite Syrian Church decided to end their sacramental relationship with them in 2022.[44]

Eccumenical relationships

 
Catholicos Baselios Thomas I with Ignatius Aphrem II of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Pope Francis of Holy Catholic Church
 
Joseph Mar Thoma, Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma with Ignatius Aphrem II

Aside from the ecumenical agreements by the Syriac Orthodox Church, and the larger communion being the Oriental Orthodox Communion, the JSC also has these relations:

Roman Catholic Church

According to the agreement of Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I and Pope John Paul II, the Syriac Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church have a relationship between sacraments of penance, Eucharist and anointing of the sick for a grave spiritual need. There are also set rules and guidelines, within this agreement specifically for interfaith marriages between the Malankara Syriac Orthodox and the Syro-Malankara Catholic churches.[45][46]

Catholicate

Main articles: Maphrian and List of maphrians
 
Tomb of Baselios Yeldo Maphrian of the East (Catholicos) in the Marthoma CheriyaPally

By the fourth century, the bishops of Antioch, Alexandria and Rome became the heads of the regional churches, and were known as patriarchs. In the seventh century, the Syriac Orthodox Christians who lived outside the Roman Empire began using the title of "maphrian", for their head. This office ranked right below the Patriarch of Antioch in Syriac Orthodox church hierarchy, until it was abolished in 1860 and reinstated in 1964 in India.

Catholicos of India

Main article: Catholicos of India

The Maphrian of India(Catholicos) is an ecclesiastical office of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the local head of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church. He is the head of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, which is a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The jurisdiction of Catholicos is limited to India so to avoid disambiguation and avoid legal issues. The Syriac Orthodox Church uses the title Catholicos of India, distinct from Catholicos of the East.[47]

Fathers of the Church

The following saints from Malankara are included in the 5th Diptych(Canon of the Church Fathers):

 
Ignatius Elias III
 
Tomb of Baselios Yeldo
 
Geevarghese Gregorios
 
Paulose Athanasius
 
Abdal Jaleel Gregorios

Dioceses

  • Kollam Diocese[48]
  • Thumpamon Diocese[49]
  • Niranam Diocese[50]
  • Kottayam Diocese[51]
  • Idukki Diocese[52]
  • Kandanad Diocese[53]
  • Kochi Diocese[54]
  • Angamaly Diocese
    • Angamaly
    • Perumbavoor
    • Pallikkara
    • Muvattupuzha
    • Kothamangalam
    • Highrange
  • Thrissur Diocese[55]
  • Kozhikode Diocese[56]
  • Malabar Diocese[57]
  • Mangalore Diocese
  • Bangalore Diocese
  • Mylapore Diocese[58] (formerly Chennai Diocese)
  • Mumbai Diocese
  • Delhi Diocese[59]

Autonomous Dioceses

Malankara Synod

See also

References

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  2. ^ History of Jacobite Syrian Church
  3. ^ Malankara Church
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  5. ^ Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019). "The Syriac Church Denominations: An overview". In King, Daniel (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 130–131.
  6. ^ Chaillot, Christine (2006). "The Ancient Oriental Churches". In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3.
  7. ^ a b c d Joseph, Thomas. "Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  8. ^ K.C. Zachariah, "Religious Denominations of Kerala" (Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India), Working Paper 468, April 2016, p. 29
  9. ^ "JSC News - The Official News Portal of the Holy Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ^ "Pastoral message of H.B Thomas I, Maphrian of India, Jacobite Church Head in India". Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Official Publication of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  12. ^ "Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Constitution 2002 (in Malayalam) The official Constitution of the Church" (PDF).
  13. ^ a b "Welcome to Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". jacobitesyrianchurch.org. The Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, an Orthodox church in Malankara (Kerala, India) is an integral part of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church with the Patriarch of Antioch, His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara is the Catholicose of the east, His Beatitude Aboon Mor Baselios Thomas I, ordained by and accountable to the Patriarch of Antioch.
  14. ^ Joseph, Thomas. "Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition.
  15. ^ "India – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  16. ^ "Metropolitan's from the Syriac Orthodox Church of India Visits Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II". 21 October 2016.
  17. ^ Alexander, George (2018). The Orthodox Dilemma (3rd rev. ed.). OCP Publications. p. 56. ISBN 9781387922284.
  18. ^ a b Frykenberg, Robert Eric. "Thomas Christians". www.britannica.com.
  19. ^ "Saint Thomas Christians- Chronological Events from First Century to Twenty First Century". Nasranis.
  20. ^ Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). Christians in Secular India. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 9780838610213.
  21. ^ Joseph, John (1984). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438408064.
  22. ^ "Mor Ya'qub Burdono (St. Jacob Baradaeus)". www.syriacchristianity.info. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  23. ^ Mallampalli, Chandra (2023). South Asia's Christians: Between Hindu and Muslim. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–28. ISBN 978-0-19-060890-3.
  24. ^ Baumer, Christoph (5 September 2016). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 58–68. ISBN 978-1-83860-933-7.
  25. ^ Kanjamala, Augustine (21 August 2014). The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-63087-485-8.
  26. ^ Brock 2011, Thomas Christians.
  27. ^ Frykenberg 2008, p. 93; Wilmshurst 2000, p. 343.
  28. ^ Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Mbiti, John S.; Vischer, Lukas; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2003). The Encyclopedia of Christianity (Encyclopedia of Christianity) Volume 5. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 285–286. ISBN 0-8028-2417-X.
  29. ^ Patrologia syriaca: complectens opera omnia ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque catholicorum, quibus accedunt aliorum acatholicorum auctorum scripta quae ad res ecclesiasticas pertinent, quotquot syriace supersunt, secundum codices praesertim, londinenses, parisienses, vaticanos accurante R. Graffin ... Firmin-Didot et socii. 1926.
  30. ^ "General History – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024. Traditionally, the Holy Qurbono, i.e. Eucharist, is celebrated every Sunday, Wednesday and Friday. Presently, only monasteries observe the Wednesday and Friday Holy Qurbono. Monasteries, and some churches, observe daily prayers known as shhimo 'simple [prayers]'.
  31. ^ Online, Jacobite. "97th Birthday of Malankara Malpan Korooso Desroro Very Rev Dr. Kurien Cor Episcopa Kaniamparambil on 27 February 2010 – Jacobite Online". Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  32. ^ "General History – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024. In accordance with Psalm 119, verse 164, "Seven times in the day have I praised thee for thy judgments, O Righteous One," the Syriac Orthodox Church set the times for prayer to seven: Evening or ramsho prayer (Vespers), Drawing of the Veil or Sootoro prayer (Compline), Midnight or lilyoprayer, Morning or saphro prayer (Matins), the Third Hour or tloth sho`in prayer (Prime, 9 a.m.), the Sixth Hour or sheth sho`in prayer (Sext, noon) and the Ninth Hour or tsha` sho`in prayer (Nones, 3 p.m.). The midnight prayer consists of three qawme 'watches' (literally 'standing').
  33. ^ http://www.pampakudavaliyapally.com/details.php?page=1&id=4 [bare URL]
  34. ^ "Konatt Mathen Corepiscopo".
  35. ^ Nicea Synod Canon 6
  36. ^ "General History – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024. The faith of the Syriac Orthodox Church is in accordance with the Nicene Creed. It believes in the Trinity, that is one God, subsisting in three separate persons called the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The three being of one Essence, of one Godhead, have one Will, one Work and one Lordship. The special aspect of the First Person is His Fatherhood, that of the Second Person His Sonship, and that of the Third Person His Procession.
  37. ^ "General History – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  38. ^ Kottayam Valiyapally Mural Painting
  39. ^ Burnell, Arthur Coke (1874). On some Pahlavī inscriptions in South India. p. 314.
  40. ^ "General History – Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024. Episcopate: Within it there are the ranks of Patriarch, Catholicos, archbishop, and bishop.
    Vicarate: Within it there are the ranks of chor-episcopos and priest or qasheesho.
    Deaconate: Within it there are the ranks of archdeacon, evangelical-deacon, subdeacon, lector or qoruyoand singer or mzamrono.
  41. ^ "St.Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manarcad". Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  42. ^ "Brief History of The Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch in India, Baselios Church Digital Library". www.malankaraworld.com. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  43. ^ Explained | The Piravom church stand-off and the century-old rivalry among two Christian factions in Kerala
  44. ^ "Sacramental Relationship". Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
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  46. ^ Common Declaration
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  54. ^ Kochi Diocese of Jacobite Syrian Church Retrieved 26 September 2017.
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  58. ^ "Mylapore Diocese - Diocese of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church". Mylapore Diocese. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  59. ^ "Delhi Diocese of Jacobite Syrian Church". Delhi Diocese. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  60. ^ "Knayanaya suvisesha samajam". www.knanayasuvisheshasamajam.com. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  61. ^ link, Get; Facebook; Twitter; Pinterest; Email; Apps, Other. "Simhasana Churches - Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church 2023". Retrieved 9 September 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  62. ^ "Arch Diocese". The Evangelistic Association of the East. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  63. ^ "Archdiocese - Brief History". www.malankara.com. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  64. ^ "Malankara Archdiocese of the Syrian Orthodox Church in Australia". Retrieved 9 September 2024.

Sources

 
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