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English Americans

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This article is about people of the U.S. with roots in England. For the language, see American English. For other uses, see American English (disambiguation).

English Americans (historically known as Anglo-Americans) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. In the 2020 United States census, English Americans were the largest group in the United States with 46.5 million Americans self-identifying as having some English origins (many combined with another heritage) representing (19.8%) of the White American population. This includes 25,536,410 (12.5%) who were "English alone".[17] Despite them being the largest self-identified ancestral origin in the United States,[18] demographers still regard the number of English Americans as an undercount.[19] As most English Americans are the descendants of settlers who first arrived during the colonial period which began over 400 years ago, many Americans are either unaware of this heritage or choose to elect a more recent known ancestral group[20] even if English is their primary ancestry.[21]

English Americans
England United States
Total population
46,550,968 (14.0%)
English alone and in any combination[1][2]
25,536,410 (7.7%) English alone[3]
2020 U.S. census
50,000,000+ Steady (1980)[4][a]
Regions with significant populations
California3,754,933[5]
Texas3,520,547[6]
Florida2,540,795[7]
Ohio2,037,771[8]
North Carolina1,869,609[9]
New York1,641,789[10]
Pennsylvania1,641,137[11]
Michigan1,637,351[12]
Georgia1,594,956[13]
Tennessee1,430,466[14]
Illinois1,385,480[15]
Languages
English
Religion
Christianity[16]
Related ethnic groups
Other English diaspora, American ancestry, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, Old Stock Americans, other British Americans, White Americans, European Americans, Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, Cornish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans[citation needed]

The term is distinct from British Americans, which includes not only English Americans but also others from the United Kingdom such as Scottish, Scotch-Irish (descendants of Ulster Scots from Ulster and Northern Ireland), Welsh, Cornish, Manx Americans and Channel Islanders.[citation needed]

In 1980, 49.6 million Americans claimed English ancestry. At 26.34%, this was the largest group amongst the 188 million people who reported at least one ancestry. The population was 226 million which would have made the English ancestry group 22% of the total.[22]

Scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English (specifically County Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland and Yorkshire) settlers who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. Additionally, African Americans tend to have a significant degree of English and Lowland Scots ancestry tracing back to the Colonial period, typically ranging between 17 and 29%.[23] English immigrants in the 19th century, as with other groups, sought economic prosperity. They began migrating in large numbers, without state support, in the 1840s and continued into the 1890s. [24]

English American elites, known as "WASPs" (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of American history. The majority of presidents of the United States, as well as the majority of sitting U.S. congressmen and congresswomen, were born into families of English ancestry. The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were also of English ancestry. Ivy League universities such as Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University were established by and have been mostly composed of WASPs.[25]

Sense of identity

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     England       United States. Shows the first permanent English settlement of Jamestown in 1607.

Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.[26]

Since 1776, English Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage, unlike other British Americans, Latino Americans, African Americans, Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Native Americans or other ethnic groups. This is a reason why numbers vary drastically between self-identification and estimates. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible," dismissing the occasional St. George Societies as ephemeral elite clubs that were not in touch with a larger ethnic community.[27] In Canada, by contrast, the English organized far more ethnic activism, as the English competed sharply with the well-organized French and Irish elements.[28] In the United States, the Scottish immigrants were much better organized than the English in the 19th century, as were their descendants in the late 20th century.[29]

Number of English Americans

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English origins response
Year Single ancestry
/ alone 		Totals / %
1980[30][31] 23,748,772 49,598,035 21.9
1990[32] - 32,651,788 13.1
2000[33] - 24,515,138 8.71
2010[34] - 27,403,063 9.02
2020[35] 25,536,410 46,550,968 14.0

The original 17th century settlers were overwhelmingly English. From the time of the first permanent English presence in the New World until the 1900s, these migrants and their descendants outnumbered all others firmly establishing the English cultural pattern as predominant for the American version.[36]

1700–1775

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According to studies and estimates, the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies from 1700 onwards were: (*Georgia not included)

Ethnic composition of the American Colonies[37][38][39]
1700 / % 1755 / % 1775 / %
English / Welsh 80.0 English / Welsh 52.0 English 48.7
African 11.0 African 20.0 African 20.0
Dutch 4.0 German 7.0 Scots-Irish 7.8
Scottish 3.0 Scots-Irish 7.0 German 6.9
Other European 2.0 Irish 5.0 Scottish 6.6
— — Scottish 4.0 Dutch 2.7
— — Dutch 3.0 French 1.4
— — Other European 2.0 Swedish 0.6
— — — — Other 5.3
  Twelve* 100.0   Thirteen Colonies 100.0   United Colonies 100.0
Colonial English origin 1776[40]
Colonies % of population
New England 70.5
Middle 40.6
Southern 37.4

Data

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National origins: 1790–1900

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The White Population of the United States in 1920, apportioned according to the National Origins Formula prescribed by §11(c) of the Immigration Act of 1924. About 43.5% of White Americans were deemed to be of colonial stock descended from the population enumerated in 1790, more than 3/4 of whom from Great Britain.[41]
 
European Americans in 1790, by nationality, according to the preliminary Century of Population Growth estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised American Council of Learned Societies study estimates accepted by the Census Bureau in 1929 (bottom half).[42][43]

The ancestries of the population in 1790 (the first national population census) has been estimated by various sources, first in 1909, then again in 1932, 1980 and 1984 by sampling distinctive surnames in the census and assigning them a country of origin. There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.[44][45]

A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 by the Government Census Bureau estimated the English were 83.5%, 6.7% Scottish, 1.6% Irish, 2.0% Dutch, 0.5% French, 5.6% German and 0.1% all others of the white population for the 12 enumerated states.[46] "Hebrews" (Jews) were less than one-tenth of 1 percent. When the Scotch and Irish are added, British origins would be more than 90% of the European ancestry.[47][48][49]

The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were Connecticut 96.2%, Rhode Island 96.0%, Vermont 95.4%, Massachusetts 95.0%, New Hampshire 94.1%, Maine 93.1%, Virginia 85.0%, Maryland 84.0%, North Carolina 83.1%, South Carolina 82.4%, New York 78.2% and Pennsylvania 59.0%.[50] CPG estimated that, of all European Americans in the Continental United States as of 1790, 82.1% were English, followed by 7.0% Scotch, 5.6% German, 2.5% Dutch, 1.9% Irish, and 0.6% French.[42]

English American population estimates (1790)

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The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census.[citation needed]

The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."[43] Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:

  • CPG failed to account for Anglicization of names, assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
  • CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
  • CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
  • CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
  • CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality

At the time of the first census in 1790, English was the majority ancestry in all U.S. states, ranging from a high of 96.2% in Connecticut to a low of 58.0% in New Jersey.

Ancestries of Each U.S. State in 1790 - A Century of Population Growth[51]
State English % Scotch % Irish % Dutch % French % German % Other %
  Maine 93.1 4.3 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3
  New Hampshire 94.1 4.7 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
  Vermont 95.4 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2
  Massachusetts 95.0 3.6 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1
  Rhode Island 96.0 3.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
  Connecticut 96.2 2.8 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
  New York 78.2 3.2 0.8 16.1 0.8 0.4 0.5
  New Jersey 58.0 7.7 7.1 12.7 2.1 9.2 3.2
  Delaware 86.3 7.5 3.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4
  Pennsylvania 59.0 11.7 2.0 0.6 0.6 26.1 0.0
  Maryland 84.0 6.5 2.4 0.1 0.7 5.9 0.4
  Virginia 85.0 7.1 2.0 0.2 0.6 4.9 0.2
  Kentucky 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
  Tennessee 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
  North Carolina 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
  South Carolina 82.4 11.7 2.6 0.1 1.3 1.7 0.2
  Georgia 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).[43]

Estimated English American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census.[43]

State or Territory   English[b]
# %
  Connecticut 155,598 67.00%
  Delaware 27,786 60.00%
  Georgia 30,357 57.40%
  Kentucky &  Tenn. 53,874 57.90%
  Maine 57,664 60.00%
  Maryland 134,579 64.50%
  Massachusetts 306,013 82.00%
  New Hampshire 86,078 61.00%
  New Jersey 79,878 47.00%
  New York 163,470 52.00%
  North Carolina 190,860 66.00%
  Pennsylvania 149,451 35.30%
  Rhode Island 45,916 71.00%
  South Carolina 84,387 60.20%
  Vermont 64,655 76.00%
  Virginia 302,850 68.50%
  1790 Census Area 1,933,416 60.94%
  Northwest Territory 3,130 29.81%
  French America 2,240 11.20%
  Spanish America 610 2.54%
  United States 1,939,396 60.10%

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984[52] estimated that people of English ancestry made up about 47.5% of the total population or 60.9% of the European American or white population (his figures can also be found, and as divided by region, in Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991 p. 2540-839-1346-2).[52][53] The study which gives similar results can be found in The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick in percentages for 1790: 47.9 English, 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish (Ulster), 4.3 Scottish, 4.7 Irish (South), 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French, 0.2 Swedish, 19.3 Black, 103.4 British. The difference between the two estimates are found by comparing the ratios of the groups (adding and subtracting) to accommodate and adding the Welsh.[54]

The category 'Irish' in the Bonwick study represents immigrants from Ireland outside the province of Ulster, the overwhelming majority of whom were Protestant and not ethnically Irish, though from Ireland. They were not Irish Catholics. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics were 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.[55][56] Some 80.7% of the total United States population was of European origin.[57]

Using the first model above, in 1900, an estimated 28,375,000 or 37.8% of the population of the United States was wholly or partly of English ancestry from colonial roots. The estimate was based on the Census Bureaus Estimate that approximately thirty five million white Americans were descended from colonial forebears.[58]

Census

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1980

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In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed only English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.[59] 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "American" (counted under "not specified") as also seen in censuses that followed.[60] Below shows the persons who reported at least one specific ancestry are as follows.[61][62]

Response Number Percent Northeast North
Central		 South West
Single ancestry 23,748,772 47.9 2,984,931 4,438,223 12,382,681 3,942,937
Multiple ancestry 25,849,263 52.1 5,190,045 7,099,961 7,235,689 6,323,568
Totals 49,598,035 8,174,976 11,538,184 19,618,370 10,266,505

1990

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In 1990, the national level response rate for the question was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry and 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose English, 66.9% of people chose it as their first response. Totals for the English showed a considerable decrease from the previous census.[63] Responses for "American" slightly decreased both numerically and as a percentage from 5.9% to 5.2% in 1990 with most being from the South.[64]

Response Number %
First ancestry 21,834,160 66.9
Second ancestry 10,817,628 33.1
Totals 32,651,788

2000

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In the 2000 census, 24.5 million or 8.7% of Americans reported English ancestry, a decline of some eight million people. At the national level, the response rate for the ancestry question fell to 80.1% of the total U.S. population, while 19.9% were unclassified or ignored the question completely. It was the fourth largest ancestral group.[65] Some Cornish Americans may not identify as English American or British American, even though Cornwall had been part of England since long before their ancestors arrived in North America. Responses were:[66]

Response Population Change
1990–2000
First ancestry 16,623,938 -24.9%
Second ancestry 7,885,754
Total 24,509,692

2010 ACS

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In 2010, the official census did not include a question on origins or ancestry. However, the American Community Survey enumerated Americans reporting English ancestry at 27.4 million, 9.0% of the U.S. population; in 2015, 24.8 million, 7.8% of the population. A decade thereafter, in 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau recorded 25.2 million Americans reporting full or partial English ancestry, about 7.7% of the U.S. population.[67][68][34]

2020

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Results for the 2020 United States census showed that English Americans were the largest group in the United States where 25,536,410 (12.5%) identified as "English alone" with a further 21 million choosing English combined with another ethnic origin. The total is 46,550,968 Americans self-identifying as being of English origin representing (19.8%) of the White American alone or in any combination population.[69]

Census response Population
Origin alone 25,536,410
Origin combined with another 21,014,558
Total 46,550,968

Geographical distribution

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1980

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Percentages by county in the 1980 census.

In the 1980 United States census,[70] English ancestry was reported to be at around 49.6 million. This number had dramatically declined by the previously mentioned 2000 census, where 24.5 million people reported English ancestry.

One main reason for this is because once the American ancestry category was introduced for self-reporting ancestry, many people who previously reported having English origins reported as having "American" ancestry instead.

2000

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English Americans are found in large numbers throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast, South and West.[citation needed]

Cities

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The following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities (total list of the 101 communities, see source):[71]

Top 20 highest cities with over 500 Population: English Ancestry (In Progress)
Rank City State Percent
1 Hildale Utah 66.9
2 Colorado City Arizona 52.7
3 Milbridge Maine 41.1
4 Panguitch Utah 40
5 Beaver Utah 39.8
6 Enterprise Utah 39.4
7 East Machias Maine 39.1
8 Marriott-Slaterville Utah 38.2
9 Wellsvile Utah 37.9
10 Morgan Utah 37.2
11 Harrington Maine 36.9
12 Farmington Utah 36.9
13 Highland Utah 36.7
14 Nephi Utah 36.4
15 Fruit Heights Utah 35.9
16 Addison Maine 35.6
17 Farr West Utah 35.4
18 Hooper Utah 35.0
19 Lewiston Utah 35.0
20 Plain City Utah 34.7
Percentages by county in the 2000 census. Population by state in the 2000 census. Percentages by U.S. State in the 2000 census.

Maps showing percentages by county of Americans who declared English ancestry in the 2000 Census. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a higher percentage: highest in the east and west (see also Maps of American ancestries). Center, a map showing the population of English Americans by state. On the right, a map showing the percentages of English Americans by state.

2020 census by state

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According to the 2020 U.S. census, the 10 states with the largest populations of self-reported English Americans are:

Estimated English American population by state.[72][67]
State Number Percentage
  Alabama 385,088 7.87%
  Alaska 58,856 7.99%
  Arizona 608,928 8.49%
  Arkansas 247,382 8.21%
  California 2,140,130 5.44%
  Colorado 592,137 10.42%
  Connecticut 299,636 8.39%
  Delaware 90,771 9.38%
  District of Columbia 39,375 5.61%
  Florida 1,477,490 6.96%
  Georgia 818,610 7.78%
  Hawaii 57,496 4.05%
  Idaho 299,782 17.09%
  Illinois 725,577 5.71%
  Indiana 583,348 8.71%
  Iowa 256,125 8.13%
  Kansas 298,306 10.24%
  Kentucky 491,660 11.02%
  Louisiana 254,550 5.46%
  Maine 254,612 18.99%
  Maryland 439,760 7.28%
  Massachusetts 641,698 9.34%
  Michigan 882,533 8.85%
  Minnesota 315,718 5.64%
  Mississippi 218,528 7.33%
  Missouri 556,965 9.09%
  Montana 123,227 11.61%
  Nebraska 154,029 8.01%
  Nevada 220,689 7.28%
  New Hampshire 229,053 16.90%
  New Jersey 429,774 4.84%
  New Mexico 138,500 6.60%
  New York 988,345 5.06%
  North Carolina 1,014,096 9.76%
  North Dakota 32,784 4.31%
  Ohio 1,006,003 8.62%
  Oklahoma 317,835 8.05%
  Oregon 478,043 11.45%
  Pennsylvania 926,879 7.24%
  Rhode Island 111,805 10.57%
  South Carolina 460,300 9.04%
  South Dakota 54,222 6.17%
  Tennessee 637,071 9.41%
  Texas 1,772,914 6.19%
  Utah 760,362 24.13%
  Vermont 105,935 16.97%
  Virginia 833,300 9.79%
  Washington 772,527 10.28%
  West Virginia 200,009 11.07%
  Wisconsin 336,875 5.80%
  Wyoming 73,981 12.73%
  United States 25,213,619 7.72%

History

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Early settlement and colonization

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See also: English overseas possessions
 
Statue of John Smith for the first English settlement in Historic Jamestowne, Virginia.

English settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport,[24] who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.[73]

 
The first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. English Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact in 1620.

The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity.[74] Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.[75] Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller.[76][77] This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.

A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.[78]

England also took control over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664.[79] With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.[80]

Many planters, slave traders and slave owners who owned Black slaves were of English ancestry.[81][82]

English immigration after 1776

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Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.[83] English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.[citation needed]

English immigration to the United States
Period Arrivals Period Arrivals
1820–1830 15,837 1901–1910 388,017
1831–1840 7,611 1911–1920 249,944
1841–1850 32,092 1921–1930 157,420
1851–1860 247,125 1931–1940 21,756
1861–1870 222,277 1941–1950 112,252
1871–1880 437,706 1951–1960 156,171
1881–1890 644,680 1961–1970 174,452
1891–1900 216,726 1971–1980 –
Total (1820–1970): 3,084,066[84][85][86]

A number of English settlers moved to the United States from Australia in the 1850s (then a British political territory), when the California Gold Rush boomed; these included the so-called "Sydney Ducks" (see Australian Americans).[87]

In prior eras there were English-centered cultural events such as Morris dance events and Saint George's Day. There had been conflicts between English immigrant groups and Irish immigrant groups. A magazine article from The Republic in 1852 had criticized English immigrants for remaining loyal to the British Crown.[88]

During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration grew to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893.[89] The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.[87]

English-born in the United States
Year Population % of foreign-born
1850 278,675 12.4
1860 431,692 –
1870 550,924 10.0
1880 662,676 –
1890 908,141 9.8
1900 840,513 –
1910 877,719 6.5
1920 813,853 –
1930 809,563 5.7
1940 – –
1950 – –
1960 528,205 5.4
1970 458,114 4.8
1980 442,499 –
1990 405,588 –
2000 423,609 –
2010 356,489 0.9
Source:[89][90][91]

Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups came to practice their religion freely.[92]

The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man.[89] In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s.[93] While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the British government[94] was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Known informally as "WASPS" (see White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), their dominance has slipped since 1945, but remains high in many fields. Eight out of the first ten American presidents and more than that proportion of the 46 presidents, as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third-largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.[95][96]

In 2011, Lucy Tobin of The Guardian wrote that, as of that year, it was not common to see English cultural heritage expression nor events in the United States.[88]

Political influence

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As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,[97] often because many had been involved in government back in England.[98] In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.[99]

The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of English extraction. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.[100]

While WASPs have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the Republican Party, before the 1980s. A few top Democrats qualified, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Northeastern Republican leaders such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and especially Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance.[101] Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, of a prominent old Yankee family, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.[102]

Asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?" journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ended with Republicans George H. W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.[103]

Language

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Main article: American English
 
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.[104] The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the de facto official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.[105]

Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%.[105] Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains the pronunciation of the letter "R" after vowels, unlike standard British English, though it still can be heard in several regional dialects in England) and spelling (one example is the "u" in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar and vocabulary. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or dialect differences.[citation needed]

Conversely, some lexical items often thought to be Americanisms actually have their origin in England, either falling out of use there or being restricted to specific dialects in England. Such items include all out ("entirely"), cattail ("bullrush"), crib ("child's bed"), daddy long legs ("cranefly"), homecoming ("return"), rumpus ("tumult"), which are recorded in Northern and Midland English dialects as late as the 19th century.[106]

Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.[107]

Expression

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"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.[108] Today, the one-cent coin is commonly known as a penny. A modern alternative expression is "In for a dime, in for a dollar".[citation needed]

Cultural contributions

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Much of American culture shows influences from English culture.

 
American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag.

Cuisine

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Main article: Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies

Celebrations

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The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Colony by English Pilgrims in October 1621.

Law

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The American legal system also has its roots in English law.[114] English law prior to the American Revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.[115]

Education

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The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.[116] The first free taxpayer-supported public school in North America, the Mather School, was opened in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639.[117][118]

New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible. Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636, and named after an early benefactor. Most of the funding came from the colony, but the college began to build an endowment from its early years.[119] Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry, but many alumni went into law, medicine, government or business. The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies.[120]

A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[121] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers, politicians, and leading planters.[122] Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition.

Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701, and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven, Connecticut. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard, and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. However president Thomas Clap (1740–1766) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology.[123]

The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of higher education that were chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolutionary War.[124] These nine have long been considered together, notably since the survey of their origins in the 1907 The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.[125] Seven of the nine colonial colleges became seven of the eight Ivy League universities: Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, and Brown.

Music

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Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

English ballads, jigs, and hornpipes had a large influence on American folk music, eventually contributing to the formation of such genres as old time, country, bluegrass, and to a lesser extent, blues as well.

Sports

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Henry Chadwick's early contributions to the development of the game is often called the "Father of Baseball".[134]
Main article: Origins of baseball
  • Baseball was invented in England.[135] English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[136][137] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.[138]
  • American football traces its roots to early versions of rugby football, played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.[139]

Most common family last names

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In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.[140] Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name) and ancestrally came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.[141] For example, changing "Schmidt" to "Smith," causing an increase of English names.

Name Number Country of Origin England (2001)[142][143]
Smith 2,442,977 England,[144] Scotland,[145] Ireland[146] Smith
Johnson 1,932,812 England, Scotland (Can also be an anglicization of the Dutch Jansen or Scandinavian Johansen, Johansson, Jonsson, etc.)[147][148]
Williams 1,625,252 England, Wales[149] Taylor
Brown 1,437,026 England, Ireland, Scotland[150] Brown
Jones 1,425,470 England, Wales[151] Williams
García 1,166,120 The Basque region of Spain,[152] Mexico and other Hispanic nations Wilson
Miller 1,161,437 England, Ireland, or Scotland (Miller can be the anglicized version of Mueller/Müller – a surname from Germany)[153] Johnson
Davis 1,116,357 England, Wales[154] Davies
Rodríguez 1,094,924 Spain[155] Robinson, Roderick
Martinez 1,060,159 Spain, Mexico and other Hispanic nations Wright

English place names in the United States

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Main article: Locations in the United States with an English name
 
Cambridge, Massachusetts settled in 1630 is named in honor of the University of Cambridge, England.
 
In 1664, the English renamed "New York" after the Duke of York.[156]

This is a brief partial list of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:

Alabama

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California

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Connecticut

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Delaware

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Florida

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Georgia

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Illinois

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Indiana

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Kentucky

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The English county name "Cumberland" is commonly replicated in Appalachia, such as at Cumberland River (pictured). The Duke of Cumberland appealed to northern English settlers for his victory at Culloden (1746)[106]

Maine

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Maryland

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Massachusetts

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Michigan

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Missouri

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New Hampshire

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New Jersey

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New York

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North Carolina

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Ohio

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Pennsylvania

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Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley were settled from the century by Quakers from the North Midlands and Pennines of England, with many Pennsylvania place names reflecting this settlement.
 
Quaker architecture in the state mirrors that in England.[106]

South Carolina

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Tennessee

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Texas

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Vermont

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Virginia

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West Virginia

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Wisconsin

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Notable people

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of Americans of English descent.

Presidents of English descent

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Most of the presidents of the United States have had English ancestry.[215] The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English Yankee origin. Later presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have lacked recent English ancestry are Martin Van Buren, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Donald Trump.[216]

18th century

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George Washington,[217][218] John Adams.[219]

19th century

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Thomas Jefferson, James Madison[220] John Quincy Adams,[219] Andrew Jackson,[221][222] William Henry Harrison,[223] John Tyler,[224] Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore,[225] Franklin Pierce,[226] Abraham Lincoln,[227][228] Andrew Johnson,[229] Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes,[230] James A. Garfield,[231] Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley.

20th century

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Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft,[232][233] Warren G. Harding,[234] Calvin Coolidge,[235] Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,[236][237] Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter,[238] Ronald Reagan,[239] George H. W. Bush,[240][241] Bill Clinton.

21st century

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George W. Bush,[242] Barack Obama,[243][244] Joe Biden.[245]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "American" ancestry, when that was added as an option.
  2. ^ includes Welsh
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Further reading

edit
  • Berthoff, Rowland. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (1953). online
  • Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976). online
  • Bueltman, Tanja; Gleeson, David T.; MacRaild, Donald M. (Summer 2014). "Invisible Diaspora? English Ethnicity in the United States before 1920" (PDF). Journal of American Ethnic History. 33 (4). University of Illinois Press: 5–30. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005. JSTOR 10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005.
  • Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972).
  • Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972). online; chronology and documents
  • Hanft, Sheldon. "English Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 73–86. Online
  • Richards, Eric. Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.
  • Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957) online
  • Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007). online
  • Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940'." in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
  • Van Vugt, William E. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900 (2006).
  • Van Vugt, William E. Britain to America: mid-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States (University of Illinois Press, 1999).
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